The thesis examines a number of questions concerning the design, construction, costs and use of Romano-British seagoing and inland waters shipping. In the first part the reasons for the methods of construction for seagoing and coastal vessels, such as the Blackfriars Ship 1, the St. Peter Port Ship and the Barland's Farm Boat, have been investigated. The constructional characteristics of the two ships are massive floors and frames, with the planking fastened only to the floors and frames with heavy clenched iron nails. There is no edge to edge fastening of the planks, with tenons inserted into mortises cut into the edges of the planks, as is normal in the Mediterranean tradition of ship construction in the Roman period. The Romano-British ships also differ from the Scandinavian tradition of clinker building with overlapping planks nailed to each other along their length. It has been concluded that a natural phenomenon, the large tidal range around the British Isles and the northern coasts of Gaul and Germany, had a dominant effect on the design of seagoing vessels. Deep water harbours, such as Portus, Caesar ea Maritima and Alexandria in the Mediterranean, where ships could lie afloat at all times, were neither practicable nor economic with the technology available. At the British ports, such as Dover, London and Chichester, ships had to come in with the high tide, moor to simple wharves at the high tide level, and then settle on the ground as the tide dropped. At the numerous small havens, inlets and estuaries around the British coasts, ships would come in with the tide, settle on a natural or man-made 'hard' as the tide fell, and discharge cargo over the side to carts, pack animals or people. This mode of operation required sturdy ships that could take the ground without damage, and also withstand a certain amount of 'bumping' on the bottom in the transition period from fully afloat to fully aground. The second part of the thesis investigates the cost of building, maintaining and operating various types of vessels. To do this, a new mode for measuring cost, the Basic Economic Unit, or BEU, has been developed. The probable volume of the various types of cargoes carried has been examined. It appears that grain was the dominant cargo in both coastal and overseas traffic. The total cost of building, maintaining and operating the seagoing and inland water shipping was less than one percent of the gross product of Britain, a small cost for an essential service. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this community needs assessment was to explore the unmet health needs in some of the communities of Riverside County, to discover which populations are most adversely affected by these unmet needs, and to determine what barriers hinder individuals from getting their needs met. United Way of the Inland Valleys, in cooperation with Kaiser Permanente of Riverside conducted this study as part of their community based needs assessment.

Dams play an important role in our society, but their negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems have led to a need for conservation efforts to mitigate the negative effects. In some instances, dam removal has been suggested to be the most economically and ecologically beneficial restoration method to improve longitudinal connectivity. This, however, has increased the need of more research about the effects dam removal have on aquatic ecosystems, since the outcomes of this restoration method can be unpredictable. In this study, I investigated ecological impacts of dam removals in Swedish inland waters. I collected field data from five different lakes in Värmland and Dalarna, two lakes with dam removal in 2017/2018 and three without. I studied how dam removal affected different trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem, where I predicted that a top-down effect would increase abundances of piscivorous European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and zooplankton, but decrease phytoplankton, whereas a bottom-up effect would lead to increases in biomass at all trophic levels (with most pronounced effects on nutrient concentration). If both top-down and bottom-up effects would operate in parallel, all the above mentioned effects could occur. I also predicted that if dam removal affected the fish community, there would be a change in species diversity and fish biomass. Moreover, if perch demography was affected, there would be a change in perch length and abundance of different age classes. To investigate this, I collected data on fish, plankton, nutrients (P, N), DOC, pH and conductivity in the five lakes and compared this with already existing historical data using a BACI design. Two-way ANOVAs were used to study the effects of dam removals on these variables. There were not enough historical data on P concentration or zoo-and phytoplankton to be analyzed statistically. I did, however, conduct correlation analyses with zoo- and phytoplankton. Contradictory to my prediction, the results showed no effect of dam removal on fish biomass or diversity, water chemistry or perch demography in the studied lakes. There was, however, a statistically significant effect of time on Tot-N, with lower values after the years of 2017/2018 (regardless of dam removal). There were also some differences between the lakes in species diversity, concentration of Tot-N, potentially piscivorous perch and perch length. The outcomes of dam removal are unpredictable, as are the expected time-lapse of the effects, which means that changes may yet occur in the studied lakes. Knowledge about ecosystem responses to dam removal enables managers to better predict the effects of dam removal, and thereby facilitate decision makings related to this restoration method. / Dammar spelar en viktig roll i vårt samhälle, men deras negativa påverkan på akvatiska ekosystem har ökat behovet av bevarandeinsatser för att minska de negativa effekterna. I somliga fall har dammutrivning föreslagits vara den mest ekonomiskt och ekologiskt gynnsamma bevarandemetoden för att förbättra longitudinell konnektivitet. Detta har dock ökat behovet av mer forskning gällande dammutrivningars effekter på akvatiska ekosystem, eftersom utfallen av denna bevarandemetod kan vara oförutsägbara. I denna studie undersökte jag dammutrivningars ekologiska effekter i svenska inlandsvatten. Jag samlade data i fält från fem olika sjöar i Värmland och Dalarna, två sjöar med dammutrivningar under 2017/2018 och tre utan. Jag undersökte hur dammutrivning påverkade olika trofiska nivåer i det akvatiska ekosystemet, med förväntningarna att en top-down-effekt skulle öka abundansen av fiskätande abborre (Perca fluviatilis) samt djurplankton, men minska växtplankton, medan en bottom-up-effekt skulle leda till ökad biomassa inom samtliga trofiska nivåer (men med mest effekter på näringskoncentration). Om både top-down- och bottom-up-effekter skulle verka parallellt kunde samtliga ovanstående nämnda effekter förekomma. Jag förväntade även att om dammutrivning påverkade fisksamhället skulle det ske en förändring i artdiversitet och fiskbiomassa. Därtill bör en effekt på demografi hos abborre leda till förändringar i abborrlängd- och abundans i olika åldersklasser. För att undersöka detta samlade jag in data över fisk, plankton, näringsämnen (P, N), DOC, pH och konduktivitet i de fem sjöarna och jämförde detta med redan existerande historiska data med en BACI design. Tvåvägs-ANOVAs användes för att studera effekterna av dammutrivningar på dessa variabler. Det fanns inte tillräckligt med historiska data över P-koncentration eller djur- och växtplankton för att analyseras statistiskt. Jag utförde dock korrelationsanalyser med djur- och växtplankton. I kontrast till min förväntan visade resultaten ingen effekt av dammutrivning på fiskbiomassa- eller diversitet, vattenkemi eller demografi hos abborre i de studerade sjöarna. Det var däremot en statistiskt signifikant effekt av tid på Tot-N, med lägre värden efter 2017/2018 (oberoende av dammutrivning). Det var även en del skillnader mellan sjöarna i artdiversitet, koncentration av Tot-N, potentiellt fiskätande abborre samt abborrlängder. Utfallen av damutrivningar är oförutsägbara, och detsamma gäller tidsintervallet för effekterna, vilket innebär att det fortfarande kan ske förändringar i de studerade sjöarna. Kunskap om ekosystemrespons till dammutrivning möjliggör för förvaltare att lättare bedöma effekter av dammutrivningar, och underlättar därav beslutsfattning relaterat till denna bevarandemetod.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Phänologie photosynthetisch aktiver Vegetation mit Hilfe von NDVI Zeitreihen für einen Zeitraum von 24 Jahren (AVHRR‑GIMMS Daten). Neben einer Datierung des jahreszeitlichen Wechsels zwischen Wachstums-, Reife- und Seneszenzphase wird das Ziel verfolgt, Trends sowohl in phänologischen Ereignissen (Start-of-Season) als auch im NDVI zu identifizieren. Das, in der semi-ariden Sahelregion gelegene, Untersuchungsgebiet weist mit zwei sich teilweise überlagernden Vegetationsperioden eine komplexe Phänologie auf, deren Modellierung durch die sowohl in ihren Zeitpunkten als auch in ihren Ausprägungen hoch variablen Vegetationsabläufe erschwert wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zunächst ein, auf der Fourieranalyse basierender, Ansatz zur flexiblen Glättung der NDVI Zeitreihen entwickelt worden. Um für die Trendanalyse lineare Regressionsverfahren einsetzen zu können, sind die Zeitreihen nach dem Komponentenmodell untergliedert worden (Subtraktion der Saisonfigur). Alternativ kam der saisonale MANN-KENDALL Trendtest zur Anwendung. Die NDVI Zeitreihen wurden ebenfalls auf Änderungen im mehrjährigen Mittelwert (Bruchpunkte) untersucht. Alle Auswertungen sind in einer eigenen Applikation umgesetzt worden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß Änderungen im NDVI Niveau eher abrupt als graduell verlaufen. Langfristige Trends weisen nur geringe Anstiege auf. Die Vegetation erholte sich von der Dürre 1984/85 nur im südlichen Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes, im Norden dominieren langfristig negative Trends. Brüche im mean der NDVI Zeitreihen korrelieren mit Brüchen im Abflußverhalten des Niger.

Cette thèse contribue à répondre au problème de la gestion optimale des ressources en eau dans les réseaux de navigation intérieure du point de vue de la théorie du contrôle. Les objectifs principales à atteindre consistent à garantir la navigabilité des réseaux de voies navigables, veiller à la réduction des coûts opérationnels et à la longue durée de vie des équipements. Lors de la conception de lois de contrôle, les caractéristiques des réseaux doivent être prises en compte, à savoir leurs dynamiques complexes, des retards variables et l’absence de pente. Afin de réaliser la gestion optimale, le contrôle efficace des structures hydrauliques doit être assuré. A cette fin, une approche de modélisation orientée contrôle est dérivée. Cependant, la formulation obtenue appartient à la classe des systèmes de descripteurs retardés, pour lesquels la commande prédictive MPC et l’estimation d’état sur horizon glissant MHE peuvent être facilement adaptés à cette formulation, tout en permettant de gérer les contraintes physiques et opérationnelles de manière naturelle. En raison de leur grande dimensionnalité, une mise en œuvre centralisée n’est souvent ni possible ni souhaitable. Compte tenu du fait que les réseaux de navigation intérieure sont des systèmes fortement couplés, une approche distribuée est proposée, incluant un protocole de communication entre agents. Malgré l’optimalité des solutions, toute erreur peut entraîner une gestion inefficace du système. Par conséquent, les dernières contributions de la thèse concernent la conception de stratégies de supervision permettant de détecter et d’isoler les pannes des équipements. Toutes les approches présentées sont appliquées à une étude de cas réaliste basée sur le réseau de voies navigables du nord e la France afin de valider leur efficacité. / This thesis addresses the problem of optimal management of water resources in inland navigation networks from a control theory perspective. The main objectives to be attained consist in guaranteeing the navigability condition of the network, minimizing the operational cost and ensuring a long lifespan of the equipment. However, their complex dynamics, large time delays and negligible bottom slopes complicate their management. In order to achieve the optimal management, the efficient control of the hydraulic structures must be ensured. To this end, a control-oriented modeling approach is derived. The resulting formulation belongs to the class of delayed desciptor systems, for which model predictive control and moving horizon estimation can be easily adapted, as well as being able to deal with physical and operational constraints in a natural manner. However, a centralized implementation is often neither possible nor desirable. As these networks are strongly coupled systems, a distributed approach is followed, featuring a communication protocol among agents. Despite the optimality of the solutions, any malfunction can lead to an inefficient system management. Therefore, the last part of the thesis regards the design of supervisory strategies that allow to detect and isolate faults. All the presented approaches are applied to a realistic case study based on the inland navigation network in the north of France to validate their effectiveness.

Univ., Diss.--Iaşi, 1995.

La ville d'Abidjan est aujourd'hui confrontée à l'instar de toutes les grandes villes d'Afrique subsaharienne à un défi majeur dans le secteur des transports: une population urbaine en augmentation constante qui exige des moyens de transport appropriés. Cette question faisant l'objet de notre étude est cruciale. Il ne fait aucun doute que la ville d'Abidjan est confrontée à une crise des transports urbains.<p><p>Depuis le début des années 80, Abidjan a connu une dynamique spatiale et une croissance démographique constante. On note à Abidjan une séparation des fonctions, les emplois étant concentrés dans les quartiers au Sud de la ville tandis que le Nord constitue une zone résidentielle. Dans un tel contexte, le défi est donc de savoir quels sont les voies et moyens pour rendre le transport public efficace et durable.<p><p>Cette thèse vise l'accroissement et la diversification de l'offre de transport en commun par l'utilisation du plan d'eau lagunaire pour désengorger les voies terrestres, le développement de moyens de transport alternatifs, la lutte contre la pollution de l'environnement. Elle vise à promouvoir le transport lagunaire de personnes comme une solution aux problèmes de mobilité qui se posent à la population abidjanaise et à susciter un transfert modal d'autres modes de transports — tels que les voitures particulières, les bus, les taxis, les taxis wôrô-wôrôs — vers les bateaux-bus.<p><p>On note actuellement que l'exploitation du plan d'eau lagunaire est encore à l'état embryonnaire malgré la présence de la lagune dans onze des quatorze communes que compte le district d'Abidjan. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis "Consumer Protection in transport in EU legislation" deals with consumer protection in specific areas. This thesis defined the rights and obligations of air passengers, rail transport, bus and coach transport and consumer protection when traveling by sea and inland waterways. The thesis is also exploring the awareness of EU citizens of their rights by the European Commission - Eurobarometer. Thesis is processed by analysis and comparison of selected judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union and EU legislation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how women's perceptions of the helpfulness of services received at a substance abuse treatment clinic affected their compliance with the treatment program. The study surveyed thirty-two women who were receiving treatment from Inland Behavioral and Health Services. The study investigated the efficacy of these elements: parenting classes, health classes, substance abuse therapy groups, group therapy, drug screening, health clinics, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, Dual Diagnosis Anonymous meetings, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, homeless support services, individual therapy, case managers, daycare, transportation.