Στη παρούσα διπλωματική μοντελοποιείται το σύστημα σφαίρας ράβδου. Εξάγεται το μοντέλο στο χώρο κατάστασης και υλοποιείται γραμμικοποίηση εισόδου κατάστασης και εισόδου εξόδου. Βρίσκονται προσεγγιστικοί νόμοι ελέγχου για το μη γραμμικό σύστημακαθώς παρουσιάζει ιδιομορφία. / This diploma thesis includes the analysis of the nonlinear system of a ball-beam and the design of different control laws. Initially, we present the physical system and we derive the mathematical model from the lagrange equation.The nonlinear system fails to be stable with the classic linear control laws and we try to stabilize it by input-state and inputoutput linearization. The ball beam system fails to be controlled by full state linearization and we proposed some approximations for inputoutput linearization. We describe in detail how we can derive the approximate control laws and through simulation we are capable of choosing the best suitable control law. We propose a switch-controller for the nonlinear system which is vital for systems with undefined relative degree and are not input state linearizable.

Ce mémoire propose une stratégie de contrôle sans commutation d’algorithme pour un système hybride constituée d’une pile à combustible comme source principale et d’un pack de supercondensateurs comme source auxiliaire. Trois structures de système hybride ont été étudiées. Après avoir évoqué les différentes structures des systèmes hybrides électriques et des techniques utilisées pour les contrôler, deux approches sont traitées. La première est basée sur la notion de platitude permettant d’assurer la gestion des flots d’énergie dans une source hybride et plus généralement dans un système multi sources/multi charges. La stratégie proposée repose sur la génération d’un modèle d’ordre réduit du système et la gestion des flots d’énergie via des trajectoires de référence de certaines grandeurs énergétiques du système. L’impact de ce mode de contrôle sur le dimensionnement des éléments passifs (inductances, condensateurs) de la source hybride a été expliqué. Dans la deuxième stratégie, l’énergie totale stockée dans les hacheurs est prise en compte dans l’élaboration de la commande du système multi sources/multi charges en utilisant une linéarisation entrée/sortie sur les convertisseurs des charges. Un observateur non linéaire a été proposé pour estimer la variation de la caractéristique statique de pile à combustible et permet de garantir un fonctionnement optimal du système hybride. Les architectures de puissance et les modes de commande proposés ont été validés par des résultats simulés et/ou expérimentaux / This work deals with a nonlinear control strategy of an electrical hybrid system which is composed of a fuel cell as the main source and a supercapacitor bank as the auxiliary source. Any algorithm commutation is not used in the proposed control strategy whereas the system works in different operating modes. After a review of various structures of the electrical hybrid systems and different control methods of these systems, two new approaches are developed. The first one is flatness-based method to ensure the energy management in the proposed hybrid systems and generally in a multi source / multi loads system. The proposed strategy is based on generation of a reduced-order model of the system. The energy management is carried out through the reference trajectories of the stored electrostatic energy of the system. The effect of the proposed control method on design of the system components (inductors and capacitors) is explained. In the second approach, the total energy stored in the choppers is taken into account to control the load converters of a multi-source/multi load system by use of the input/output linearization method. A nonlinear observer is proposed to estimate the variation of voltage-power output characteristic of the fuel cell which leads to an optimal performance of the hybrid system. The simulation and experimental results prove validity of the proposed control strategy

The objective of this research is to verify the three degree of freedom capabilities of a bio-inspired quad flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle in simulation and in hardware. The simulation employs a nonlinear plant model and input-output feedback linearization controller to verify the three degree of freedom capabilities of the vehicle. The hardware is a carbon fiber test bench with four flapping wings and an embedded avionics system which is controlled via a PD linear controller. Verification of the three degree of freedom capabilities of the quad flapping-wing concept is achieved by analyzing the response of both the simulation and test bench to pitch, roll, and yaw attitude commands.

Mechanical vibrations are inevitable in drilling operations. Torsional stick-slip vibrations are vibrations that occur in drilling columns, which are produced by periodic variations of torque and characterized by large fluctuations in the speed of the drill bit. These vibrations are dangerous, primarily by the cyclical characteristic of the phenomenon that by the amplitude of the same, which can cause fatigue of the pipe, failures in the components of the drill string, deformations in the walls of the well, excessive wear of the drill, low rate of penetration, and collapse of the drilling process. The frequency of these unwanted oscillations can be reduced by the application of automatic control techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate through numerical simulations, the application of conventional control techniques, such as proportional-integral control (PI), and nonlinear, as the sliding mode control (SMC) and the input-output linearization control (IOLC), to eliminate the presence of stick-slip oscillation in drilling columns. The controllers are designed primarily to maintain a constant speed of rotation system, by manipulating engine torque, thereby inferentially control the speed of the drill, thus providing optimum operation conditions, beyond preserving system stability. Results of simulations using drill string torsional models of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) and four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) show the performance of the proposed control systems, which are analyzed and qualitatively compared. / Vibrações mecânicas são inevitáveis nas operações de perfuração. Vibrações torcionais stick-slip são vibrações que ocorrem em colunas de perfuração, as quais são produzidas pelas variações periódicas de torque e caracterizadas por grandes oscilações da velocidade da broca. Estas vibrações são prejudiciais, mais pela característica cíclica do fenômeno que pela amplitude da mesma, podendo originar fadiga da tubulação, falhas nos componentes da coluna de perfuração, deformações nas paredes do poço, desgaste excessivo da broca, baixa taxa de penetração e, inclusive, colapso do processo de perfuração. A frequência destas oscilações indesejadas pode ser reduzida pela aplicação de técnicas de controle automático. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, mediante simulações numéricas, a aplicação de técnicas de controle convencional, como o controle proporcional-integral (PI), e não linear, como o controle por modos deslizantes (SMC) e o controle por linearização entrada-saída (IOLC) para eliminar a presença de oscilações stick-slip em colunas de perfuração. Os controladores são desenvolvidos principalmente para manter constante a velocidade do sistema de rotação, mediante a manipulação do torque do motor, para assim controlar inferencialmente a velocidade da broca, fornecendo desta maneira condições ótimas de operação, além de preservar a estabilidade do sistema. Resultados das simulações, usando modelos torcionais de uma coluna de perfuração de dois graus de liberdade (2-DOF) e de quatro graus de liberdade (4-DOF), mostram o desempenho dos sistemas de controle propostos, os quais são analisados e comparados qualitativamente.