Abstract: In our globalized world companies that want to internationalize and go to a new market should consider different factors, if they want to be successful. Institutional adaptation is a vital part of success or failure of the globalization process. The market entry process of western Multinational Companies (MNCs) into China, shows different adapting processes, compared to when entering western country markets. Establishing an MNC in China is more time consuming, as a lot of social and non-business actors, and activities will be involved in the process. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the process of adaptation of western MNCs to eastern institutional environment, with a focus on China. How does western MNCs operating in China adapt to the eastern institutional environment of China?   Method - This is a qualitative single case study with three interviews as primary sources of data. Findings – Government mandates are key factors to any organization whether local or otherwise. Merging with a local company helps to adapt better to the new environment. General cultural norms have a higher impact into the adaptation process. Conclusion - The research conducted shows how having knowledge of the different aspects of the environment and knowing how to adapt to these differences is crucial for the success of a firm. Husqvarna Group adapts to the host environment by means of their code of conduct, adaptation of a foreign organizational structure and accepting stricter mandates put forth by the government along with stricter channels of communication.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBBP.pdf: 1536444 bytes, checksum: 8b74a3cf6773a21ed45bf4412490207d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-02 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The wheat chain, as most of Brazilians agri-food chains, has had deep changes on the institutional environment since 1990, when the Brazilian economy was open and most of the industry sectors were deregulated (the State diminished the regulation). The effects of those changes were amplified by the MERCOSUR agreement. As a consequence, a complete change of the ways coordination on the Brazilian wheat market takes place was noticed. The relations between wheat producers and milling units, which before 1990 was intermediated by State agencies like Banco do Brasil and DTRIG, where totally transferred to the private sector. The cooperative system and the representative associations, which used to focus on the political representation, had to adapt their work and offer different services for their members. The analysis of the new forms of relationships on this market after 1990 shows that the regulatory framework which shaped the activities of the sector for many decades had a strong influence on the new dynamics of coordination after the State reduced the intervention. This study aims to analyze how the Brazilian wheat market was regulated before and after 1990, highlighting the impact of institutional environment at different times on the dynamics of the relationships and coordination among those actors playing on the market after 1990. With this goal, this study will refer to theoretical approaches linked to the neo-institutionalism, as the Transaction Cost and Measurement Economics, the Network Analysis, and the Policy Networks. These references will support the preparation of indicators to explore the vertical coordination (among actors of different tiers) and horizontal coordination (among actors of the same tier). / A cadeia do trigo, como a maioria das cadeias agroindustriais brasileiras, sofreu profundas mudanças em seu ambiente institucional a partir de 1990, quando os processos de abertura econômica e desregulamentação atingiram este segmento. Os efeitos dessas mudanças foram ampliados pela assinatura do Tratado de Assunção, que institui o MERCOSUL. Como conseqüência, observou-se uma completa transformação no ambiente organizacional do mercado de trigo brasileiro. As relações entre produtores de trigo e moinhos, antes intermediadas por agências estatais como o Banco do Brasil e o DTRIG, passam a ocorrer exclusivamente na esfera privada. O sistema cooperativo e as associações de representação setorial, que antes dedicavam grande parte de seus esforços à representação política junto às agências públicas, tiveram de mudar sua atuação e oferecer novos serviços a seus associados. A análise das novas formas de relacionamento após 1990 mostra que o marco regulatório que norteou o funcionamento do setor nas décadas anteriores, deixou uma forte herança institucional, com profunda influência sobre as novas dinâmicas de coordenação após a diminuição das atividades do Estado nos anos 90. Este trabalho buscou analisar como o mercado do trigo brasileiro foi regulado antes e depois de 1990, procurando identificar os impactos do ambiente institucional nos diferentes momentos sobre as dinâmicas de relacionamento e coordenação entre os atores que passaram a atuar nesse mercado a partir de 1990. Para isso, foram utilizados referenciais teóricos oriundos no neo-institucionalismo, como a Economia dos Custos de Transação e Mensuração, as Redes de Empresas e as Redes de Poder. Tais aportes permitiram a elaboração de indicadores que viabilizassem a análise da coordenação vertical (entre atores de diferentes elos) e horizontal (entre atores de um mesmo elo).

Orientador: Gessuir Pigatto / Coorientador: Timóteo Ramos Queiroz / Coorientador: Ferenc Istvan Bánkuti / Banca:Mario Mollo Neto / Banca: Fabiana Cunha Viana Leonelli / Resumo: A demanda mundial de pescados tem aumentado a cada ano, servindo de incentivo à aquicultura, atividade com grande potencial para aumento da produção, já que trata-se do cultivo previamente planejado de organismos aquáticos. No Brasil, uma modalidade da aquicultura que se encontra em expansão é a piscicultura em tanques-rede, tendo a tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) como principal espécie cultivada. No Sudeste do País, especialmente em São Paulo, a expansão da tilapicultura está ocorrendo principalmente com o uso de tanques-rede nos grandes reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas (UHE). Dentre os reservatórios do estado, encontra-se o da UHE Canoas I que está localizado no rio Paranapanema e abrange os municípios de Cândido Mota - SP e Itambaracá - PR. Visto que ambos os municípios apresentam dados expressivos no que diz respeito à piscicultura em geral e em tanques- rede, esta região foi definida como foco de estudo da presente pesquisa, para a qual foi proposto como objetivo geral analisar a competitividade dos agentes envolvidos na produção de tilápia em tanques-rede no reservatório hidrelétrico da Usina Hidrelétrica de Canoas I e sua inserção em redes sociais. Além disso, um dos objetivos específicos seria analisar a relação entre nível de inserção em rede social e nível de competitividade. Para responder aos objetivos da pesquisa, o trabalho contou com pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as duas vertentes teóricas em questão (Redes Sociais e Competitividade) e pesquisa de c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The global demand for fisheries has increased every year, serving to encourage aquaculture activity with great potential of raising production, since it is the previously planned cultivation of aquatic organisms. In Brazil, aquaculture modality that is booming is fish farming in cages, and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the main cultivated species. In the Southeast of the country, especially in São Paulo, the expansion of tilapia culture is taking place mainly through the use of cages in the large reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants (HPP). Among the state's reservoirs, it is the HPP Canoas I which is located on the Paranapanema River and covers the municipalities of Cândido Mota - SP and Itambaracá - PR. Since both municipalities have significant data regarding fish farming in general and in fishnet tanks, this region was defined as the study focus of this research, for which it was proposed as a general objective to analyze the competitiveness of the agents involved in the production of tilapia in cages in the hydroelectric reservoir of the Hydroelectric Plant of Canoas I and their inclusion in social networks. In addition, one of the specific objectives would be to analyze the relationship between the level of integration into social network and level of competitiveness. In order to meet the research objectives, the work included literature on two theoretical aspects involved (Social Networks and Competitiveness) and field research, where fish farmers inse... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A construção dessa dissertação partiu das reflexões acerca das mudanças restritivas ao consumo e as implicações socioeconômicas sobre a cadeia agroindustrial do tabaco. Em vigência desde 2005 no Brasil, a Convenção-Quadro de Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) agrava os atritos e a disputa entre os diversos agentes interessados, tanto na promoção quanto no combate através de diversas medidas restritivas suscitando, desse modo, incertezas quanto ao rumo das regiões produtoras. O país é o segundo maior produtor mundial e o maior exportador de tabaco em folhas. O Rio Grande do Sul, objeto desse estudo, é o estado brasileiro com maior produção e envolve 84 mil famílias no cultivo, em 274 municípios. Dada a importância do setor, esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar a cadeia agroindustrial do tabaco no RS, a partir das mudanças institucionais derivadas da CQCT. A pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo e os dados primários foram coletados através de entrevistas, com o auxílio de roteiros semiestruturados e questionários junto a instituições formais, organizações formais e setores de apoio ligados à cadeia, sob o recorte do RS. A seleção, caracterizada por critério de conveniência, buscou a pluralidade de discursos sobre as possíveis mudanças na cadeia agroindustrial do tabaco no RS, a partir da adesão ao tratado pelo país. Em termos conceituais, este trabalho fundamenta-se em torno de dois eixos centrais, que apresentam relevância no estudo: Cadeias Agroindustriais, sob o ponto de vista de suporte analítico e, pelo aporte teórico, a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), com ênfase em Instituições Formais. As instituições estão presentes no ambiente interferindo no comportamento dos agentes através das regras formais para a manutenção da ordem e do desenvolvimento da sociedade. O que se pode constar é que o país vem se destacando com suas medidas de controle e combate ao tabagismo. Não obstante, merecem destaque os avanços das políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar, subsidiando o processo de diversificação da produção e renda. Ainda assim, diante das mudanças no ambiente institucional formal, constata-se que as corporações revelam força e habilidade nas suas relações com os governos nacionais, regionais e locais, como é o caso do RS, onde se concentram as principais subsidiárias das transnacionais tabaqueiras. O apoio governamental, a associação com governos locais e a corroboração de diversas representações constituem um fator crítico para as iniciativas que buscam implantar as medidas propostas pela CQCT. Os investimentos e incentivos consolidados no setor nos últimos anos evidenciam que a cadeia do fumo não está fadada a extinguir-se e isso não implicará numa grande desaceleração da produção a curto e médio prazos. Atrelado a isso, está o aumento da demanda de consumo nos países emergentes, esforços das corporações nos mercados de baixa e média rendas e legislações de controle ao tabaco brandas ou inexistentes. Os interesses entre a cadeia e as políticas de saúde são irreconciliáveis e suas prioridades conflitantes, o que torna o trabalho da implementação da CQCT ainda um caminho bastante árduo e desafiador. / The construction of this dissertation started from the reflections on the restrictive changes to consumption and socioeconomic implications on tobacco agroindustrial chain. Since 2005, in Brazil, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) aggravates the attrition and the dispute between the various agents interested, in promoting as much in the conflict, through several restrictive measures raising, thus, uncertainties about the direction of the producing regions. The country is the second largest global producer and the largest exporter leaves. Rio Grande do Sul, object of this study, is the Brazilian state with the largest production; it involves 84 thousand families in cultivation, in 274 municipalities. Given the importance of the sector, this study aims to analyze the tobacco agroindustrial chain in RS, from the institutional changes brought about by the FCTC. The research is qualitative and primary data were collected through interviews, with the help of semi structured itineraries and questionnaires, along the formal organizations and chain sector supporting, under the focus of the RS. The selection, characterized as a criterion of convenience, sought the plurality of views on possible changes in the tobacco agroindustrial chain in the RS, from the country's accession to the treaty. This work, in conceptual terms, is based around two central axes, which are relevant in the study: Agroindustrial Chains (AC), from the point of view analytical support and theoretical framework and the New Institutional Economics (NIE), focusing on Formal Institutions. The institutions are present in the environment interfering with the behavior of agents through the formal rules for maintaining the society order and development. What can be evident is that the country has stood out with their control measures and the fight against smoking. Nevertheless, particular emphasis should also be given to, the advances of public policies for family agriculture, subsidizing the diversification process of production and income. Still, given the changes in the formal institutional environment governed by laws, rules and public policies, it appears that corporations reveal strength and skill in its relations with national, regional and local governments, as is the case of the RS, where concentrate the main subsidiaries of transnational tobacco companies. Government support, the association with local governments and corroboration of several representations are a critical factor for initiatives that seek to implement the measures proposed by the FCTC. The investment and incentives in the sector in recent years, shows that the tobacco chain is not doomed to disappear and this will not involve a major slowdown in production in the short and medium term. Coupled to this, is the increase in consumer demand in emerging countries, efforts of corporations on low and middle-income markets and inexistent or mild tobacco control legislation. The interests between the chain and health policies are irreconcilable and their conflicting priorities, which make the work of the implementation of the FCTC still, a pretty hard and challenging way.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de conhecer a cultura da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo, focalizando de modo geral seu desenvolvimento, sua evolução histórica e os contextos, que esta cultura sofreu nas mudanças do período 1950-2010. A partir do começo do século XX a região Centro-Sul passou a ser o polo dinamizador do desenvolvimento brasileiro e, em pouco tempo tornou-se o mais importante mercado consumidor interno de açúcar e também como processador da cana colhida. Segue nessa linha a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e a crise do petróleo na década de 1970, que provocaram mudanças institucionais, como o PROÁLCOOL, Planalsucar e PRO-OESTE, alicerçando um Ambiente Institucional de incentivos que impactará na distribuição da cultura canavieira nas mesorregiões do Estado. Houve, entretanto, a substituição de outras culturas agrícolas no Estado, e a consequente diminuição, ou em maior grau, o aumento em termos de mesorregiões e municípios. Além disso, o sistema aumentou sua produção baseado em maior frequência por aumentos de área (Contribuição de Área), indicando o caráter extensivo do plantio. No entanto, quando é observado o período como um todo, evidencia-se a Contribuição de Rendimentos, mostrando o papel do melhoramento em proporcionar não somente a produtividade, mas a melhor adaptação da cultura em áreas que começaram a se destacar após os anos 1950. / This Project intends to know the sugar cane culture in São Paulo state focusing, in a general view, the development and historical evolution, as the contexts which this culture passed by during the changes in the periods from 1950 to 2010. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the South-Central region started promoting dynamics in Brazilian development and, in a short time, it became the most important internal market costumer of sugar and also a processor of harvest cane. Continuing at this point, we have the Second World War and the petrol crisis in the 70s, causing institutional changes, as PRÓALCOOL, Planalsucar and PRO-OESTE building an institutional environment of incentives that impact the distribution of the culture cane in the middle regions of the state. However, there was the substitution of other agriculture cultures in the state, and the consequent decreasing or, in higher degree the increasing, talking about middle regions and cities. Besides that, the system increased their production based on greater frequency for increasing on the area (Contribution for the area), indicating the extensive plantation nature. However, when the period is observed at large is noticed the Contribution of the yields, showing the upgrade role in promoting not only the productivity, but also the better adaptation of this culture in areas that started showing up after the 50s.

O sucesso alcançado pela indústria de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) no fomento ao empreendedorismo e na dinamização do setor empresarial norte-americano encorajou diversos países a importar este modelo vencedor de intermediação financeira. Entretanto, a atividade de PE/VC foi criada para desempenhar sob o ambiente institucional norte-americano, fazendo com que estudiosos tais como Gompers e Lerner (1999) levantassem dúvida sobre o sucesso na implantação deste modelo em outros países. Para verificar como a atividade de PE/VC se molda segundo o ambiente, este trabalho conduz um estudo empírico com todas as 65 organizações gestoras de PE/VC com escritórios no Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada ao final de 2004 e obteve 100% de resposta. A análise foca no tamanho e a na macroestrutura da indústria. Os resultados são plenamente representativos e revelam um setor de PE/VC com tamanho modesto, bastante limitado pelo ambiente econômico-institucional, que prejudica a realização de negócios, embora ofereça oportunidades de investimento que supram as insuficiências do país em termos de infra-estrutura, segurança etc. Como principal resultado, o trabalho identifica similaridades e diferenças do modelo brasileiro de PE/VC em relação ao modelo vigente nos EUA. Os principais pontos em comum são: (i) predominam as organizações independentes que gerenciam recursos de investidores institucionais; (ii) o capital é concentrado regionalmente e em poucas organizações gestoras; (iii) os investimentos tendem a ser feitos próximos às organizações gestoras; (iv) os setores de software e TI são os mais procurados; (v) a qualificação dos gestores é similar a de seus pares internacionais. Por sua vez, as diferenças sugerem que o modelo tenha se adaptado ao novo ambiente institucional: (i) há tendência de investimento em empresas mais maduras, o que é compatível com o baixo nível de empreendedorismo de crescimento e elevada informalidade das pequenas empresas; (ii) O baixo numero de LBOs é compatível com a escassez e o alto custo do crédito; (iii) baixo grau de especialização dos gestores sugere poucas oportunidades de investimento em cada setor; (iv) concentração das organizações no centro financeiro do país sugere a busca de parceiros comerciais e compradores estratégicos para as empresas do portfolio (IPO é um mecanismo raramente utilizado); (v) a regulamentação reconhece o baixo grau de proteção dos investidores e obriga a utilização da arbitragem. Entre as diferenças encontradas, a pouca confiança que os investidores depositam nos gestores tende a se alterar conforme o setor adquire experiência e os gestores adquirem reputação. / The outstanding success attained by Private Equity and Venture Capital (PE/VC) in fostering the U.S. entrepreneurial sector has encouraged several countries to import it. However, PE/VC was tailored to perform in the American institutional environment. As Gompers and Lerner (1999) state, the degree to which the U.S. venture model will - or can - be successfully adapted to other countries is a particularly interesting question. To answer this question we conduct an empirical study with all the 65 PE/VC management firms with offices in Brazil. The survey was conducted at the end of 2004 and attained a response rate of 100%. For this reason the results are fully representative. The analysis aims at the industry's size and structure. Relates them to institutional factors. It reveals a PE/VC industry whose size is heavily limited by the Brazilian institutional idiosyncrasies. At the same time, Brazil's lack of transportation, energy and telecommunications' infrastructure and security provides opportunities for PE/VC type of investments. As a main finding, this work identifies differences and similarities between the American and the Brazilian PE/VC models. The similarities are: (i) PE/VC firms are mainly independent and manage capital from institutional investors; (ii) capital is heavily concentrated regionally as well as in few management firms; (iii) investments are made within a close range from management firms; (iv) software and IT are the preferred sectors; and (v) managers are highly qualified. The main differences suggest that the model has adapted to the new environment: (i) in line with a lack of high-expectation entrepreneurship, there is a tendency to invest in more advanced stages; (ii) since credit is scarce, few LBOs take place; (iii) lack of sector specialization suggests few opportunities within each sector; (iv) management firms concentration in the financial cluster suggest a quest for commercial partners and strategic buyers for portfolio companies (IPO is a quite rare exit mechanism); and (v) Brazilian PE/VC regulation recognizes the inefficiency of the legal system and obliges the use of arbitration. Among the differences, the lack of trust between investors and managers should change as the industry evolves and managers gain reputation.

Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / Trata sobre a existÃncia do ambiente institucional, visando à implementaÃÃo de polÃticas de financiamento direcionadas à agricultura familiar, mediante uma anÃlise sobre as aÃÃes integradas entre o Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A â BNB e seus parceiros, no intuito de consolidar a agricultura familiar como fonte geradora de emprego e renda, atravÃs da operacionalizaÃÃo do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar â PRONAF B, no municÃpio de BaturitÃ, Estado do CearÃ, atentando para as situaÃÃes mais crÃticas e apresentando propostas que visem à melhoria dessa relaÃÃo para alcanÃar os resultados almejados. Tem como objetivo principal verificar se as aÃÃes desenvolvidas pelo Banco e seus parceiros foram eficazes e se as famÃlias beneficiadas pelo PRONAF B podem integrar-se em melhores indicadores sociais e econÃmicos, considerando a renda familiar e o apoio creditÃcio que visa uma melhor estruturaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de exploraÃÃo da atividade rural e das aÃÃes estruturadoras desenvolvidas de forma integrada pelo arranjo institucional local, ou seja, Banco do Nordeste, EMATER, Sindicato Rural, Conselho de Desenvolvimento Rural e Prefeitura Municipal, a maior parceria jà firmada no municÃpio, com o objetivo de atingir melhores Ãndices sociais e econÃmicos da populaÃÃo rural. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, optou-se pelo mÃtodo de pesquisa denominado estudo de caso, considerando-se as caracterÃsticas do mesmo. Foram realizadas entrevistas abertas com parceiros do programa, alÃm da aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios fechados com o pÃblico diretamente beneficiado â pesquisa bibliogrÃfica. Os resultados indicam que hà uma maior disponibilidade de recursos nos Ãltimos anos, e consequentemente, um aumento da base de agricultores familiares atendida. Entretanto, o bom nÃvel de satisfaÃÃo dos pronafianos junto ao programa e a evidente melhoria nos aspectos econÃmicos e sociais do banco, apontam empecilhos ao tando no que diz respeito ao avanÃo do PRONAF B como no aperfeiÃoamento que se faz necessÃrio para ampliar os objetivos e metas deste programa. Os parceiros institucionais, apesar do reconhecido esforÃo, sob a percepÃÃo dos pronafianos ainda nÃo conseguiram desenvolver suas atribuiÃÃes dentro de um mesmo direcionamento. O PRONAF B, como polÃtica pÃblica, tem levado seus beneficiÃrios a terem, de si mesmos, uma percepÃÃo jamais imaginada. Todavia, estes ainda se sentem ÃrfÃos no tocante ao trabalho desenvolvido em conjunto pelo arranjo institucional. Este, incluindo o Banco do Nordeste, deve estimular, nÃo somente recorrendo ao crÃdito, novas oportunidades de negÃcios agrÃcolas e nÃo-agrÃcolas para as famÃlias rurais mais pobres, buscando o uso mais intensivo dos meios de produÃÃo e, particularmente, do fator terra. Para isso, devem ser consideradas as particularidades dessas famÃlias quanto Ãs suas vocaÃÃes, seus desejos e à localizaÃÃo de suas residÃncias e locais de trabalho. Deve, articulando uma pressÃo polÃtica sobre os demais parceiros institucionais, promover nos serviÃos pÃblicos de atendimento ao cidadÃo do meio rural, um carÃter que nÃo apenas o identifique, mas que tambÃm lhe facilite o conhecimento dos seus direitos e dos deveres que a cidadania lhe impÃe. A percepÃÃo desses cidadÃos sobre os resultados de uma polÃtica pÃblica com o carÃter do PRONAF B està condicionada pelas particularidades da realidade rural em que eles vivem e pelas condiÃÃes do ambiente institucional em que o programa se desenvolve. / This research investigates the existence of an adequate institutional environment for the implementation of financing policies for the family farming sector through an analysis of the integrated initiatives carried out between the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S/A â BNB and its partners, seeking to consolidate family farming as a source of employment and income through the National Program to Strengthen Family Farming â PRONAF B, in the Municipality of BaturitÃ, Cearà State. The objective is to take care of the most critical situations, presenting proposals that aim at improving such conditions, seeking to achieve expected results. More specifically, the main object is to verify if the necessary initiatives for the families that benefit from the program to improve their social and financial conditions, and especially to increase their family income, are being developed by the Bank and its partners through credit destined to offer better structural conditions to exploit rural activities. Here, we shall focus on the existence of integrated structuring initiatives developed by the institutional organization composed by the Banco do Nordeste, EMATER, the Sindicato Rural (Rural Syndicate) and the Conselho de Desenvolvimento Rural e Prefeitura Municipal (Rural Development Council and the Municipality). This is the most ambitious partnership ever created in the municipality, seeking to improve socioeconomic indicators in the rural community. The work was developed through the case study research methodology, considering individual features. Open interviews with program partners have been carried out, besides the application of closed questionnaires for program beneficiaries and the use of bibliographic research. Results suggest that even with the more availability of funds in recent years and the consequent growth in the number of family farmers included in the program, the good level of satisfaction of program beneficiaries and the obvious improvement in their socioeconomic situation, there are still some obstacles for the improvement of PRONAF B and its necessary upgrading, seeking to widen program goals and objectives. According to program beneficiaries, institutional partners, despite their recognized effort, have yet to develop their attributions in a more coordinated fashion. The PRONAF B, as a public policy, has lead its beneficiaries to have a self-perception never imagined before, however they still feel orphans with regards to the work developed by the institutional partnership as a team. This arrangements, which include the participation of the Banco do Nordeste, must stimulate, and not just through credit, the development of new business opportunities, both agricultural and non-agricultural, for the poorest rural families, considering a more intensive use of production means and particularly the land, also taking into account the peculiarities of each of these families with regards to their vocation, their desires and the location of their residencies and places of work. It is therefore necessary to exercise political pressure on the other institutional partners in order to grant permanent public services for rural citizens, not just to identify them, but rather to offer them knowledge and access to their citizenship rights and obligations. The perception theses citizens have on the results of a public policy like the PRONAF B, is affected by the peculiarities of the rural reality in which they live and the institutional environment conditions in which the program is being developed.

The entry of China into the globalized world and onto the stage of the global automarket has presented auto manufacturers with the largest ever market opportunity. While global competitive forces drive firms to develop product innovation through their global supply chains, the approach of global auto manufacturers and their first tier suppliers has been to bring existing technology into China. Only recently has the supply chain in China become integrated into the global product innovation cycle. While innovations generated by supply channel relationships, as opposed to individual partners, are playing an increasingly important role in the success of all supply chain partners, there has been limited research in the literature on how supply chain relationships cultivate the process of such innovation generation, particularly in China. Correspondingly, this study explores how multinational suppliers can develop adaptive product innovation in order to create a sustainable competitive advantage in China and how the protection of their knowledge helps them sustain it. Drawing on the knowledge-based view and transaction cost economics, and integrating those with behavioural governance and the institution-based view this study identifies drivers of product innovation for MNC suppliers in their relationships with Chinese OEMs, investigates the influence of supplier involvement and knowledge protection on supplier product innovation and examines the outcomes in the specific context of the Chinese automotive industry from the first-tier supplier perspective. Survey results of 170 multinational automobile suppliers in China indicate support for most of the hypotheses. Specifically, knowledge protection is found to have an impact on product innovation in the context of the auto industry in China. Supplier involvement in co-design and co-development with an automotive OEM customer has an inverted U-shaped relationship with product innovation. Furthermore, trust and technological uncertainty are found to drive greater product innovation. In addition, the institutional environment moderates the effect of product innovation on performance. Overall, this study enhances the understanding of how MNC suppliers can acquire local knowledge, develop products adapted to the local market requirements and foster product innovation while retaining their knowledge and know-how and minimizing negative effects of spill-overs to the local competition in the automotive industry in China.

This thesis analyzes how the institutional environment of the Chinese market affects market entry by foreign PC video game developers. The thesis utilizes a qualitative, multiple case study of five independent PC video game developers from around the world. The results of the thesis finds that despite China’s strict rules regarding video game publishing by foreign developers, culture and language are stronger influences on market entry strategies than Chinese regulations for the PC platform. This is due to the prevalent use of Steam, not only by foreign developers, but also their Chinese partners who publish the game to bypass the approval process mandated by the State Administration of Press and Publication (SAPP). The study also finds that, despite being in a leveraged market position due to regulations, Chinese publishers provide host of services for the developer partners for a revenue share deemed within industry standards. Additionally, localization strategies are discussed by each of the cases and this thesis finds that, while a basic translation can have success in the Chinese market, utilizing native Chinese speakers has a significant impact on a game's success, regardless of the professional level of the translation. Finally, despite the notoriety of piracy in China, developers expressed indifference to the practice, however, several methods have been identified to help mitigate the activity.

Les industries de réseaux tels que les télécommunications et l’énergie attirent l’attention des chercheurs et des praticiens depuis plusieurs décennies. La libéralisation de ces industries présentant des spécificités aussi bien des points de vue techniques qu’économiques a provoqué une reconfiguration du paysage concurrentiel, désormais moins stable et plus incertain. La question des conduites stratégiques se pose alors avec acuité pour les acteurs du marché qui se retrouvent dans un environnement fluctuant. La thèse s’attèle à cette question afin de saisir les interactions concurrentielles entre les acteurs des industries de réseau. La question de recherche guidant ce travail doctoral peut être résumée de la manière suivante : "comment la dynamique concurrentielle entre acteurs évolue-t-elle dans un environnement incertain ? ". Notre travail de recherche apporte des éléments de réponse à cette question en étudiant les dynamiques concurrentielles qui s'établissent entre les acteurs de l’industrie des télécommunications en Algérie, marquée par des transitions institutionnelles de libéralisation. Nous adoptons une approche dynamique pour analyser les actions et les réactions entre concurrents, tout en prenant en considération les changements institutionnels auxquels ils sont confrontés. Cette approche montre, sur la base des résultats de la recherche empirique, comment les acteurs interagissent et tentent de façonner leur environnement à travers leurs stratégies individuelles et/ou collectives. Ces résultats permettent de dépasser la vision déterministe et statistique des interactions concurrentielles véhiculée par les approches classiques, invitant de ce fait les chercheurs et les praticiens à saisir et à considérer la complexité et la diversité des stratégies concurrentielles. / Attention of scholars as well as practitioners. Their liberalization has led to a novel competitive landscape, featured by less stability and more uncertainty. The issue of strategic behavior then arises for the market players who have to deal with a fluctuating environment. The thesis addresses this point in order to understand the competitive interactions among players in the network industries. The research question guiding this doctoral work can be formulated as follows: "How does the competitive dynamic among actors evolve in an uncertain institutional environment?" .This work tries to answer the research question by studying the competitive dynamics that are established between players in the telecommunications industry in Algeria, fueled by institutional transitions of liberalization. We focus on a dynamic approach to analyze actions and reactions between competitors, while considering the institutional changes to which the market players are subjected. On the basis of the empirical results, this approach shows how actors interact and try to shape their environment through individual and/or collective strategies. These results allow us to move beyond the classical approaches that study competition from a deterministic and static point of view. They also emphasize the importance for researchers and practitioners to consider the complexity and the diversity of competitive strategies.