Le procédé d'hydroformage est largement utilisé dans les industries automobile et aéronautique. L'optimisation déterministe a été utilisée pour le contrôle et l'optimisation du procédé durant la dernière décennie. Cependant,dans des conditions réelles, différents paramètres comme les propriétés matériaux,les dimensions géométriques, et les chargements présentent des aléas qui peuvent affecter la stabilité et la fiabilité du procédé. Il est nécessaire d'introduire ces incertitudes dans les paramètres et de considérer leur variabilité. L'objectif principal de cette contribution est l'évaluation de la fiabilité et l'optimisation du procédé d'hydroformage en présence d'incertitudes.La première partie de cette thèse consiste à proposer une approche générale pour évaluer la probabilité de défaillance spatiale du procédé d'hydroformage, principalement dans les régions critiques. Avec cette approche, il est possible d'éviter les instabilités plastiques durant une opération d'hydroformage. Cette méthode est basée sur des simulations de Monte Carlo couplée avec des métamodèles. La courbe limite de formage est utilisée comme critère de défaillance pour les instabilités plastiques potentielles.La seconde partie de cette thèse est l'optimisation avec prise en compte d'incertitudes dans le procédé d'hydroformage. En utilisant des exemples illustratifs, on montre que l'approche probabiliste est une méthode efficace pour l'optimisation du procédé pour diminuer la probabilité de défaillance et laisser le procédé insensible ou peu sensible aux sources d'incertitudes. La difficulté est liée à la considération des contraintes fiabilistes qui nécessitent d'énormes efforts de calcul et impliquent des problèmes numériques classiques comme la convergence, la précision et la stabilité. Pour contourner ce problème, la méthode de surface de réponse couplée à des simulations Monte Carlo est utilisée pour évaluer les contraintes probabilistes.L'approche probabiliste peut assurer la stabilité et la fiabilité du procédé et minimise considérablement le pourcentage des pièces défectueuses. Dans cette partie, deux méthodes sont utilisées : l'optimisation fiabiliste et l'optimisation robuste.La dernière partie consiste à optimiser le procédé avec une stratégie Multi-Objectif(MO) avec prise en compte d'incertitudes. Le procédé d'hydroformage est un problème MO qui consiste à optimiser plus d'une performance simultanément.L'objectif principal est d'étudier l'évolution du front de Pareto lorsque des incertitudes affectent les fonctions objectifs ou les paramètres. Dans cette partie, on propose une nouvelle méthodologie qui présente les solutions dans un nouvel espace et les classifie suivant leurs probabilités de défaillances. Cette classification permet d'identifier la meilleure solution et fournit une idée sur la fiabilité de chaque solution. / Hydroforming process is widely used in automotive and aerospace industries. Deterministic design optimization have been used to control and optimize this process in the last decade. However, under realistic conditions, different parameters such as material properties, geometric dimensions, and load exhibits unavoidable scatter that can affect the stability and the reliability of the process.It is interesting to introduce the uncertainties in parameter and to consider their variability. The main objective of this contribution is to evaluate the reliability and optimization of the hydroforming process in the presence of uncertainties.The first part of this thesis proposes a general approach to evaluate the spatial probability of failure in hydroforming process mainly in the critical region. With the proposed approach it is possible to avoid failure during hydroforming process.This method is based on Monte Carlo simulation coupled with metamodels, the forming limit curve is used as failure criteria for potential plastic instabilities.The second part of this thesis is the optimisation of the hydroforming process under uncertainties. Using illustrative examples, it is shown that probabilistic approach is an efficient method to optimize the process, to decrease the probability of failure and make the process insensitive or less sensitive to sources of variability. The difficulty lies in the considerations of the reliability constraints, which require a large computational effort and involve classical numerical problems, such as convergence,accuracy and stability. To overcome this problem, response surface method with Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the probabilistic constraints.Probabilistic approach can ensure a stable and reliable process and decrease the percentage of defects parts significantly. Through this part, two methods were used : Reliability-Based Design Optimization and robust optimization.The last part consists of optimizing the process with Multi-Objective (MO) strategy taking account of the uncertainty. Metal forming process is MO problem that consists of optimizing more than one performance simultaneously. The main goal isto study the evolution of the Pareto front when some uncertainties can affect the objective functions or the parameters. In this part, a new methodology is proposed which presents the solutions in a new space and classify the whole solution with their probability of failure. This classification allows to identify the best solutionand can provide an idea about the reliability of each solution.

L’influence de certains effets technologiques sur les performances d’une turbine n’est pas encore bien comprise. En particulier, des essais ont été réalisés par Safran Helicopter Engines sur un étage de turbine haute pression dont l’anneau de roue forme une cavité reliée à la veine au niveau de l’espace inter-grilles, dans laquelle est injecté de l’air de refroidissement. Ils ont montré une sensibilité inattendue des performances à certains paramètres géométriques. Cette thèse a pour but d’expliquer ce comportement, et d’améliorer la compréhension et la prédiction par simulation numérique de l’effet d’une telle cavité sur l’aérodynamique et l’aérothermique de la turbine. Cette problématique a été traitée à l’aide de simulations numériques RANS instationnaires, réalisées avec le code elsA. Dans un premier temps, seule une partie de la cavité a été simulée, ce qui la ramène à une simple injection d’air de refroidissement dans la veine par une fente axisymétrique. Ces calculs ont montré que l’écoulement dans la veine est profondément modifié par l’air de refroidissement. Entre autres, le tourbillon de passage au carter et l’écoulement de jeu dans le rotor sont impactés, et deviennent fortement instationnaires. Les mécanismes d’interaction entrant en jeu sont détaillés, et l’effet sur les pertes est discuté. Des calculs prenant en compte la cavité entière ont ensuite été mis en place, d’abord avec un écoulement dans la veine simplifié, puis avec l’étage de turbine complet. Ils ont permis d’identifier une structure composée de poches de gaz de veine ingéré dans la cavité et de zones d’éjection d’air de refroidissement, tournant à une vitesse inférieure à celle du rotor, et manifestement générée par une instabilité. Des structures semblables avaient déjà été identifiées dans des turbines par de nombreuses études concernant des cavités inter-disques au moyeu, mais c’est ici la première fois qu’un tel comportement est obtenu dans une cavité composée de parois fixes et débouchant au carter. L’effet de cette structure sur l’écoulement dans la veine est qualitativement identique à celui obtenu par les simulations avec seulement une partie de la cavité, mais l’intensité et la fréquence des phénomènes d’interaction entre l’air de refroidissement injecté et l’écoulement principal sont modifiés par la rotation de la structure dans la cavité. Finalement, bien que les résultats d’essai n’ont pas pu être entièrement expliqués, ces travaux ont permis d’améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes se produisant dans une telle configuration, d’identifier les défis qu’ils posent aux simulations numériques, et d’ouvrir de nouvelles pistes de recherche. / The impact of some technological effects on the performances of a turbine are not yet well understood. More specifically, tests were performed by Safran Helicopter Engines on a high pressure turbine stage featuring a cavity over the rotor shroud, connected to the main gas path in the inter-rows space. Cooling air is injected in this cavity. This experimental campaign has shown an unexpected sensitivity of the turbine performances to some geometric parameters. This thesis aims at explaining this behaviour, and at improving the understanding and the prediction through numerical simulations of the effect of such a cavity on the aerodynamic and aerothermic behaviour of the turbine. Unsteady RANS numerical simulations have been performed with the elsA code. First, simulations were set up with a small part of the cavity, which forms a simple axisymmetric slot injecting cooling air into the main gas path. These computations have shown that the flow through the stage is deeply modified by the injected cooling air. The rotor shroud passage vortex and the tip leakage flow are affected and undergo large fluctuations. The interaction mechanisms are detailed and the effect on loss generation is discussed. Then, computations modeling the full cavity were performed, beginning with a simplified annulus flow and next with the full turbine stage. They identified a flow structure made of hot annulus gas pockets ingested in the cavity and cooling air ejection zones. This structure rotates at a lower speed than the rotor, and is clearly generated by an aerodynamic instability. Similar structures had already been found in turbines by numerous studies on inter-disks cavities at the hub, but it is the first time that such a behaviour is reported in a cavity with fixed walls and located at the shroud. The effect of this structure on the flow through the annulus is qualitatively identical to that simulated with only a small part of the cavity, but the intensity and the frequency of the interaction phenomena between the cooling air and the main flow are modified because of the rotation of the cavity flow structure. Finally, even if the simulations did not manage to fully explain the experimental results, this work contributed to the improvement of the understanding of the phenomena occuring in such a configuraiton. It also identified some challenges for the modelling of these flows by numerical simulations, as well as some topics for future research.

L'interaction onde-particule dans les plasma est un sujet de recherche important, pour la compréhension des phénomènes physiques fondamentaux comme pour l'opération de réacteurs à fusion tels que les tokamaks. Cette intéraction peut être responsable de l'existence de modes instables, comme l'instabilité "fishbone" dans les plasmas de tokamak. Celle-ci est causée par l'interaction résonante entre un mode vivant dans la plasma et une population de particules supra-thermiques. Cette instabilité cause l'éjection d'une partie de ces particules énergétiques. Elle est par ailleurs caractérisée par une diminution de sa fréquence durant son évolution. Dans cette thèse, un modèle pour l'instabilité "fishbone", décrivant le plasma thérmique avec un traitement fluide et les particlules énergétiques avec un traitement cinétique, est développé. Ce modèle est simplifié de manière à permettre la compréhension des mécanismes les plus basiques qui causent la destabilisation du mode, sa diminution en fréquence durant son évolution ainsi que l'éjection de particules qu'il engendre. La théorie linéaire de ce modèle est faite, montrant les conditions qui permettent l'existence de l'instabilité, et permettant la caractérisation de son comportement linéaire. Les résultats analytiques sont ensuite comparés aux résultats linéaires numériques, obtenus grâce à un code développé durant cette thèse et basé sur les hypothèses du modèle, et ils sont en accord. Enfin, ce code est utilisé pour explorer le comportement non linéaire des particules énergétiques. Le mécanisme principalement responsable du changement de fréquence du mode ainsi que de l'éjection des particules est identifié et étudié en detail. / The wave-particle interaction in plasmas is an important research subject, for fundamental physical understanding as well as for the operation of fusion devices such as tokamaks. This interaction can cause the existence of unstable modes, such as the fishbone instability that is observed in tokamak plasmas. It results from the resonant interaction between an electro-magnetic wave living in the plasma and a population of supra-thermal particles. This mode causes the ejection of a portion of these energetic particles, and is thus detrimental to the confinment of energy in a tokamak, and it is characterized by a frequency down-chirping, i.e. a decrease of frequency of the mode during its evolution. In this thesis, a model for the fishbone instability is developed, that describes the thermal plasma with fluid equations and the supra-thermal particles with the kinetic Vlasov equation. This model is highly simplified in order to understand the basic mechanisms leading to destabilization, frequency chirping, and particle ejection. The linear theory of this model is then done, showing the conditions that lead to the existence of an instability, and that allow the characterization of its linear behavior. The linear analytic results are then compared to numerical linear results obtained with a code, based on the assumptions of the model, that was developed during this PhD and the results are found to be in good agreement. Finally, the code is used to explore the nonlinear behavior of energetic particles in the later phase of the fishbone instability. The main mechanism responsible for the frequency chirping and energetic particle ejection is identified and studied in detail.

Descreve-se neste trabalho um estudo experimental da Emissão Eletrociclotrônica (EEC) no tokamak TCABR. Um radiômetro de EEC foi instalado, calibrado e utilizado para o estudo do plasma em descargas térmicas. O radiômetro é do tipo heteródino de varredura operando na faixa de 50-85 GHz, no modo extraordinário e na segunda harmônica. Determinou-se a temperatura de ruído do radiômetro e também sua estabilidade em amplitude e freqüência. Foi medida a largura de banda em freqüência do radiômetro (resolução espacial horizontal). A antena utilizada é do tipo gaussiana sendo que o raio da cintura do feixe gaussiano e a posição do foco foram experimentalmente determinados (W0 ~ 1 cm e d ~ 37 cm, respectivamente). A posição da cintura da antena foi posicionada próxima do centro geométrico do vaso. Foi feita a calibração absoluta do equipamento considerando-se os efeitos das janelas de diagnóstico (reflexão e absorção). O sistema pode operar em modo varredura, para a obtenção de perfis radiais de Te ou modo freqüência única onde se tem alta resolução temporal. As medidas da radiação EC foram feitas, na sua maioria, em descargas com densidade eletrônica média entre 1.10+19 m-3 e 1,5.1019 m-3 de forma a se ter acessibilidade da radiação EC e também minimizar-se a presença de elétrons fugitivos. Para ne > 1,5.1019 m-3 (com B0 = 1,14 T) verifica-se o corte parcial da radiação EC. Nesta condição, o corte na EEC foi utilizado na determinação do perfil radial da densidade eletrônica e aplicado em três diferentes situações: descargas com injeção adicional de gás, com a aplicação do eletrodo de polarização e em descargas com injeção de ondas de radiofreqüência na região das ondas de Alfvén para o TCABR. Usando um perfil parabólico típico para a densidade eletrônica, observou-se que, para descargas com injeção adicional de gás ou em descargas com a aplicação de ondas de radiofreqüência tem-se 0,85 < alfa < 1, e para descargas com aplicação do eletrodo de polarização obteve-se alfa ~ 0,6. Foram feitas observações simultâneas da temperatura eletrônica, a partir do sinal da EEC, e das oscilações de Mirnov (freqüência ~ 11,7 kHz) em descargas térmicas com q(r=0) > 1. Os resultados indicam a presença de um modo de ruptura dominante em rs ~ 9,5 cm com a largura da ilha magnética de W ~ 2,0-2,5 cm. Estes resultados experimentais obtidos estão em acordo com os resultados indicados por teorias de transporte na região das ilhas magnéticas. Observou-se também que a localização da ilha magnética coincide com uma região onde o perfil radial da temperatura de plasma é aproximadamente plano. Num outro cenário, com q(r=0) < 1, observaram-se oscilações dente de serra com período de ~ 0,44 ms, tempo de queda de ~ 0,12 ms, e raio de inversão em r ~ 4 cm. Neste tipo de descargas observou-se que, no perfil radial da amplitude das oscilações da Te, |DeltaTe|, devido à propagação dos pulsos dente de serra, apresentavam posições de mínimos e que estes coincidiam com as posições onde ocorrem patamares no perfil radial da temperatura eletrônica. Partindo destes resultados, juntamente com o perfil de q(r), dão-nos os modos racionais (m/n), posições (r) e larguras(W) para as ilhas magnéticas, presentes nestas descargas, a saber: m/n = 4/3 (r ~ 9 cm, W4/3 ~ 0,9 cm), m/n = 3/2 (r ~ 11,8 cm, W3/2 ~ 0,9 cm) e m/n = 2/1 (r ~ 13,7 cm, W2/1 ~ 1,4 cm). Este novo método, aqui proposto, permite a determinação direta da posição e da largura das ilhas magnéticas, em descargas onde a instabilidade dente de serra encontra-se presente.¶ / In this work, an experimental study of the Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) in the TCABR Tokamak, is described. An ECE sweeping heterodyne radiometer, operating in the 50-85 GHz frequency range, was installed, calibrated and used to detect ECE radiation in the second harmonic extraordinary mode from thermal plasma discharges. The noise temperature, amplitude and frequency stability of the radiometer were determined. The frequency bandwidth (horizontal space resolution) was measured. A Gaussian Antenna is used and the gaussian beam waist radius (W0 ~ 1 cm) and the focus position (d ~ 37 cm) were experimentally determined. The focus of the antenna was positioned close to the center of the vacuum vessel. The absolute calibration of the equipment was done and the effect of the diagnostic window was considered (reflections and absorptions). The system can operate in sweeping mode, in order to obtain the radial electron temperature profiles, and also in the single frequency mode to obtain temporal electron temperature profiles with high time resolution. Due to the TCABR accessibility conditions and also to avoid runaway electrons, most of the ECE measurements were obtained in discharges with line electron density between 1.0x10+19 m-3 and 1.5x1019 m-3. For ne > 1.5x1019 m-3 (with B0 = 1.14 T) the cutoff in the ECE radiation was observed. The ECE cutoff was used to determine the radial profile of the electron density and applied to three different situations: discharges with additional gas puffing, with the application of a biasing electrode and in discharges with radio-frequency wave injection. Using a parabolic profile it was observed that, 0.85 < alfa < 1.0 for discharges with additional gas injection or with RF injection, and alfa ~ 0.6 for the electrode biasing experiments. The electron temperature profiles and Mirnov oscillations (f ~ 11.7 kHz) were simultaneously measured in discharges with q (r=0) > 1. The position and the width of the magnetic island were therefore calculated. The results indicate the presence of a dominant tearing mode in rs ~ 9.5 cm and the magnetic island width W ~ 2.0-2.5 cm. These experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical results foreseen by models of heat transport in the presence of magnetic islands. It was also observed that, the position of the magnetic island coincided with the region where the temperature radial profile is approximately flat. In another plasma scenario, with q(r=0) < 1, sawteeth oscillations with a period ~ 0.44 ms, crash time ~ 0.12 ms, inversion radius r ~ 4 cm, were measured. Peculiarities in the Te radial profile associated with the amplitude of Te oscillations, |DeltaTe|, due to the sawtooth instability, were observed. It was verified that the minimum values of the |DeltaTe| profile coincided with the region where the temperature radial profile was approximately flat. These results together with the q(r) profile yielded the following mode numbers (m/n), positions (r) and widths (W) of the magnetic islands: m/n = 4/3 (r ~ 9 cm, W4/3 ~ 0.9 cm), m/n = 3/2 (r ~ 11.8 cm, W3/2 ~ 0.9 cm) and m/n = 2/1 (r ~ 13.7 cm, W2/1; ~ 1.4 cm). A novel method to determine the position and width of the magnetic islands, in discharges with the presence of sawtooth instability, is presented here.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas, inicialmente, distorções periódicas \"bend\" provocadas por campo magnético em amostra nemática calamítica da mistura: decilsulfato de sódio, decanol e água. Com base na teoria elástica continua, medidas do comprimento de onda das distorções periódicas permitiram obter a razão K IND. 9 / X IND. em função da temperatura, onde K IND. 9 é a constante elástica de \"bend\" e X IND. a anisotropia de susceptibilidade diamagnética. Em seguida, amostras nemáticas foram dopadas com ferrofluído em diferentes concentrações, o que possibilitou, através da comparação entre os resultados (com e sem o \"doping\"), determinar K IND. 9 e X IND. , respectivamente. Num segundo momento, a mesofase nemática calamítica obtida da mistura liotrópica de laurato de potássio, decanol e água, é submetida a gradiente térmico vertical em configuração planar. Uma nova instabilidade térmica foi observada envidenciando uma estrutura de rolos com os seus eixos perpendiculares à configuração inicial do diretor. O comprimento de onda da instabilidade tem valores em torno de 10 vezes menores que a espessura da amostra. A instabilidade, cujo processo de formação e relaxação é estudado, aparece com a diminuição do gradiente térmico próximo à transição de fase nemático-isotrópica. Considerando-se estes fatos, sugere-se um mecanismo em função da variação das dimensões dos objetos micelares com a temperatura. / In this work were primarily studied the periodic distortions \"bend\" provoked by magnetic field on calamitic nematic sample of the mixture: sodium decylsulfate, decanol and water. Based on the continuum elastic theory, measures of the wave lenght of periodic distortions permitted to obtain the ratio K9 /X in function of the temperature, where k9 is the elastic constant of \"bend\" and x the anisotropic of diamagnetic susceptibility. Afterwards, nematic samples were doped with ferrofluid in different concentrations, which made possible, through a comparison between the results (with and without the \"doping\"), to determine x and K9 respectively. In a second moment, the calamitic nematic mesophase obtained from the liotropic mixture of potassium laurate, decanol and water is submitted to a vertical thermic gradient in plane configuration. A new thermic instability was observed showing evidences of a roll structure with its perpendicular axis to the initial configuration of the director. The lenght of the instability wave has values around ten times smaller than the thickness of the sample. The instability, whose process of formation with the decrease of the thermic gradient next to the transition of isotropic-nematic phase. Considering these facts, we would suggest a mechanism related to the variation of the micelar objects dimensions in function of the temperature.

Ocean submesoscales are the subject of increasing focus in the oceanographic literature; with instrumentation now more capable of observing them in situ and numerical models now able to reach the resolution required to more fully capture them. Submesoscales are typified by horizontal spatial scales of O(1 − 10) km, vertical scales O(100) m and time-scales of O(1) day and are known to be associated with regions of high vertical velocity and vorticity. Occurring most commonly at density fronts at the ocean surface they can control mixed layer restratification and provide an important control on fluxes between the atmosphere and the deep ocean. This thesis sets out to better understand the fundamental physical processes underpinning submesoscale instabilities using a number of idealised process models. Linear stability analysis complemented by non-linear, high-resolution simulations will be used initially to explore the ways in which submesoscale instabilities in the mixed layer may compete and interact with one another. In particular, we will investigate the way in which symmetric and ageostrophic baroclinic instabilities interact when simultaneously present in a flow, with focus on the growth rates and energetic pathways of previously unexplored dynamic instabilities that arise in this paradigm; three-dimensional, mixed symmetric-baroclinic instabilities. Further, these non-linear simulations will allow us to investigate the transition to dissipative scales that can occur in the classical Eady model via a multitude of small-scale secondary instabilities that result from primary submesoscale instabilities. Finally, observational data, taken aboard the SMILES project cruise to the Southern Ocean, helps to motivate the consideration of a new dynamical paradigm; the Eady model with superimposed high amplitude barotropic jet. Non-linear simulations investigate the extent to which the addition of such a jet is capable of damping submesoscale growth. The causes of this damping are then investigated using linear analysis. With this approach eventually demonstrated as being unable to fully explain growth rate reductions, we introduce a new framework combining potential vorticity mixing by submesoscale instabilities with geostrophic adjustment, which relaxes the flow back to a geostrophic balanced state. This framework will help to explain, conceptually, how non-linear eddies control the linear stability of the flow.

Les chocs non-collisionnels jouent un rôle majeur dans de nombreux événements astrophysiques à haute densité d'énergie (sursauts gamma, restes de supernovæ, vents de pulsar...), et seraient responsables de la génération de particules supra-thermiques et de radiations. Les simulations ont démontré qu'en l’absence de champs magnétiques externes, des instabilités électromagnétiques peuvent prendre place lors de la collision de plasmas à haute vitesse. Les instabilités du type Weibel sont en effet capables de faire croître, dans ces milieux, une turbulence électromagnétique potentiellement en mesure de défléchir et d'accélérer des particules par des processus du type Fermi. En plus d'une compréhension théorique toujours croissante, la génération expérimentale de tels chocs est maintenant étudiée à l'aide de lasers de puissance. Les fluctuations thermiques électromagnétiques constituent les germes des instabilités se développant dans un plasma. Nous nous sommes attelés à leur description dans le cas d’un plasma relativiste régi par une fonction de distribution de type Maxwell-Jüttner. Des formules exactes de la densité spectrale ont pu être obtenues pour différentes orientations du vecteur propre. Ces résultats ont pu être confrontés aux prédictions d’un code de simulation particle-in-cell (PIC). Un très bon accord a été démontré.Ces résultats ont été exploités lors d'une collaboration internationale dont le but était d'estimer le temps de saturation de l'instabilité cinétique de Weibel, générant des fluctuations magnétiques. Les estimations obtenues ont pu être validées par des simulations PIC sur trois ordres de grandeur d'énergie de dérive.Nous avons ensuite mené une étude théorique et numérique des collisions de plasma d'électrons-ions en régime non-collisionnel ayant lieu lors d'événements astrophysiques tels que les restes de supernovæ. Par-delà un intérêt académique pour la compréhension des processus de transfert/transport d’énergie au sein des plasmas, la récente génération de tels plasmas en laboratoire ouvre des perspectives inédites en astrophysique des hautes énergies. La zone de recouvrement de ces faisceaux de particules est sujette à des instabilités cinétiques du type Weibel, générant des champs magnétiques intenses.Nous avons modélisé l'évolution non-linéaire d'un système soumis à l'instabilité de Weibel, et obtenu des formules analytiques de l'évolution des paramètres plasmas (températures et vitesse de dérive) et des champs magnétiques. Le modèle prédit ainsi l’évolution du système jusqu’à un stade proche de l’isotropisation complète des populations de particules et donc jusqu'à la formation d’un choc non-collisionnel. Ce modèle, en accord avec des simulations du type « particle-in-cell », pu aussi être comparé à des résultats expérimentaux récents. L'étude de la propagation des chocs non-collisionnels, m'a permis de généraliser le précédent modèle au cas de la turbulence magnétique ayant lieu en amont du front de choc.Nous nous sommes consacrés enfin aux chocs non-collisionnels créés dans un plasma dense (opaque) irradié par un laser intense. L’interaction laser-plasma qui en résulte donne lieu à un important courant d'électrons relativistes qui sont à l’origine d’instabilités cinétiques (de filamentation notamment) susceptibles d'évoluer en choc non-collisionnel. Une observation originale, contrastant avec les premières publications sur le sujet est que pour les paramètres considérés (un laser d’éclairement ~1021 Wcm-2, interagissant avec une cible solide), le choc résulte de la turbulence magnétique produite par l’instabilité électronique, plutôt que par l’instabilité ionique (dont la croissance est plus tardive). En d’autres termes, compte tenu de l’énergie très élevée des électrons accélérés par le laser, la turbulence qu'ils génèrent s’avère assez forte pour rapidement défléchir les ions. / Collisionless shocks play a major role in powerful astrophysical objects (e.g., gamma-ray bursts, supernova remnants, pulsar winds, etc.), where they are thought to be responsible for non-thermal particle acceleration and radiation. Numerical simulations have shown that, in the absence of an external magnetic field, these self-organizing structures originate from electromagnetic instabilities triggered by high-velocity colliding flows. These Weibel-like instabilities are indeed capable of producing the magnetic turbulence required for both efficient scattering and Fermi-type acceleration. Along with rapid advances in their theoretical understanding, intense effort is now underway to generate collisionless shocks in the laboratory using energetic lasers. In a first part we study the (w,k)-resolved electromagnetic thermal spectrum sustained by a drifting relativistic plasma. In particular, we obtain analytical formulae for the fluctuation spectra, the latter serving as seeds for growing magnetic modes in counterstreaming plasmas. Distinguishing between subluminal and supraluminal thermal fluctuations, we derived analytical formulae of their respective spectral contributions. Comparisons with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are made, showing close agreement in the subluminal regime along with some discrepancy in the supraluminal regime. Our formulae are then used to estimate the saturation time of the Weibel instability of relativistic pair plasmas. Our predictions are shown to match 2-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations over a three-decade range in flow energyWe then develop a predictive kinetic model of the nonlinear phase of the Weibel instability induced by two counter-streaming, symmetric and non-relativistic ion beams. This self consistent, fully analytical model allows us to follow the evolution of the beams' properties up to a stage close to complete isotropization and thus to shock formation. Its predictions are supported by 2D and 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the ion Weibel instability in uniform geometries, as well as shock-relevant non-uniform configurations. Moreover, they are found in correct agreement with a recent laser-driven plasma collision experiment. Along with this comparison, we pinpoint the important role of electron screening on the ion-Weibel dynamics, which may affect the results of simulations with artificially high electron mass. We subsequently address the shock propagation resulting from the magnetic Weibel turbulence generated in the upstream region. Generalizing the previous symmetric-beam model to the upstream region of the shock, the role of the magnetic turbulence in the shock-front has been analytically and self-consistently characterized. Comparison with simulations validates the model. The interaction of high-energy, ultra-high intensity lasers with dense plasmas is known to produce copious amounts of suprathermal particles. Their acceleration and subsequent transport trigger a variety of Weibel-like electromagnetic instabilities, acting as additional sources of slowing down and scattering. Their understanding is important for the many applications based upon the energy deposition and/or field generation of laser-driven particles. We investigate the ability of relativistic-intensity laser pulses to induce Weibel instability-mediated shocks in overdense plasma targets, as first proposed by Fiuza in 2012. By means of both linear theory and 2D PIC simulations, we demonstrated that in contrast to the standard astrophysical scenario previously addressed, the early-time magnetic fluctuations (Weibel instability) generated by the suprathermal electrons (and not ions) are strong enough to isotropize the target ions and, therefore, induce a collisionless electromagnetic shock.

Cette étude traite de la stabilité et la post-bifurcation des élastomères magnétorhéologiques isotropes (MRE). Les MRE sont des élastomères comprenant une fraction en volume fini de particules de fer magnétisables, réparties de façon aléatoire dans le volume. Plus précisément, un système de film/substrat magnéto-élastique non linéaire est exploité expérimentalement, numériquement et théoriquement pour obtenir un contrôle actif de la rugosité de la surface du film. L'interaction non-intuitive entre le champ magnétique et la déformation élastique est due au choix des matériaux et de la géométrie du système, à savoir un film composite de particules ferromagnétiques collé sur une fondation passive et compliante. La coopération de deux mécanismes qui sont par ailleurs indépendants, la pré-compression mécanique et le champ magnétique, permet de rapprocher la structure d'un état faiblement stable et puis de la rendre instable par des champs magnétiques ou mécaniques. Nous démontrons pour la première fois que le champ magnétique critique est une fonction décroissante de la pré-compression et vice versa. Les résultats expérimentaux sont ensuite sondés avec succès par des simulations à champs complets par éléments finis en grandes déformations et champs magnétiques. Une analyse théorique de bifurcation magnéto-mécanique sur un système magnéto-élastique infini est également utilisée pour explorer l'effet des propriétés combinées sur la réponse critique.Dans la perspective d'élargir l'activation de surface à de nouveaux motifs magnéto-mécaniques, nous étudions plus en détail la post-stabilité d'un bloc bi-couche entièrement magnétorhéologique. L'idée sous-jacente est de créer différents contrastes entre les couches de propriétés magnétiques/mécaniques et de déclencher une gamme de motifs de surface plus riche que celle déjà obtenue en utilisant un film MRE sur une fondation passive. Les calculs post-bifurcation des films MRE collés sur des substrats MRE permettent de mettre en évidence les modes morphologiques résultant de la (in)compatibilité des modes de champs indépendants. Le couplage magnéto-élastique permet le contrôle réversible marche/arrêt de la configuration de surface sous des champs magnétiques et mécaniques critiques ajustables et donc, cette étude constitue un premier pas vers des dispositifs haptiques et morphiques actifs. / The present work deals with the stability and post-bifurcation response of isotropic magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). MREs are elastomers comprising a finite volume fraction of magnetizable iron particles, distributed randomly in the volume. Specifically, a nonlinear magnetoelastic film/substrate system is experimentally, numerically and theoretically exploited to obtain active control of surface roughness. The non-intuitive interplay between magnetic field and elastic deformation owes to material and geometry selection, namely, a ferromagnetic particle composite film bonded on a compliant passive foundation. Cooperation of two otherwise independent loading mechanisms--mechanical pre-compression and magnetic field--allows to bring the structure near a marginally stable state and then destabilize it with either magnetic or mechanical fields. We demonstrate for the first time that the critical magnetic field is a decreasing function of pre-compression and vice versa. The experimental results are probed successfully with full-field finite element simulations at large strains and magnetic fields. A theoretical magnetomechanical bifurcation analysis on an infinite magnetoelastic system is further employed to explore the effect of the interlayer combined properties on the critical response and is compared with the available numerical results.  With the perspective of applying the principle of surface actuation to new magnetomechanically triggered patterns, we further investigate the post-bifurcation of an entirely magnetorheological bilayer block. The underlying idea is to create different interlayer contrasts of magnetic and mechanical properties allowing us to trigger a larger range of surface patterns than that already obtained when using a MRE film on a passive (magnetically insensitive) foundation. Post-bifurcation calculations of MRE films bonded on MRE substrates allow to reveal novel patterns that lead to significant curvature localisation and crinkling.  In all cases studied, the magnetoelastic coupling allows for the reversible on/off control of surface patterning under adjustable critical magnetic and mechanical fields for a single specimen and thus, this study constitutes a first step towards realistic active haptic and morphing devices.

La combustion pré mélangée a été depuis longtemps un domaine vaste d’étude au niveau appliqué et fondamental. Bien que la plupart des applications industrielles en combustion aient lieu dans des régimes turbulents, le passage par l’étude laminaire est indispensable pour comprendre les mécanismes fondamentaux des flammes turbulentes. Ce travail de thèse porte essentiellement sur l’étude des différentes instabilités agissant sur un front de flamme laminaire de pré mélange pour des mélanges de propane-air et méthane-air, enrichis ou non en azote. L’étude consiste à mesurer les taux de croissance des perturbations dans un brûleur d’Hele-Shaw formé par deux plaques de verre ($150\times50cm$) très rapprochées (brûleur 2D). Grâce à un système de forçage constitué par des plaques modulées spatialement avec différentes longueurs d’onde, le taux de croissance peut être mesuré même en présence du développement spontané de l’instabilité avec la longueur d’onde la plus instable. A richesse constante et pour des valeurs croissantes de la dilution en oxygène le vecteur d'onde de coupure augmente avec la vitesse de flamme qui devient plus instable. Pour des mélanges de propane ce nombre d’onde augmente également lorsqu'on augmente la richesse à vitesse constante et il diminue dans le cas des mélanges de méthane, cela est en relation avec l'évolution des effets thermodiffusifs dans chacun des cas. Une augmentation de l’épaisseur de la cellule d’Hele-Shaw, aboutit à une augmentation du taux de croissance pour les petits nombres d’onde ainsi que du nombre de Markstein, et à une diminution du taux de croissance pour les grands nombres, du fait des effets des pertes thermiques. / Premixed combustion has been the subject of extensive work, concerning both applications and fundamental aspects. Although in most practical applications combustion occurs in a turbulent environment, the study of laminar flames is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation. The objective of this work is to study the various instabilities acting on a laminar premixed flame for mixtures of propane-air and methane-air, enriched or not with nitrogen. it consists in measuring the linear growth rates of disturbances in a Hele-Shaw burner formed by two glass plates ($150\times50cm$) separated by a thin gap width (2D burner). Using spatially modulated plates with different wavelengths, the linear growth rate of perturbations can be measured even in the presence of the most unstable wavelength. The experimental values of the linear growth rate as a function of wavenumber are fitted by a linear dispersion relation to estimate the Markstein number and the cutoff wavenumber. For a constant equivalence ratio with increasing values of the dilution in oxygen, the cutoff wavenumber grows with the flame velocity and it is becoming more unstable. The cutoff wave number rises also when the equivalence ratio increases for propane-air mixture and decreases for methane-air mixture, in relation to the evolution of thermal diffusive effects. An enlargement in the thickness of the Hele-Shaw cell results in an increase of the growth rate for small wavenumbers thus in the Markstein number, and in a decline in the growth rate for the large wavenumbers, in relation with the effects of heat losses.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas, inicialmente, distorções periódicas \"bend\" provocadas por campo magnético em amostra nemática calamítica da mistura: decilsulfato de sódio, decanol e água. Com base na teoria elástica continua, medidas do comprimento de onda das distorções periódicas permitiram obter a razão K IND. 9 / X IND. em função da temperatura, onde K IND. 9 é a constante elástica de \"bend\" e X IND. a anisotropia de susceptibilidade diamagnética. Em seguida, amostras nemáticas foram dopadas com ferrofluído em diferentes concentrações, o que possibilitou, através da comparação entre os resultados (com e sem o \"doping\"), determinar K IND. 9 e X IND. , respectivamente. Num segundo momento, a mesofase nemática calamítica obtida da mistura liotrópica de laurato de potássio, decanol e água, é submetida a gradiente térmico vertical em configuração planar. Uma nova instabilidade térmica foi observada envidenciando uma estrutura de rolos com os seus eixos perpendiculares à configuração inicial do diretor. O comprimento de onda da instabilidade tem valores em torno de 10 vezes menores que a espessura da amostra. A instabilidade, cujo processo de formação e relaxação é estudado, aparece com a diminuição do gradiente térmico próximo à transição de fase nemático-isotrópica. Considerando-se estes fatos, sugere-se um mecanismo em função da variação das dimensões dos objetos micelares com a temperatura. / In this work were primarily studied the periodic distortions \"bend\" provoked by magnetic field on calamitic nematic sample of the mixture: sodium decylsulfate, decanol and water. Based on the continuum elastic theory, measures of the wave lenght of periodic distortions permitted to obtain the ratio K9 /X in function of the temperature, where k9 is the elastic constant of \"bend\" and x the anisotropic of diamagnetic susceptibility. Afterwards, nematic samples were doped with ferrofluid in different concentrations, which made possible, through a comparison between the results (with and without the \"doping\"), to determine x and K9 respectively. In a second moment, the calamitic nematic mesophase obtained from the liotropic mixture of potassium laurate, decanol and water is submitted to a vertical thermic gradient in plane configuration. A new thermic instability was observed showing evidences of a roll structure with its perpendicular axis to the initial configuration of the director. The lenght of the instability wave has values around ten times smaller than the thickness of the sample. The instability, whose process of formation with the decrease of the thermic gradient next to the transition of isotropic-nematic phase. Considering these facts, we would suggest a mechanism related to the variation of the micelar objects dimensions in function of the temperature.