This thesis work has been carried out at the company Saab AB Aeronautics, which manufactures the military aircraft Gripen E. Today, the company uses 3D work instructions for assembly of Gripen E, which is displayed on a computer screen for the shop floor workers. The company has an interest in investigating whether today's work instructions can be visualized in an Augmented Reality interface by reusing available data. This work has been limited to studying wire harness assembly, which is a main part of the final assembly. The methodology case study in combination with the method Requirements Engineering has been used to analyze the company's possibilities. Data collection has been conducted with internal interviews, studying internal materials and internal courses. The result chapter contains two parts, where the first part presents a situation analysis of how today's work instructions are created in the software DELMIA and what data that is needed. The second part presents a requirements specification for an Augmented Reality Work Instruction for assembly of Gripen E. In the discussion, the situation analysis is compared with the requirements to answer which data that could be reused for creating Augmented Reality Work Instructions and what challenges that may arise. This study shows that the company has prerequisites for creating work instructions in Augmented Reality, as there is available data containing 3D models structured according to an assembly sequence with associated descriptive information.

<p>With recent technical development computer aided design and manufacturing has taken amore important role in the product life cycle. New business segments such as Product/ServiceSystems and remanufacturing is emerging. This development demands better control of theproduct data throughout the entire product life cycle. Computer aided design is widelyrecognized and used within the manufacturing industries and in recent years the importance ofDigital manufacturing has increased. One part of Digital manufacturing is paperlessproduction which involves all orders and working instruction shown for example on a screenrather than on a piece of paper. In order to aid companies in creating better workinginstructions Dassault Systémes has launched the product 3Dvia Composer.The company DELFOi is working with digital manufacturing on the Nordic market and is areseller of Dassault Systémes products. DELFOi wants to know if 3Dvia Composer hasanything valuable to add to their product portfolio, what profits may be gained from it andwhat type of costumers that can make use of the product. DELFOi also wants to know whatparts of the product life cycle that can be covered by 3Dvia Composer and how to implementthe program into their product portfolio.To achieve this five companies that operate in different parts of the product life cycle wasinterviewed in order to map how they work with instructions and to identify their needsregarding their methodology. Theories about man/machine-interface have been studied andthese theories, together with the result from the interviews, form the base from which thepossibilities of 3Dvia Composer are evaluated. The software is also compared to other similarsoftware in a benchmarking. A document that describes the implementation process for 3DviaComposer at a customer site is compiled and presented.The study shows that interactive working instructions has a lot of advantages and can solve alot of problems related to work instructions that are identified in this study. 3Dvia Composeris a competent software for creating interactive work instructions. Regardless, great deals ofresources are required to sell 3Dvia Composer due to that most companies, even though theyidentify a lot of problems, seem satisfied with the current method for working instructions,and therefore do not seek change.</p> / <p>I takt med den tekniska utvecklingen har datorstödd konstruktion och produktion blivit en alltviktigare del i produktlivscykeln. Nya affärsområden såsom funktionsförsäljning ochåtertillverkning där tillverkande företag har tagit på sig ett allt större ansvar för helaproduktlivscykeln har växt fram på senare tid. Detta ställer allt högre krav på att ha kontrollöver produktdata under hela produktlivscykeln. Datorstödd konstruktion är sedan länge utbrettoch etablerat inom industrin och på senare år har även digital manufacturing , med i vilketPapperslös produktion är en del fått en allt större betydelse. Papperslös produktion innebär attalla order och arbetsinstruktioner visas t.ex. på en skärm istället för i pappersform. För atthjälpa företag att bereda bättre arbetsinstruktioner har Dassault Systémes lanserat produkten3Dvia Composer.Företaget DELFOi arbetar med digital manufacturing på den nordiska marknaden och äråterförsäljare av Dassault Systémes produkter. DELFOi önskar veta om 3Dvia Composer ären produkt som tillför produktportföljen något och vilka vinster den kan ge deras kunder. Detär även viktigt att företaget har en modell som kan användas för att marknadsföra ochimplementera Composer framgångsrikt hos kund.För att utreda detta intervjuades fem företag som bereder instruktioner för olika delar avproduktlivscykeln. Deras arbetssätt kring arbetsinstruktioner kartlades, samt behov och bristeri arbetssätt identifierades. Teorier för människa/maskin-gränssnitt och elektroniskaarbetsinstruktioner studerades. Utifrån dessa teorier och resultatet från intervjuernautvärderades sedan 3Dvia Composers kompetens för framtagning av arbetsinstruktioner.Programvaran jämfördes också med konkurrerande program i en benchmarking. Slutligenarbetades metodik och dokument fram för hur DELFOi kan implementera 3Dvia Composerhos kund.Detta arbete visar att interaktiva arbetsinstruktioner har många fördelar och kan lösa många avde problem som företag idag identifierar relaterat till beredning av arbetsinstruktioner och3Dvia Composer är en kompetent programvara för att uppnå detta. Det kommer dock attkrävas stora arbetsresurser för att sälja 3Dvia Composer, eftersom de flesta företag, trots enrad uttalade problem, är nöjda med dagens arbetsmetodik och därför har svårt att söka nyalösningar på problemen.</p>

With recent technical development computer aided design and manufacturing has taken amore important role in the product life cycle. New business segments such as Product/ServiceSystems and remanufacturing is emerging. This development demands better control of theproduct data throughout the entire product life cycle. Computer aided design is widelyrecognized and used within the manufacturing industries and in recent years the importance ofDigital manufacturing has increased. One part of Digital manufacturing is paperlessproduction which involves all orders and working instruction shown for example on a screenrather than on a piece of paper. In order to aid companies in creating better workinginstructions Dassault Systémes has launched the product 3Dvia Composer.The company DELFOi is working with digital manufacturing on the Nordic market and is areseller of Dassault Systémes products. DELFOi wants to know if 3Dvia Composer hasanything valuable to add to their product portfolio, what profits may be gained from it andwhat type of costumers that can make use of the product. DELFOi also wants to know whatparts of the product life cycle that can be covered by 3Dvia Composer and how to implementthe program into their product portfolio.To achieve this five companies that operate in different parts of the product life cycle wasinterviewed in order to map how they work with instructions and to identify their needsregarding their methodology. Theories about man/machine-interface have been studied andthese theories, together with the result from the interviews, form the base from which thepossibilities of 3Dvia Composer are evaluated. The software is also compared to other similarsoftware in a benchmarking. A document that describes the implementation process for 3DviaComposer at a customer site is compiled and presented.The study shows that interactive working instructions has a lot of advantages and can solve alot of problems related to work instructions that are identified in this study. 3Dvia Composeris a competent software for creating interactive work instructions. Regardless, great deals ofresources are required to sell 3Dvia Composer due to that most companies, even though theyidentify a lot of problems, seem satisfied with the current method for working instructions,and therefore do not seek change. / I takt med den tekniska utvecklingen har datorstödd konstruktion och produktion blivit en alltviktigare del i produktlivscykeln. Nya affärsområden såsom funktionsförsäljning ochåtertillverkning där tillverkande företag har tagit på sig ett allt större ansvar för helaproduktlivscykeln har växt fram på senare tid. Detta ställer allt högre krav på att ha kontrollöver produktdata under hela produktlivscykeln. Datorstödd konstruktion är sedan länge utbrettoch etablerat inom industrin och på senare år har även digital manufacturing , med i vilketPapperslös produktion är en del fått en allt större betydelse. Papperslös produktion innebär attalla order och arbetsinstruktioner visas t.ex. på en skärm istället för i pappersform. För atthjälpa företag att bereda bättre arbetsinstruktioner har Dassault Systémes lanserat produkten3Dvia Composer.Företaget DELFOi arbetar med digital manufacturing på den nordiska marknaden och äråterförsäljare av Dassault Systémes produkter. DELFOi önskar veta om 3Dvia Composer ären produkt som tillför produktportföljen något och vilka vinster den kan ge deras kunder. Detär även viktigt att företaget har en modell som kan användas för att marknadsföra ochimplementera Composer framgångsrikt hos kund.För att utreda detta intervjuades fem företag som bereder instruktioner för olika delar avproduktlivscykeln. Deras arbetssätt kring arbetsinstruktioner kartlades, samt behov och bristeri arbetssätt identifierades. Teorier för människa/maskin-gränssnitt och elektroniskaarbetsinstruktioner studerades. Utifrån dessa teorier och resultatet från intervjuernautvärderades sedan 3Dvia Composers kompetens för framtagning av arbetsinstruktioner.Programvaran jämfördes också med konkurrerande program i en benchmarking. Slutligenarbetades metodik och dokument fram för hur DELFOi kan implementera 3Dvia Composerhos kund.Detta arbete visar att interaktiva arbetsinstruktioner har många fördelar och kan lösa många avde problem som företag idag identifierar relaterat till beredning av arbetsinstruktioner och3Dvia Composer är en kompetent programvara för att uppnå detta. Det kommer dock attkrävas stora arbetsresurser för att sälja 3Dvia Composer, eftersom de flesta företag, trots enrad uttalade problem, är nöjda med dagens arbetsmetodik och därför har svårt att söka nyalösningar på problemen.

This master thesis was performed at the business area of Aeronautics at Saab AB in collaboration with Linköping University during the spring of 2015. In a complex product development environment, having knowledge about different processes is advantageous for efficiency. Model Based Definition (MBD) is a product development process where a 3D-model is the main source of information and the same 3D-model is applied all the way from design to production. In assembly, the operator follows work instructions where the 3D-model, and its requirements, is visualized. The model is always updated to the latest version and no 2D-drawings are needed. Saab applied MBD during the development of the new generation of the fighter aircraft JAS 39 Gripen. This change, from previously 2D to 3D, has caused that both internal and external people have minor knowledge about the new developing process of MBD. The purpose of the thesis was to develop a demonstrator acting as an educational environment to share knowledge about the MBD-process and the 3D work instructions. New methods and processes could be tested and evaluated in the demonstrator before implementing into the real product development process. By following and developing an interdependent and iterative product development process, this work has visualized the MBD-process. Designing and developing a demonstrator, using the same tools as in the real product development process, accomplished this. This thesis has developed a demonstrator that includes the main components of a physical model with corresponding 3D work instructions and a conceptual layout. A physical Lego model of Gripen provides a flexible and interesting way of sharing knowledge to the user who interacts with the demonstrator. The 3D work instructions were created in a way so that the user can assemble and interact with the same expressions and terms in order to get an understanding about how they are used. The educational aspect is important where simplifications and additional notes to the instructions help to get a better understanding. Depending on who the user is, different levels of preparations are needed. The recognition factor is important to a user with experience of MBD; it needs to be able to understand how different terms and requirements are used in the development process. The future work is about setting up the demonstrator and conduct usability tests to evaluate, modify and implement more details. Using a demonstrator in this purpose can be helpful for evaluating different techniques, methods or systems and reduce the errors in the product development process. It can also encourage people to a new enjoyable way of learning.

SAAB, Support and Service, Ground Based Radar (GBR) i Arboga har föreskrifter med 2D-ritningar och bilder till hjälp vid service, reparationer och genomgångar av delar (enheter) till radarsystem. Dessa föreskrifter har visat sig bristfälliga när det kommer till att enkelt sätta sig in i arbetet för en nyanställd och vid uppdelning av servicearbeten bland de anställda. Projektets uppgift var att kvalitativt undersöka möjligheten för GBR att fortsätta arbetet för en digitalisering av föreskrifterna. Detta gjordes genom att kartlägga deras nuvarande serviceprocess samt undersöka nyttan av en digitalisering med hjälp av teorier och tidigare undersökningar. Det var även av intresse att utreda om det redan fanns ett system som skulle kunna tillgodose GBR:s behov. Resultaten visar att GBR bör fortsätta sitt arbete inom området då digitala föreskrifter har visat sig ha övervägande fördelar. Programmet UpTime från Combitech uppfyller deras behov enligt detta projekts avgränsning. Slutsatsen är att GBR bör börja uppdatera sina nuvarande föreskrifter innan arbetet med att implementera digitala föreskrifter fortsätter. / SAAB, Support and Service, Ground Based Radar (GBR) in Arboga uses technical instructions with 2D-drawings and pictures to help them in services, repairs and overhauls of parts to radar systems. These instructions have shown a lack of functionality when it comes to introducing the work to a new employee or when sharing work tasks among mechanics. The objective was to examine the possibility for GBR to implement digital instructions. This was done by qualitative analysis on their current state and by investigating benefits of digital instructions from previous theories and studies. It was also of interest to scan the market for existing systems that could fit GBR:s current need. The results show that digital instructions have positive effects and that GBR should continue their work in the field. Combitech’s system UpTime fulfils GBR:s need for digital instructions within the project restrictions. In conclusion, GBR should continue the work of updating their existing instructions before continuing the implementation of digital instructions.

Volvo Group Trucks Operations is a subordinate organization to the Volvo Group concern, which is one of the world's largest manufactures of trucks, buses, construction equipment, marine and industrial engines. Volvo Group Trucks Operations organization encompasses all production of the Volvo Group’s engines and transmissions as well as all production of Trucks. Volvo Group Trucks Operations is looking into digitize the methods utilized for information handling within their assembly plant in Tuve, Sweden, and this thesis project part in the digitization process.  The currently used assembly work instructions at the assembly plant in Tuve are printed on paper and contains excessive amounts of information that makes it challenging for the assembly operators to consume the work instructions efficiently. Therefore, Volvo Group Truck Operations want look into the possibility to introduce dynamically adjustable and digital work instructions that could be tailor fitted to an operator's experience level and presented with smart technologies. The project is divided into two parts where the first part was assigned to identify the information need for smart process capable of generating dynamic digital work instructions and the second part to research how this information need could be satisfied with currently used simulation tools. The information needs analyses showed that the smart process needs to be divided into two sub-processes, one for gathering and processing production specific data into a fully detailed work instruction and the other one for filtering the fully detailed work instruction to tailor fit an operator independent of their skill level within assembly work. A framework containing three information aspects is stated to describe the information need for the smart process. These information aspects are Inputs, Smart process and Outputs. The information aspects are then further broken down into five required information areas that is important for the smart process functionality. The required information areas are Data, Attributes, Inputs, Instruction and Information structure and Instruction consummation. When combining the results for the information aspects and the required information areas, the framework for the smart process needed to be able to generate dynamic digital work instruction could be stated. Using the simulation software IPS IMMA to simulate a generic assembly demo case to generate and export production specific data in the human readable XML coding language showed that it is possible to satisfy the framework for the smart process. However, comparing the simulated data with the information need for the framework resulted in the discovery that the IPS IMMA version used in the project, PMTS event exporter, withholds information regarding the assembly work. The generated data provides information regarding movement distances, movement times and grip types when interacting with work objects. For the smart process to be able to generate fully detailed instructions it needs to be supplied with additional information regarding the work objects in action and directions of movements conducted during the assembly work. Despite this withhold of information from the export data, it would still be possible to fully satisfy the framework for the smart process. All the missing information is contained within the IPS IMMA hence the software needs an update that adds the additional information to the data export.

<p>In the current manufacturing industry, static work instructions (WI) are still widely used for manufacturing assembly training and they lack the dynamic information that interactive work instructions can offer. Augmented Reality (AR) training systems are receiving increasing interest in the scientific community, but there is a limited amount of research done on the long-term effect of the AR training systems compared with static training systems. This thesis study was done to investigate if interactive WIs such as AR WIs and 3D PDF WIs have an advantage on training efficiency and knowledge sustainability compared to static paper WIs. Within an experiment, it was observed that there are no differences between the three training methods when it comes to training efficiency, but AR WI proved to be more effective in sustaining the user’s long-term recall precision than paper WI.</p>

Små och medelstora företag med bristande ekonomiska förutsättningar brukar ha problem med att standardisera sitt arbete samt minska sina slöserier på grund av uppdaterade arbetsinstruktioner, en oorganiserad arbetsmiljö och produktionsprocessen. 5S är ett leanverktyg som kan implementeras i syfte att förbättra produktionsprocessen och arbetsmiljön samt reducera slöserier. Implementering av 5S leder även till ökad produktivitet och effektivitet i produktionen. Många SME företag har problem med att implementera 5S eftersom det är en metod som behöver anpassas specifikt till varje företags olika förutsättningar. Välutformade arbetsinstruktioner är ett bra sätt att standardisera sitt arbete men i nuläget är de flesta SME företag oenade om i vilken media arbetsinstruktionerna ska vara utformade i. I dagsläget är pappersinstruktioner den dominanta varianten bland SME företag. Med tanke på att digitalisering ökar inom företag bör man utforska möjligheterna med digitala arbetsinstruktioner. Syftet med arbetet är att utföra en undersökning på hur arbetsinstruktioner ska vara utformade samt en implementering av lean verktyget 5S för ett effektivt och standardiserat arbetssätt. Med utformningen av arbetsinstruktionerna menas specifikt i vilken media arbetsinstruktionerna ska utformas i för att uppfylla målet. För att uppnå syftet utformades samt tillämpades pappers- och digitala arbetsinstruktioner i företaget Conflux AB. En litteraturstudie utfördes i syfte att få en djupare förståelse inom implementationer av 5S. Sedan implementerades 5S tillsammans med produktionschefen och operatörerna i företaget för att försöka minska slöserier samt öka effektiviteten. Resultatet av detta arbete visade att implementationen av 5S och välutformade arbetsinstruktioner ledde till en förbättrad arbetsmiljö, ökad effektivitet och produktivitet samt minskade slöserier enligt intervjuerna med operatörerna som tog plats hos Conflux AB. Vidare förklarade operatörerna att arbetsinstruktionen i papper föredrogs över den digitala arbetsinstruktionen. Detta på grund av att pappersinstruktionen var lättillgänglig och tydlig med tanke på den detaljerade nivån. Dessutom saknade företaget utrustning för att kunna utnyttja den digitala arbetsinstruktionen till dess fulla potential. Förbättringsförslagen som togs fram var bland annat att testa olika kombinationer av placering av maskiner i produktionen. Ett annat förbättringsförslag som togs fram var inköp av utrustning för användning av den digitala arbetsinstruktionen. / Small and medium companies with insufficient financial conditions often struggle with standardizing their work and reducing waste due to outdated work instructions, disorganized work environment, and production flow. 5S is a lean tool that can be implemented to organize the production flow and work environment, as well as reduce waste. Implementing 5S also leads to increased productivity and efficiency in production. Many SME companies face challenges in implementing 5S because it is a method that needs to be tailored specifically to each company's different conditions. Well-designed work instructions are a good way to standardize work, but currently, most SME companies are unsure about the medium in which work instructions should be designed. Currently, paper instructions are the dominant variant among SME companies. Considering the increasing digitization within companies, it is worth exploring the possibilities of digital work instructions. The purpose of this work is to conduct a study on how work instructions should be designed and to implement the lean tool 5S for an efficient and standardized work approach. The design of work instructions specifically refers to the medium in which work instructions should be designed to achieve the goal. To achieve the purpose, both paper and digital work instructions were designed and applied in the company Conflux AB. A literature study was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of 5S implementations. Subsequently, 5S was implemented together with the production manager and operators in the company in an effort to reduce waste and increase efficiency. The results of this work showed that the implementation of 5S and well-designed work instructions led to an improved work environment, increased efficiency and productivity, as well as reduced waste, according to the interviews with the operators at Conflux AB. Furthermore, the operators explained that they preferred the paper instructions over the digital work instructions. This was because the paper instructions were easily accessible and clear, especially in terms of detail. Additionally, the company lacked the necessary equipment to fully utilize the digital work instructions. Improvement suggestions that were developed included testing different combinations of machine placements in the production flow. Another improvement suggestion was the procurement of equipment to enable the use of the digital work instructions to their full potential.

The thesis deals with Work Instructions from the Perspective of Text Comprehesion. It gives the description of Work Instructions in general, then focuses on two specific kinds of Instructions - Recipes and Consumer Medicine Information. Information about Vocabulary, Syntactics, Semantics, Coreference and Inferences are involved. There is a research of Text Comprehension in the empirical part of this thesis, it is divided into two parts, one for each kind of Instruction. This thesis draws on findings of Czech and foreign linguists.

A study made by Johansson, Fast-Berglund and Moestam (in press) shows that diversity regarding how information is used exists in global production networks. To be closer to markets, organizations have chosen to globalize their business which is one reason for why diversity arises. This because product types and brands historically have been different. One company that is currently working with improving consistency among processes is Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO). The company wants to evaluate how the process for preparing assembly work instructions looks like at different sites within their production network. This enables Volvo GTO to start their work towards a standardized process and uniformity. A starting point for this is to make a current state analysis of the process for preparing assembly work instructions when producing Volvo trucks, engines and transmissions in Sweden. The purpose is to identify key activities within the process and important factors to consider when standardizing the process. This is done on three sites, one for each area. Volvo GTO is the part of the Volvo Group that covers all production of engines and transmissions as well as the production of Volvo, Renault, Mack, and UD trucks. In 2012 the group choose to reorganize from brand based where each brand was an own organization to joint units, for example center of development, operations etc. This has led to a greater need of one common process for preparing assembly work instructions in order to create uniformity among the brands Volvo, Renault, Mack, and UD trucks. The result of the current state analysis shows that the process for preparing assembly work instructions is differently performed depending on the site studied. Despite this, some activities in each process are similar. These were found to be: design, review, time setting, time analysis, balancing, station marking, create assembly work instructions, and share information. Since some activities actually are similar, it would be possible to standardize the process for preparing assembly work instructions in the future. Important to consider when standardizing a process is to create awareness and involvement among employees. It is also important to have the management committed as well as uniformity among IT systems used when performing a process. One last thing to consider is that the process needs to be adaptable because sites are located all over the world and have different culture and regulations. / En studie gjord av Johansson, Fast-Berglund och Moestam (i tryck) visar variation i hur information hanteras i globala produktionsnätverk. För att komma närmre marknader har organisationer valt att globalisera sin verksamhet, vilket är en anledning till varför variation uppstår. Detta eftersom produkttyper och märken historiskt har varit annorlunda. Ett företag som för närvarande arbetar med att förbättra enhetligheten mellan processer är Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO). De vill utvärdera hur processen för framställning av monteringsarbetsinstruktioner ser ut på olika siter inom produktionsnätverket. Detta gör det möjligt för Volvo GTO att starta sitt arbete mot en standardiserad process och enhetlighet mellan siter. En början i detta arbete är att göra en nulägesanalys av processen för framställning av monteringsarbetsinstruktioner vid produktion av Volvo lastvagnar, motorer och växellådor i Sverige. Syftet är att identifiera nyckelaktiviteter inom processen och viktiga faktorer att tänka på när man standardisera processen. Detta sker på tre siter, en inom varje område. Volvo GTO är den del av Volvokoncernen som omfattar all tillverkning av motorer och växellådor samt produktion av Volvo, Renault, Mack och UD lastvagnar. År 2012 valde Volvokoncernen att omorganisera från varumärkesbaserad till organisatoriska enheter, till exempel utveckling, tillverkning etc. Detta har lett till ett ökat behov av en gemensam process för framställning av monteringsarbetsinstruktioner för att skapa enhetlighet mellan varumärkena. Resultatet av denna nulägesanalys visar att processen för framställning av monteringsarbetsinstruktioner utförs annorlunda beroende på siten som studerats. Trots detta är vissa aktiviteter i varje process liknande. Dessa visade sig vara: design, granskning, tidsättning, tidsanalys, balansering, stationsmärkning, skapa monteringsarbetsinstruktioner och dela information. Eftersom vissa aktiviteter faktiskt är lika skulle det vara möjligt att standardisera processen för framställning av monteringsarbetsinstruktioner i framtiden. Viktigt att tänka på när man standardisera en process är att skapa medvetenhet och engagemang bland medarbetarna. Det är också viktigt att ha ledningens engagement och stöd samt enhetlighet mellan IT system som används för att utföra processen. En sista sak att tänka på är att processen måste kunna anpassas då siter är placerade över hela världen och har olika kultur och lagar. / GAIS (Global Assembly Instruction Strategy)