Esta pesquisa parte da constatação de uma insistente ocorrência de enunciados no modo verbal imperativo no campo da arte contemporânea. Esses comandos se inserem na própria configuração dos trabalhos artísticos, na forma de textos que funcionam como “instruções como arte”. A investigação se desenvolve no sentido de uma projeção anacrônica – da arte mais recente em direção à arte conceitual (anos 1960 e 70), em uma tentativa de apontar o que, no caso dos imperativos artísticos, poderia ser uma atualização de procedimentos e estratégias de um passado mais ou menos recente. Para tanto, a pesquisa recorre a dois estudos de caso: o primeiro sobre a exposição coletiva Located work (Madrid) (2008), concebida pelo norte-americano Joseph Kosuth, e o segundo sobre os três Estudos para espaço e tempo (1969-2001), do brasileiro Cildo Meireles. A análise revisa as disputas discursivas entre o conceitualismo político e o conceitual de viés tautológico, sinalizando para uma precariedade de conceitos e narrativas. / This research rises from the verification of the somewhat frequent use of the imperative form in statements in contemporary art. The commands are inserted in the art work itself in the form of “texts” that function as “instructions as art”. The investigation is developed in an anachronic projection – from the most recent art towards conceptual art (1960’s and 70’s), attempting to point out what, in the case of artistic imperatives, could be an updating of procedures and past strategies. In order to do that, the research seeks two study cases: one regarding the exhibit Located work (Madrid) (2008), conceived by Joseph Kosuth, and the other about Estudos para espaço e tempo (1969-2001), by Cildo Meireles. The analysis discusses the discoursives disputes between political conceptualism and tautological conceptual art, indicating a current precariousness of concepts and narratives.

Melin, O-P, 2017, Metoder för flerfärgsstickning - En undersökning av instruktioner i handböcker. (Fair-isle knitting methods – A survey of instructions in knitting manuals), Institutionen för Konstvetenskap, Department of Art History, Uppsala University.   The study researches the instructions for various methods of executing patterned knitting with two or more colours (often called Fair Isle knitting) in knitting-manuals from the Nordic countries, the UK and North America, in search of similarities, differences and traditions. Professor Edward Shils defines tradition as something created by humans which is transmitted between at least three generations. Are there similarities and differences between these areas in regard to how colour knitting is worked? The study identifies and differentiates between four main methods for colour-knitting. The researched ca 130 manuals, dated from the 1950´s until the present - were analyzed in regard to the relative frequency of the methods they advocate. The result is that two-thirds of the instructions for Fair Isle knitting, during the period and regardless of geographical/cultural area, propose the stranded method with parallel floats. The other stranded method - with rotated floats - is less often given, and seems to have become less popular within the researched period. The method with rotated floats is mentioned more often in manuals from the Anglo-Saxon countries. The bound methods of Fair Isle knitting are the least suggested in the researched manuals, despite the bound and woven method being referred to, especially in British manuals, as equally advantageous. This method also never seems to have had much popularity in the Nordic countries. Bound and twined knitting, although until recently only used in areas of Sweden and Norway, might, because of the recent publication of manuals, find a new lease of life. Professor Shils regards tradition as a transmitted pattern of thought connected to a thing or practice. Knitting to create textile from thread is therefore a tradition, as well as the methods that are handed down weather by oral or written instruction. As noted, some methods of colour-knitting are traditions more in some areas than in others. Also, some knitting methods may never have been lasting enough to establish themselves as traditions.   Keywords: Fair Isle knitting, instructions, methods, knitting-manuals

The objective of this thesis is a business management of a Czech capital company. The purpose is to give a definition or prevailing characteristic of business management and to point out the problems of interpretation, analyse them and outline possible solutions. The thesis is divided into six chapters, each of them is divided into subchapters and where necessary also into parts. Each chapter ends with a short summary. The first chapter focuses on giving a definition of term business management. Many characteristics of this terms are given from judicial decisions of Supreme Court of Czech Republic. It is needed to distinguish business management from strategic decisions, decisions with low importance and acting on behalf of a company, although this may in some cases follow the decisions about business management. Second chapter discuss about historical terms using instead of business management. The third chapter deals with organizational structure of limited liability company and joint-stock company. In joint-stock company executive board solve questions about business management. In limited liability company have a duty to make decisions about business management directors. The monistic structure of joint-stock company is described and analysed in last chapter. The fourth chapter covers...

Traditionelle Krankenhaushierarchie und Ökonomisierungsdruck, aber auch Unkenntnis über berufsrechtliche Grundlagen des Arztberufs beeinflussen die Therapiefreiheit des einzelnen Arztes. Die gesetzlich und berufsständisch normierte ärztliche Tätigkeit als freier Beruf erfordert vom einzelnen Arzt, medizinische Entscheidungen nicht einfach zu befolgen, sondern seiner Qualifikation gemäß zu überprüfen. Das Weisungsrecht vorgesetzter Ärzte und die Pflicht nachgeordneter Ärzte, Weisungen zu befolgen, finden ihre Grenzen in den Rechtsnormen, die das Prinzip des freien Berufs setzt. Unkritisches Befolgen von Anweisungen kann auch für nachgeordnete Ärzte straf-, zivil- und berufsrechtliche Folgen haben. Die vorliegende Studie legt dar, in welcher Weise auch der Krankenhausarzt einen freien Beruf ausübt. Und weiter, welchen Stellenwert die Therapiefreiheit als Kern dieser Berufsfreiheit für die verschiedenen etablierten Hierarchiestufen des ärztlichen Dienstes hat. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, ob und inwiefern die traditionelle hierarchische Struktur des ärztlichen Dienstes in deutschen Krankenhäusern mit dem Berufsrecht vereinbar ist.

SAAB, Support and Service, Ground Based Radar (GBR) i Arboga har föreskrifter med 2D-ritningar och bilder till hjälp vid service, reparationer och genomgångar av delar (enheter) till radarsystem. Dessa föreskrifter har visat sig bristfälliga när det kommer till att enkelt sätta sig in i arbetet för en nyanställd och vid uppdelning av servicearbeten bland de anställda. Projektets uppgift var att kvalitativt undersöka möjligheten för GBR att fortsätta arbetet för en digitalisering av föreskrifterna. Detta gjordes genom att kartlägga deras nuvarande serviceprocess samt undersöka nyttan av en digitalisering med hjälp av teorier och tidigare undersökningar. Det var även av intresse att utreda om det redan fanns ett system som skulle kunna tillgodose GBR:s behov. Resultaten visar att GBR bör fortsätta sitt arbete inom området då digitala föreskrifter har visat sig ha övervägande fördelar. Programmet UpTime från Combitech uppfyller deras behov enligt detta projekts avgränsning. Slutsatsen är att GBR bör börja uppdatera sina nuvarande föreskrifter innan arbetet med att implementera digitala föreskrifter fortsätter. / SAAB, Support and Service, Ground Based Radar (GBR) in Arboga uses technical instructions with 2D-drawings and pictures to help them in services, repairs and overhauls of parts to radar systems. These instructions have shown a lack of functionality when it comes to introducing the work to a new employee or when sharing work tasks among mechanics. The objective was to examine the possibility for GBR to implement digital instructions. This was done by qualitative analysis on their current state and by investigating benefits of digital instructions from previous theories and studies. It was also of interest to scan the market for existing systems that could fit GBR:s current need. The results show that digital instructions have positive effects and that GBR should continue their work in the field. Combitech’s system UpTime fulfils GBR:s need for digital instructions within the project restrictions. In conclusion, GBR should continue the work of updating their existing instructions before continuing the implementation of digital instructions.

Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharm / South Africa's White Paper for the transformation of the health care system in South Africa (DOH, 2007) acknowledges major disparities and inequalities as a result of an imprint by apartheid policies. In its transition to democracy, health promotion strategies have been initiated to address these disparities. However, such strategies have been narrowed and "favoured target audiences that are literate, urban-based and who have easy access to print and audio-visual media" (DOH, 1997). This implies that many vulnerable and marginalised groupings in South Africa, including the Deaf community are excluded from health promotion endeavours. Deaf people in South Africa communicate using South African Sign Language (SASL) and majority of the Deaf community exhibit poor literacy levels. Deafness is a significant communication barrier which limits a Deaf person's prospect to attain the best possible health care (Barnett, et al 2011). Various means of communication including spoken language, written instructions and the use of pictograms are used by healthcare workers to communicate health-related information. For many members of the Deaf community who communicate primarily in sign language, these methods are a sub-standard and prevent the attainment of optimum therapeutic outcomes. With regard to pharmaco-therapeutic services, Deaf people cannot hear the spoken language used by pharmacists during patient counselling, and their compromised functional literacy hinders the ability to read instructions on medicine labels. With both the spoken and written means of communication compromised, the Deaf patient's ability to comprehend instruction by pharmacists on how to use their medicines is inadequate and as a result, a Deaf patient may leave the pharmacy with medicine, but a poor understanding of how to use the medicine safely and effectively. Previous researchers have worked on building a technology base, including industrial design and computer science expertise to conceptualize the groundwork of a mobile phone application called SignSupport to facilitate communication between medical doctors and Deaf individuals. The particulars of the pharmacy scenario however, require a pharmacy-specific device to be of use in the dispensing of medicines to a Deaf patient in a pharmacy. The over-arching goal of this thesis is to design and evaluate a mobile phone application to facilitate the communication of medicine instructions between a Deaf patient and a pharmacist. Qualitative, participatory action research and community-based co-design strategies were directed toward Deaf participants, senior pharmacy students and pharmacists to create a prototype of the afore-mentioned mobile phone application. Preliminary results indicated that the application was suitable to pharmacists and Deaf community. Furthermore, both sets of users approved the overall design and were receptive to and keen on the practical uses of the application. Inadequacies pointed out by the Deaf community and pharmacists were addressed as an iterative modification to the prototype and culminated in version 2 which was deployed in an actual hospital pharmacy in 2015. Hospital usability studies generated largely positive results from both Deaf users and pharmacists, indicating that SignSupport is able to facilitate communication between pharmacists and Deaf patients. Next steps include advancing the application to a market–ready version that is downloadable and available as an application on the play stores of commercially available smart phones. / National Research Foundation

Volvo Group Trucks Operations is a subordinate organization to the Volvo Group concern, which is one of the world's largest manufactures of trucks, buses, construction equipment, marine and industrial engines. Volvo Group Trucks Operations organization encompasses all production of the Volvo Group’s engines and transmissions as well as all production of Trucks. Volvo Group Trucks Operations is looking into digitize the methods utilized for information handling within their assembly plant in Tuve, Sweden, and this thesis project part in the digitization process.  The currently used assembly work instructions at the assembly plant in Tuve are printed on paper and contains excessive amounts of information that makes it challenging for the assembly operators to consume the work instructions efficiently. Therefore, Volvo Group Truck Operations want look into the possibility to introduce dynamically adjustable and digital work instructions that could be tailor fitted to an operator's experience level and presented with smart technologies. The project is divided into two parts where the first part was assigned to identify the information need for smart process capable of generating dynamic digital work instructions and the second part to research how this information need could be satisfied with currently used simulation tools. The information needs analyses showed that the smart process needs to be divided into two sub-processes, one for gathering and processing production specific data into a fully detailed work instruction and the other one for filtering the fully detailed work instruction to tailor fit an operator independent of their skill level within assembly work. A framework containing three information aspects is stated to describe the information need for the smart process. These information aspects are Inputs, Smart process and Outputs. The information aspects are then further broken down into five required information areas that is important for the smart process functionality. The required information areas are Data, Attributes, Inputs, Instruction and Information structure and Instruction consummation. When combining the results for the information aspects and the required information areas, the framework for the smart process needed to be able to generate dynamic digital work instruction could be stated. Using the simulation software IPS IMMA to simulate a generic assembly demo case to generate and export production specific data in the human readable XML coding language showed that it is possible to satisfy the framework for the smart process. However, comparing the simulated data with the information need for the framework resulted in the discovery that the IPS IMMA version used in the project, PMTS event exporter, withholds information regarding the assembly work. The generated data provides information regarding movement distances, movement times and grip types when interacting with work objects. For the smart process to be able to generate fully detailed instructions it needs to be supplied with additional information regarding the work objects in action and directions of movements conducted during the assembly work. Despite this withhold of information from the export data, it would still be possible to fully satisfy the framework for the smart process. All the missing information is contained within the IPS IMMA hence the software needs an update that adds the additional information to the data export.

One of the important feature of application specific processors is performance. To maximize it, the compiler must adapt to needs of processor that it is going to compile for and it must generate the most efficient code. One of the ways to do that is to search for appropriate instructions that can be implemented as one instruction with multiple outputs. Afterwards the generated code can be parsed through peephole optimizations that search for instruction patterns and replace them with other instructions to make code more effective. This paper describes the problem of finding and selecting suitable candidates for multiple output instructions. It also provides a brief overview of the few best known algorithms that solve this problem. Eventually it examines possibilities of incorporating this optimizations to LLVM compiler.

Within public schools, teachers and instructors may require training to implement procedures listed in a behavior intervention plan (BIP) to support students with disabilities. It is crucial that teachers receive training that is both effective and efficient. Behavioral skills training (BST) and video modeling are two training modalities that are proven to be effective for a wide range of skills and learners. Written instructions, although they are not supported as an effective training method in the literature, can be used as task analysis for the steps that are needed to be performed for a procedure. At present, there is no standard for training teachers to implement BIP procedures and potentially effective training methods may be impacted by the amount of time training or the intensity of the training procedure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess teacher preference for training modalities and to assess the feasibility of each modality in terms of training time and intensity. The participants in this study overwhelmingly selected self-assessments for both pre- and post-assessment evaluations as well as written instructions for their training modality.

<p>In the current manufacturing industry, static work instructions (WI) are still widely used for manufacturing assembly training and they lack the dynamic information that interactive work instructions can offer. Augmented Reality (AR) training systems are receiving increasing interest in the scientific community, but there is a limited amount of research done on the long-term effect of the AR training systems compared with static training systems. This thesis study was done to investigate if interactive WIs such as AR WIs and 3D PDF WIs have an advantage on training efficiency and knowledge sustainability compared to static paper WIs. Within an experiment, it was observed that there are no differences between the three training methods when it comes to training efficiency, but AR WI proved to be more effective in sustaining the user’s long-term recall precision than paper WI.</p>