O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o processo de mudança institucional no campo organizacional, observando esse fenômeno pela emergência de lógica de mercado no campo acadêmico brasileiro. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a mudança institucional em universidades brasileiras, inserida em novo contexto de políticas governamentais baseadas na ideia de “inovação”. Nas últimas décadas o debate internacional sobre o tema da inovação tem cada vez mais inserido a universidade como um agente que contribui para o desenvolvimento econômico. A partir dos anos 2000, verificou-se o surgimento de novas diretrizes nas políticas de ciência e tecnologia no Brasil. Destacam-se entre essas mudanças a reestruturação das fontes de financiamento à pesquisa por meio da criação dos Fundos Setoriais, que visou promover o desenvolvimento de projetos de inovação de acordo com os setores da economia, a Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior (PITCE), a Lei de Inovação e o Plano de Ação de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (PACTI). Embora essas políticas fossem direcionadas para a indústria, constatou-se que novas práticas começaram a se difundir no campo acadêmico. Foi observado o rápido crescimento do número de depósitos de patentes, o envolvimento de pesquisadores em estruturas de interface universidade-empresa e a difusão de empresas fundadas por cientistas. Esse fato indicou a difusão de práticas orientadas por lógica de mercado no campo, mesmo sem um projeto empreendedor. Diferentemente dos argumentos institucionalistas que defendem que a mudança de lógicas no campo ocorre pela atuação de empreendedores institucionais, constatou-se que a inserção de lógica de mercado no campo estava associada à mudança na disponibilidade de recursos. Os cientistas assumiram práticas orientadas por lógicas alternativas na medida em que identificaram recursos para sustentá-las. O modelo de análise proposto neste estudo destaca a importância do conceito de ecologia nos estudos sobre a mudança institucional. A análise utilizou dados secundários, como estatísticas oficiais, documentos e estudos prévios. Também foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas como técnica de coleta e análise de conteúdo categorial como técnica de análise. / The objective of this study was to analyze the process of institutional change in the organizational field, observing this phenomenon by the emergence of market logic in the Brazilian academic field. The study proposes a reflection on institutional change in Brazilian universities, inserted in a new context of government policies based on the idea of "innovation". In the last decades the international debate on the theme of innovation has increasingly inserted the university as an agent that contributes to economic development. From the 2000s onwards, the emergence of new guidelines in science and technology policies in Brazil. Of note among these changes are the restructuring of sources of research funding through the creation of Sectorial Funds, which aimed to promote the development of innovation projects according to the sectors of economy, Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE ), The Innovation Law and the Plan of Action for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACTI). Although these policies were directed towards the industry, it was found that new practices began to spread in the academic field. The rapid growth in the number of patent deposits, the involvement of researchers in university-enterprise interface structures and the diffusion of companies founded by scientists were observed. This fact indicated the diffusion of practices guided by market logic in the field, even without an entrepreneurial project. Unlike the institutionalist arguments that the change of logics in the field occurs by the action of institutional entrepreneurs, it was verified that the insertion of market logic in the field was associated to the change in the availability of resources. Scientists have assumed practices guided by alternative logics insofar as they have identified the resources to sustain them. The analysis model proposed in this study highlights the importance of the concept of ecology in studies on institutional change. The analysis used secondary data such as official statistics, documents and previous studies. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted as a technique for collecting and analyzing categorial content as a technique for analysis.

O desenvolvimento da presente tese tem por motivação central investigar como organizações que possuem ações de sustentabilidade buscam disseminá-las e incorporá-las ao longo de suas cadeias de suprimento. Para tanto, com uma nova definição para sustentabilidade em cadeias de suprimento (SCS), agora assumida por uma abordagem institucional efetivada por um processo socialmente construído, bem como a proposição do conceito de Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade (LIS) a partir de quatro dimensões de análise: Sequência de eventos; Empreendedorismo institucional; Mudança de estrutura; e Prática de sustentabilidade, esta tese apresenta contribuições tanto no contexto teórico como no empírico. Com uma essência propositiva, assume-se como questão de pesquisa: Como a Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade é constituída e praticada por organizações em cadeias de suprimento, em relação aos impactos no ambiente e na sociedade? Baseando-se nesta, tem-se como objetivo central de pesquisa: Analisar a promoção da Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade em Cadeias de Suprimento, a partir da proposição de um framework teórico e estudos de caso no Brasil e no Reino Unido. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa conduzida com um método abdutivo, foram utilizados quatro estudos de caso como suporte à pesquisa, duas organizações no Brasil (uma indústria e uma agroindústria) e duas no Reino Unido (uma indústria e uma universidade). Assim, com uma análise processual, baseando-se nos resultados da análise de conteúdo, foram utilizados vários instrumentos de coleta de dados no sentido de validar o framework teórico para representar como a LIS se aplica à cadeia de suprimento. As análises seguem as quatro dimensões já mencionadas, bem como nove macro práticas e um conjunto de 21 micro práticas. Os casos foram analisados individualmente a partir das ações de sustentabilidade realizadas, pela formação do campo organizacional que os circundam, pela promoção da LIS ao longo do período de pesquisa, bem como a partir de uma análise institucional. Características peculiares foram identificadas nos diferentes casos, todavia a partir de uma aproximação dos resultados ficou visível que no caso do Brasil existiu um nível de esforço interno mais evidente por parte das organizações, o que se reflete na efetiva existência de estratégia e prática de sustentabilidade. Já no que se refere ao Reino Unido, as motivações identificadas possuem um caráter mais externo, com a observação da prática de sustentabilidade em muitos momentos limitada, ao se seguir o framework proposto. Outros resultados são destacados, como é a questão de grupos de trabalho identificados para buscar e efetivar a sustentabilidade dentro das organizações e em suas cadeias de suprimento, o que teve contribuição direta na validação do framework. Quanto as análises institucionais, percebe-se forte legitimidade em todos os casos dentro de seus campos organizacionais, o que ratifica como efetiva a definição aqui proposta. Com base nos resultados e nas construções teóricas, identifica-se originalidade e ineditismo nesta pesquisa, principalmente por avançar na discussão sobre o processo de implantação da sustentabilidade em cadeias de suprimento, ainda pouco considerada na literatura. Além disso, entende-se ser possível modificar o foco excessivo, e constante, apenas em performance e discutir o processo de mudança necessário para se esclarecer o papel das organizações quanto à sustentabilidade. / The main motivation to develop this thesis dissertation is to identify how companies are incorporating and widespread sustainability through the supply chain. Thus, the thesis presents a set of contribution in both theoretical and practical perspectives considering a new definition for supply chain sustainability (SCS), which is understood as an institutional approach achievable by a socially-constructed process, and a proposition of Institutional Logic of Sustainability (ILS) according to the following dimensions: Event sequencing; Institutional entrepreneurism; Structure overlap; and Practice of sustainability. Based on a purposeful viewpoint, the research question is: How the Institutional Logic of Sustainability is created and practiced from organisations through the supply chains, according to impacts on the environment and society? Further, the main objective of research is: Analyse the promotion of Institutional Logic of Sustainability in supply chains, from a theoretical framework and case studies in Brazil and in the UK. From a qualitative approach and an abdutive method, it were used four case studies to support the empirical research, in which two companies are Brazilian (an industry and an agro industry) and two are British (an industry and an university). Based on a processual analysis, according to the content analysis, it were used different data collection methods to validate the theoretical framework which represent the ILS applied to supply chains. The analysis were conducted using the four dimension presented already, as well as nine macro practices and 21 micro practices. All case studies were analysed individually considering: sustainability activities, the organisational field observed, the promotion of ILS during the time analysed, and last but least the institutional analysis. The results present some particular characteristics in all case studies, however from the approach among the results it is possible to highlight in one hand that in Brazil the internal motivation was more evident, which is identified in the strategies and the practices of sustainability in the companies. On the other hand, in the UK, the external motivation was more highlighted in which the practice of sustainability is limited in some moments, according to the proposed framework. Moreover, other results could be presented as the working groups identified in three case studies to achieve the sustainability internally and in the supply chain. These results have a huge contribution to validate the framework. Further, the institutional analysis indicates that the legitimacy is strong in all case studies, which ratify the definition proposed in this thesis. Based on this results and the theoretical contribution it is possible to identify originality and novelty in the research, since the thesis advances in relation to the implementation process of sustainability in supply chains, which is rare in the literature. Moreover, the thesis presents a shift from the excessive, and frequent, focus on performance for a discussion of process of change, which is necessary to understand the role of companies in the sustainability debate.

O desenvolvimento da presente tese tem por motivação central investigar como organizações que possuem ações de sustentabilidade buscam disseminá-las e incorporá-las ao longo de suas cadeias de suprimento. Para tanto, com uma nova definição para sustentabilidade em cadeias de suprimento (SCS), agora assumida por uma abordagem institucional efetivada por um processo socialmente construído, bem como a proposição do conceito de Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade (LIS) a partir de quatro dimensões de análise: Sequência de eventos; Empreendedorismo institucional; Mudança de estrutura; e Prática de sustentabilidade, esta tese apresenta contribuições tanto no contexto teórico como no empírico. Com uma essência propositiva, assume-se como questão de pesquisa: Como a Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade é constituída e praticada por organizações em cadeias de suprimento, em relação aos impactos no ambiente e na sociedade? Baseando-se nesta, tem-se como objetivo central de pesquisa: Analisar a promoção da Lógica Institucional da Sustentabilidade em Cadeias de Suprimento, a partir da proposição de um framework teórico e estudos de caso no Brasil e no Reino Unido. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa conduzida com um método abdutivo, foram utilizados quatro estudos de caso como suporte à pesquisa, duas organizações no Brasil (uma indústria e uma agroindústria) e duas no Reino Unido (uma indústria e uma universidade). Assim, com uma análise processual, baseando-se nos resultados da análise de conteúdo, foram utilizados vários instrumentos de coleta de dados no sentido de validar o framework teórico para representar como a LIS se aplica à cadeia de suprimento. As análises seguem as quatro dimensões já mencionadas, bem como nove macro práticas e um conjunto de 21 micro práticas. Os casos foram analisados individualmente a partir das ações de sustentabilidade realizadas, pela formação do campo organizacional que os circundam, pela promoção da LIS ao longo do período de pesquisa, bem como a partir de uma análise institucional. Características peculiares foram identificadas nos diferentes casos, todavia a partir de uma aproximação dos resultados ficou visível que no caso do Brasil existiu um nível de esforço interno mais evidente por parte das organizações, o que se reflete na efetiva existência de estratégia e prática de sustentabilidade. Já no que se refere ao Reino Unido, as motivações identificadas possuem um caráter mais externo, com a observação da prática de sustentabilidade em muitos momentos limitada, ao se seguir o framework proposto. Outros resultados são destacados, como é a questão de grupos de trabalho identificados para buscar e efetivar a sustentabilidade dentro das organizações e em suas cadeias de suprimento, o que teve contribuição direta na validação do framework. Quanto as análises institucionais, percebe-se forte legitimidade em todos os casos dentro de seus campos organizacionais, o que ratifica como efetiva a definição aqui proposta. Com base nos resultados e nas construções teóricas, identifica-se originalidade e ineditismo nesta pesquisa, principalmente por avançar na discussão sobre o processo de implantação da sustentabilidade em cadeias de suprimento, ainda pouco considerada na literatura. Além disso, entende-se ser possível modificar o foco excessivo, e constante, apenas em performance e discutir o processo de mudança necessário para se esclarecer o papel das organizações quanto à sustentabilidade. / The main motivation to develop this thesis dissertation is to identify how companies are incorporating and widespread sustainability through the supply chain. Thus, the thesis presents a set of contribution in both theoretical and practical perspectives considering a new definition for supply chain sustainability (SCS), which is understood as an institutional approach achievable by a socially-constructed process, and a proposition of Institutional Logic of Sustainability (ILS) according to the following dimensions: Event sequencing; Institutional entrepreneurism; Structure overlap; and Practice of sustainability. Based on a purposeful viewpoint, the research question is: How the Institutional Logic of Sustainability is created and practiced from organisations through the supply chains, according to impacts on the environment and society? Further, the main objective of research is: Analyse the promotion of Institutional Logic of Sustainability in supply chains, from a theoretical framework and case studies in Brazil and in the UK. From a qualitative approach and an abdutive method, it were used four case studies to support the empirical research, in which two companies are Brazilian (an industry and an agro industry) and two are British (an industry and an university). Based on a processual analysis, according to the content analysis, it were used different data collection methods to validate the theoretical framework which represent the ILS applied to supply chains. The analysis were conducted using the four dimension presented already, as well as nine macro practices and 21 micro practices. All case studies were analysed individually considering: sustainability activities, the organisational field observed, the promotion of ILS during the time analysed, and last but least the institutional analysis. The results present some particular characteristics in all case studies, however from the approach among the results it is possible to highlight in one hand that in Brazil the internal motivation was more evident, which is identified in the strategies and the practices of sustainability in the companies. On the other hand, in the UK, the external motivation was more highlighted in which the practice of sustainability is limited in some moments, according to the proposed framework. Moreover, other results could be presented as the working groups identified in three case studies to achieve the sustainability internally and in the supply chain. These results have a huge contribution to validate the framework. Further, the institutional analysis indicates that the legitimacy is strong in all case studies, which ratify the definition proposed in this thesis. Based on this results and the theoretical contribution it is possible to identify originality and novelty in the research, since the thesis advances in relation to the implementation process of sustainability in supply chains, which is rare in the literature. Moreover, the thesis presents a shift from the excessive, and frequent, focus on performance for a discussion of process of change, which is necessary to understand the role of companies in the sustainability debate.

Parmi les organisations de finances solidaires en France, les fonds dits "citoyens" revêtent la particularité de collecter des fonds, sous forme d'actions ou de parts sociales, auprès du grand public afin de les investir dans des projets à vocation sociale et/ou politique. Ils allient une nécessaire attention à leur pérennité économique et financière à un volontarisme politique de transformation sociale. Ce travail de thèse a pour objet de qualifier avec précision les logiques, parfois antagonistes, en présence et d'interroger leur capacité à coexister. La typologie des ressources et des modèles économiques de ces fonds, l'analyse des stratégies de légitimation mises en place au regard des discours mobilisés et l'étude du rapport aux pouvoirs publics nous ont permis de distinguer quatre logiques institutionnelles : alternative, de mimétisme marchand, de service public et de mouvement. / The so called “citizen” funds are the organizations of social finance that collect funds, in the form of shares from physical persons in order to finance projects addressing social and/or political issues. They combine the necessary attention on the economic and financial sustainability with a political vill of social change. This work aims to precisely characterize the operating logics and to question their ability to coexist. The typology of the resources and the economic model of the citizen funds, the analysis of the legitating strategies through the speech as well as the relationship with the public authorities reveal u four institutional logics: alternative, profit-oriented, public-oriented and logic of movement.

The purpose of the thesis is to identify if and how specific institutional logics are expressed in municipal disability care, and if so, answer if the multiple logics create tension or coherence. The research is motivated by the critique aimed towards market influences in Swedish public services, and also by the fact that disability care is understudied. With inspiration from grounded theory the institutional logics perspective, consisting of a market logic (NPM) and aclient logic focused on the individuals receiving care, has developed over time. More correctly, the thesis has an abductive approach since the analysis has progressed from switching between theory and empirical data. The results from the case study show that both a NPM-logic and a client logic is present in Malmö’s municipal disability care, both in managing documents and in practical work. The NPM-logic conveys through goal management, quality work and administrative tasks. The client logic is expressed by a will to include disabled individuals, civic participation in decision making, dialogue and client-focused approach. Lastly, both tension and coherence is identified between present logics. For reasons of space, somewhat simplified; goal management creates tensions through centralized goals, but coherence through decentralized goals. Quality work creates tension since it focuses on measurement which excludes other perspectives. At the same time coherence is identified as clients impact decision making. Lastly, tension is identified through the administrative burden - first-line-managers get no time for clients. Coherence is identified through operative coworkers perspective since the administrative tasks do not affect the time spent with clients. Future studies can aim towards certain aspects in-depth, such as the consequences of identified tensions.

Background: Social media has become a big part of our society. One platform that has had remarkable growth in popularity is Instagram. In Sweden, Instagram had 5.75 million users in 2021. The evolution of Instagram created an opportunity for people to establish new careers as social media influencers (SMIs). Today, SMIs are professional content marketers who monetize their large following making them dependent on being able to influence their followers.  Purpose: This paper aims to explore how SMIs can influence their followers on Instagram. A macro and micro perspective will be combined to create a broad and holistic understanding of the phenomenon. The study leverages on two theories; institutional theory and relationship marketing. Furthermore, the empirical context of this study is the SMI Bianca Ingrosso. Together, the theories and empirical data will address the research question.  Method: This is qualitative research that includes a netnography and 12 semi-structured interviews. The findings are analyzed with a thematic analysis approach.  Conclusion: Based on the frame of reference and empirical findings, a conceptual framework has been developed that gives a clear overview of the research subject. The authors have identified that SMIs can influence followers by acting according to Instagram’s logic, and they can exploit their legitimacy to increase their influence. Furthermore, SMIs make sure to maintain and build on their relationship with their followers by engaging in relationship marketing.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för digitaliseringens påverkan på mindre revisionsbyråer. Studien undersöker hur den professionella och kommersiella logiken påverkar företagets och de anställdas syn på förändringar drivna av digitalisering.  Metod: Den genomförda studien är en fallstudie med deduktiv ansats. Insamlingen av data har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och resultat har sammanställts i en tematisk analys.   Resultat & Slutsats: Digitaliseringen har bidragit till ett skifte från den professionella logiken till den kommersiella genom att branschen har behövt bli mer kundorienterad och servicemedveten genom digitaliseringen. Däremot finns det aspekter i revisionsbranschen som fortfarande håller sig inom den professionella logiken på grund av bland annat lagar, etikkoder och praxis.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien visar att det finns en kontextuell skillnad mellan teori och praktik. Mindre revisionsbyråer ser inte på framtiden inom revisionsbranschen så som den befintliga teorin har visat. Studiens praktiska bidrag lyfter detta gap som en risk. Skiftet från professionell till kommersiell logik har påbörjats inom branschen och företag som inte investerar i digitalisering för att hålla sig konkurrenskraftiga riskerar att tappa kunder och inkomst.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Framtida studier kan förslagsvis vara att titta på ytterligare revisionsbyråer för en jämförande studie. Även en jämförelse mellan små och stora revisionsbyråer gällande den digitala mognadsgraden. Framför allt om kunder gått från mindre byråer till större byråer när digitalisering möjliggjort samarbete på distans.

The implementation of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) signifies a pivotal shift in how organizations approach sustainability. This change introduces new institutional norms and pressures that can reshape organizational practices towards enhanced sustainability. One critical aspect of this transition is how organizations interpret and operationalize the CSRD framework, which has significant implications for organizational behavior and strategy. This study aims to empirically examine the responses of public sector organizations to the CSRD, focusing on the internal and external pressures that influence their sustainability reporting practices. It also intends to illustrate how stringent requirements affect the public sector. Through a qualitative analysis of interviews from ten public sector organizations, this study uncovers challenges and opportunities presented by the CSRD. Our findings indicate that there is a strong institutional pressure to comply with the new regulation, resulting in organizational efforts to promote sustainability. The results highlight that the public sector's traditional values of accountability, transparency, and public welfare facilitate a generally positive perception of the CSRD. However, the study also identifies substantial administrative and strategic challenges, particularly in the initial implementation phase. The conclusion of this study suggests that CSRD can transform organizational practices, culture, and strategies by institutionalizing norms within the public sector.

In recent years, institutional theorists have been increasingly interested in institutional change, seeking to understand the contextual factors and agents responsible for alterations to existing institutional arrangements. Institutional theory’s historical focus on isomorphism has made it challenging to account for actors’ motivations to pursue change projects. It is generally believed, though, that agents are mobilized through exposure to multiple institutional logics. Recently, scholars have begun to recognize that competition among multiple logics may not quickly produce a ‘winning logic’; rather, such logics may co-exist for prolonged periods in a context of ‘institutional complexity’. The turn toward institutional complexity reveals that preoccupation with the ‘paradox of embedded agency’ has left the development of change projects themselves under-theorized: What happens when organizational actors must interpret puzzling institutional contexts and generate alternatives? In seeking to understand organizational actors’ efforts to cope with conflicting logics in a context of scientific uncertainty, this study aligns with this growing interest in institutional complexity. Drawing on concepts from sensemaking theory, this research illuminates how actors with divergent interests, enacting their organizational roles, cope with competing logics and interact around a change project that emerges as a result of their efforts at coping. It thus contributes to institutionalist understandings of institutional complexity and change and adds to an emerging body of research linking institutional theory and sensemaking. The empirical setting for this single-case study is the ‘sustainable seafood’ discourse that began in the early 1990s when the cod collapsed off North America’s eastern seaboard. Prolonged scientific uncertainty regarding the collapse made generation of preferred alternatives problematic; this resulted in lengthy sensemaking efforts by multiple stakeholder groups, drawing on different institutional logics to produce divergent and competing interpretations and action scripts. Tracing the evolution of this discourse through documents, observations, and interviews empirically reveals processes of interrelated sensemaking, and further, exposes sensegivers as bricoleurs who use institutional elements creatively to affect the sensemaking of others.

Nous en savons encore peu sur la manière dont les organisations gèrent la complexité de l’environnement dans lequel elles évoluent, et en particulier sur les moyens qu’elles mettent en œuvre pour rester « elles-mêmes » tout en répondant aux pressions, parfois contradictoires, qui s’exercent sur elles. Cette question apparaît particulièrement prégnante pour les organisations qui se revendiquent d’un modèle alternatif au modèle dominant issu du système capitaliste, et qui présentent un caractère hybride, c’est-à-dire qui poursuivent une mission sociale en exerçant une activité commerciale. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au cas d’une mutuelle d’assurance française, la Ma, et du dispositif de planification stratégique qu’elle a mis en place entre 2007 et 2009. Nous appuyant sur une étude qualitative aux niveaux macro, meso et micro et sur une approche « par l’outil », nos résultats nous permettent de mettre en évidence les dynamiques divergentes et les tensions qui traversent la Ma et qu’elle doit parvenir à concilier, à intégrer, si elle ne veut pas disparaître ou perdre de vue sa mission sociale. Nous montrons que cette conciliation repose à la fois sur la forme complexe du dispositif qu’elle met en œuvre, dont la principale caractéristique est de revendiquer un caractère participatif et démocratique ; et sur le travail des acteurs à l’intérieur de l’organisation, qui démontrent une capacité à se saisir des enjeux stratégiques qui se posent à la Ma et à s’impliquer dans les réponses à y apporter. Cette recherche entend contribuer à la littérature institutionnelle relative à la gestion de la complexité au niveau organisationnel et à la « maintenance » des organisations hybrides en particulier. Elle s’adresse également à la littérature sur la pratique de la stratégie, en se saisissant de la question du rôle de la planification stratégique dans l’« intégration » des tensions organisationnelles. Enfin, elle prétend éclairer sous un angle rarement employé et pourtant riche, celui de l’outil, la question de la démocratie et de la participation dans les organisations. / How organizations cope with institutional complexity remains largely unexplored. Little is known, in particular, on how organizations manage to preserve their identity while responding to the often- conflicting demands of their environment. This issue is even more salient within hybrid organizations, ie. organizations which pursue a social mission through commercial activities, because they have to deal with intrinsic tensions between divergent logics. This dissertation focuses on the case of a French mutual insurance company, the Ma, and on the process of strategic planning it has implemented from 2007 to 2009 to elaborate its orientations. Based on an ethnographic observation of this process and a qualitative analysis at the macro, meso and micro levels, my results show that the Ma is indeed a hybrid and that to evolve and avoid mission drift, it had to overcome its internal tensions and integrate divergent dynamics of “maintenance” and “compliance”. The dissertation further explores the role played by the strategic planning process in this integration. In this case, it was achieved through both the complex shape of the apparatus of strategic planning, which main features were participation and democracy; and the work of internal actors, who demonstrated an ability to seize the strategic issues facing the Ma and to get involved in the drafting of relevant responses. This research aims to contribute to the institutional literature on the organizational responses to institutional complexity and to the "maintenance" of hybrid organizations in particular. It also addresses the literature on the practice of strategy by referring to the role of strategic planning in the integration of organizational tensions. Finally, it sheds light on the issue of democracy and participation in organizations through a tools-based approach, which is rarely used yet highly instructive.