The aim of this diploma work was to obtain a review of the appeal process in Sweden under the Planning and Building Act and the possibilities of appeal in the planning and building permit process. The work was intended to identify potential problems surrounding the appeal process and possible efficiency measures. The goal was to form a report that provides a satisfactory overview of the appeal process in theory and practical application as well as provide relevant concrete proposals on how the appeal process can be streamlined. Background and facts surrounding the work were taken from different types of literature and through several interviews with representatives in government, industry and politicians. The main problems related to the appeal process are in the long processing times and the high number of appeals. There is a great interest to streamline the appeals process and the government is going to launch studies in which possible future actions will be investigated. It is possible to appeal for up to two instances before you need a so called “leave to appeal” in order for your complaint to be passed on to the next instance. Appeals may be made for several reasons and in these instances of appeal there is no risk for either economic or legal sanctions for the complainant. The negligible risk in the appeal results in an exploitation of the appeal system. The introduction of an appeal fee may reduce the number of appeals. A fee may reduce the overuse and provide an effective appeals process and thus a more efficient planning and building permit process.

<p>A new reform of immigration in Sweden was introduced in 2006. This implied both a new decision hierarchy and process routine for dealing with asylum-related cases. Furthermore, a new Aliens’ Act came into force. The purpose of the changes was to strengthen the principle of law and order. The Swedish Migration Board, as the authority responsible for immigration cases, has employed Litigation Officers for the Administrative Procedure Unit. The Officers’ task is to reconsider verdicts in asylum cases and represent the authority on personal proceedings in the courts. Proceedings are a new occurrence in the asylum process.</p><p>The object of this study is the Litigation Officers and how they act as executers of political decisions. The following two questions are precisely defined:</p><p>i) Under which conditions do the Litigation Officers carry into effect the new directions and rules concerning the principle of strengthened law and order?</p><p>ii) How much freedom of action do they have when discharging their official duties?</p><p>Three theories are discussed related to the subject of the study. The first is about the forms of parliamentary steering of the society. The second theory discusses two perspectives of officers’ freedom of action. Finally, the third theory is about the characteristics of conditions necessary for a successful parliamentary steering.</p><p>In order to answer the questions, six Litigation Officers working in different Administrative Procedure Units in Sweden were interviewed. The investigations showed that the officers were both qualified and willing to carry into effect the directions and rules of the principle of strengthened law and order, but were hindered in their work by serious deficiencies of the Aliens’ Act. The investigation also showed that Litigation Officers were satisfied with their freedom of action when discharging their official duties. They experienced a little more freedom in the procedural part of their work. On the other hand, they felt more limited in interpreting the law of the Aliens’ Act. Otherwise the officers adhered to guidelines in being executers of political decisions.</p>

The Swedish authority “Migrationsverket” is a part of the common EU policy pursued in Europe. For the co-operation to function, there are a number of documents, directives and regulations that will help the states in Europe in the same direction. EASO (European Asylum Support Office) guidelines emerged in 2016, to lead the states in Europe towards a more humanitarian refugee policy, after the Recipients´directive left too much for interpretation. The study examines the implementation process from Europe to Sweden, on to the relevant authorities. The design of the survey is based on two questions and the method is a text analysis and qualitative interviews. The results show that the implementation process follows the study´s theory, Multi-level governance. To further analyze, Hills (1997) ten criterias for Top-down/Bottom-up being used. The result of the analysis turned out that six out of ten criterias were met. The result of the survey shows that there is a problem in the implementation process, where the different authorities are pointing fingers on each other.

Ziel der Arbeit war es die Quellenlage Hildegard von Bingens ‚Physica‘ zu beleuchten. Dazu werden die Kapitel der exotischen Gewürze (Kap. I,13-21 und I,26-27), der Duftpflanzen (Kap. I,22-25), und der heimischen Gewürze (Kap. I,63-70) mit den entsprechenden Kapiteln aus ‚Macer floridus‘ (Odo Magdunensis), ‚Circa instans‘ (Matthaeus Platearius), ‚Liber graduum‘ (Constantinus Africanus), ‚Naturalis historia‘ (Plinius der Ältere) und ‚Materia medica‘ (Pedanius Dioskurides) verglichen. Es konnten verschiedenartige Bezüge zur Tradition hergestellt werden, jedoch ist hervorzuheben, dass Hildegard dennoch in den Anwendungen eine ausgeprägte Originalität aufweist. / The object of the thesis was to clarify the sources of the Hildegard von Bingen‘s “Physica”. Chapters of the exotic spices (I,13-21 und I,26-27), plants with perfume (I,22-25) and local spices (I,63-70) were compared with correspondent chapters in “Macer floridus” (Odo Magdunensis), “Circa instans” (Matthaeus Platearius), “Liber graduum” (Constantinus Africanus), “Naturalis historia” (Pliny the Elder) and “Materia medica” (Pedanius Dioscorides). Various references to the tradition were depicted but it must be emphasized Physica’s distinct originality.

This work aims to offer a new methodological approach to intellectual exchange in the medieval Mediterranean. In the absence of abundant textual evidence, this work explores the transmission of scientific knowledge from Greek and Arabic into Latin during the eleventh and twelfth centuries through direct textual translation as well as unwritten, typically material, exchanges. It approaches the so-called twelfth-century translation movement of Greek and Arabic science into Latin in three parts, which each touch on a different branch of medieval science that was transmitted into Latin through medieval Sicily. The first part examines paratextual diagrams in medieval manuscripts of the Classical work on mathematics and astronomy, Ptolemy’s Almagest. Working across Latin, Arabic, and Greek, it traces a different route for the transmission of the mathematical diagrams than for the translation of the text itself. In the second part, it moves away from direct translation, turning to the production of Latin pharmaceutical manuals that lack a direct antecedent in another language. For one of these, Circa instans of Matthaeus Platearius, it first considers on both a holistic and granular scale how the Latin text drew on influences in Greek and Arabic that would have been available in Sicily in the twelfth century. This comparison suggests that some information about pharmacology was transmitted orally or experientially. The next section compares the individual substances included in Circa Instans to Latin and Judaeo-Arabic trade records for Sicily during that period, in order to determine whether and how information about these goods as medicines could have moved through trade, which otherwise considered them to be supplemental materials for the textile industry. T he third part is focused on copper, one of the materials mentioned in both pharmaceutical manuals and trade records, which also has a significant presence in extant objects from Norman Sicily. By systematically surveying these extant objects, as well as the treatment of copper in alchemical manuals from the period, this work considers the different information that was conveyed through the material presentation of copper than through its treatment in alchemical treatises. In these analyses, this work demonstrates that a study of medieval science can benefit from: considering a broad range of sources, both in language and medium; navigating carefully through assertions of what the knowledge being transmitted constituted; and reevaluating assumptions about the role that textual translation played in transmitting knowledge of science.

A new reform of immigration in Sweden was introduced in 2006. This implied both a new decision hierarchy and process routine for dealing with asylum-related cases. Furthermore, a new Aliens’ Act came into force. The purpose of the changes was to strengthen the principle of law and order. The Swedish Migration Board, as the authority responsible for immigration cases, has employed Litigation Officers for the Administrative Procedure Unit. The Officers’ task is to reconsider verdicts in asylum cases and represent the authority on personal proceedings in the courts. Proceedings are a new occurrence in the asylum process. The object of this study is the Litigation Officers and how they act as executers of political decisions. The following two questions are precisely defined: i) Under which conditions do the Litigation Officers carry into effect the new directions and rules concerning the principle of strengthened law and order? ii) How much freedom of action do they have when discharging their official duties? Three theories are discussed related to the subject of the study. The first is about the forms of parliamentary steering of the society. The second theory discusses two perspectives of officers’ freedom of action. Finally, the third theory is about the characteristics of conditions necessary for a successful parliamentary steering. In order to answer the questions, six Litigation Officers working in different Administrative Procedure Units in Sweden were interviewed. The investigations showed that the officers were both qualified and willing to carry into effect the directions and rules of the principle of strengthened law and order, but were hindered in their work by serious deficiencies of the Aliens’ Act. The investigation also showed that Litigation Officers were satisfied with their freedom of action when discharging their official duties. They experienced a little more freedom in the procedural part of their work. On the other hand, they felt more limited in interpreting the law of the Aliens’ Act. Otherwise the officers adhered to guidelines in being executers of political decisions.

Replicating a real-world environment is crucial for creating simulations, computer vision, global and local path planning, and localization. While computer-aided design software is a standard tool for such a task, it may not always be practical or effective. An alternative approach is mapping, which uses sensory input and computer vision technologies to reconstruct the environment. However, developing such software requires knowledge of various fields, making it a challenging task. This thesis deep-dives into a state-of-the-art mapping framework and explores potential improvements, providing a foundation for an open-source project. The resulting software can replicate a real-world environment while storing panoptic classification data on a voxel level. Through 3D object matching and probability theory, the mapping software is resilient to object misclassifications and retains consistency in the different instances of observed objects. The final software is designed to make it easy to use in a different project by substituting the simulation data with a semantic, instance, or panoptic segmentation model. Additionally, the software integrates certain functionalities that facilitate the visualization of diverse classes or a particular class instance. / Att replikera en verklig miljö är avgörande för att skapa simuleringar, datorseende, global och lokal vägplanering samt lokalisering. Trots att ett datorstött designprogram är ett standardverktyg för sådana uppgifter kanske det inte alltid är praktiskt eller effektivt. Ett alternativt tillvägagångssätt är kartläggning, som använder sensorisk input och datorseendeteknik för att uppnå reskonstruering av omgivningar. Att utveckla sådan programvara kräver dock kunskap inom olika områden, vilket gör det till en utmanande uppgift. Den här avhandlingen fördjupar sig i ett toppmodernt kartläggningsramverk och utforskar potentiella förbättringar, vilket ger en grund för ett öppet källkodsprojekt. Resultatet av denna avhandling är en programvara som kan replikera en verklig miljö samtidigt som den lagrar panoptisk klassificeringsdata på en voxelnivå. Genom 3D-objektmatchning och sannolikhetsteori är kartläggningsprogramvaran motståndskraftig mot felaktiga objektklassificeringar och är koncekvent avseende förekomsten av olika observerade objekt. Den slutliga programvaran är utformad med fokus på att göra den enkel att använda i andra projekt genom att ersätta simuleringsdata med en semantisk, instans eller panoptisk segmenteringsmodell. Dessutom integrerar programvaran funktioner som underlättar visualiseringen av antingen olika klasser eller en specifik instans av en klass.

<p>Den 1 Mars 2006 ersattes den gamla UtlL (1989:529) av en ny UtlL (2005:716) med stora förändringar i instans- och processordningen. De grundläggande kraven på denna var att öppenheten i asylprocessen skulle öka, att de sökande skulle ges ökade möjligheter till muntlig förhandling vid överklagande av asyl- och medborgarskapsärenden, att processen skulle bestå av en tvåpartsprocess och att instans- och processordningen skulle utformas så att kraven på skyndsam handläggning uppfylldes.</p><p>I denna uppsats har rättssäkerheten för den asylsökande vid prövning av dess asylärende i den nya instans- och processordningen undersökts. Huvudfrågan lyder som följer; säkerställs rättssäkerheten i Sverige för skyddssökande vid prövning av asylärenden i den nya instans- och processordningen?</p><p>Utredning i den här uppsatsen leder till slutsatsen att rättssäkerheten i svensk asylrätt är beroende av att rådande rättsprinciper moderniseras. Offentlighetsprincipen måste tydligare särskiljas från sekretessen. Domstolarna måste beläggas med hårdare sekretesskrav och Migrationsverkets meddelandeskyldighet måste klargöras så att den sökande alltid kan få besked om skälen bakom ett beslut.</p> / <p>On March 1, 2006, the former alien’s act (1989:529) was replaced by a new alien’s act (2005:716) with major changes in the order of authority and the order of process. When the new alien’s act was developed the fundamental requirement in the legislation consisted of an increased openness in the asylum process where the applicants were to be given the possibility to verbal negotiation while appealing asylum and citizenship dossiers. Furthermore the procedure was to be comprised of a two party process and the order of authority and the order of process were to be formulated so that the requirement of rapid processing was met. This essays main issue is; is the legal security ensured for persons seeking asylum in Sweden when investigating their dossiers in the new order of authority and the new order of process?</p><p>The investigation leads to the conclusion that the legal security in the Swedish asylum right is depending on the modernization of prevailing court principles. The principle of free access to official records must be separated from secrecy and stricter demands of secrecy must be imposed on the courts. Finally the Swedish Migration Board's obligation to keep the applicants informed of the reasons behind a decision must be clarified.</p>

Den 1 Mars 2006 ersattes den gamla UtlL (1989:529) av en ny UtlL (2005:716) med stora förändringar i instans- och processordningen. De grundläggande kraven på denna var att öppenheten i asylprocessen skulle öka, att de sökande skulle ges ökade möjligheter till muntlig förhandling vid överklagande av asyl- och medborgarskapsärenden, att processen skulle bestå av en tvåpartsprocess och att instans- och processordningen skulle utformas så att kraven på skyndsam handläggning uppfylldes. I denna uppsats har rättssäkerheten för den asylsökande vid prövning av dess asylärende i den nya instans- och processordningen undersökts. Huvudfrågan lyder som följer; säkerställs rättssäkerheten i Sverige för skyddssökande vid prövning av asylärenden i den nya instans- och processordningen? Utredning i den här uppsatsen leder till slutsatsen att rättssäkerheten i svensk asylrätt är beroende av att rådande rättsprinciper moderniseras. Offentlighetsprincipen måste tydligare särskiljas från sekretessen. Domstolarna måste beläggas med hårdare sekretesskrav och Migrationsverkets meddelandeskyldighet måste klargöras så att den sökande alltid kan få besked om skälen bakom ett beslut. / On March 1, 2006, the former alien’s act (1989:529) was replaced by a new alien’s act (2005:716) with major changes in the order of authority and the order of process. When the new alien’s act was developed the fundamental requirement in the legislation consisted of an increased openness in the asylum process where the applicants were to be given the possibility to verbal negotiation while appealing asylum and citizenship dossiers. Furthermore the procedure was to be comprised of a two party process and the order of authority and the order of process were to be formulated so that the requirement of rapid processing was met. This essays main issue is; is the legal security ensured for persons seeking asylum in Sweden when investigating their dossiers in the new order of authority and the new order of process? The investigation leads to the conclusion that the legal security in the Swedish asylum right is depending on the modernization of prevailing court principles. The principle of free access to official records must be separated from secrecy and stricter demands of secrecy must be imposed on the courts. Finally the Swedish Migration Board's obligation to keep the applicants informed of the reasons behind a decision must be clarified.