Poucos estudos têm sido focados no grupo de recém-nascidos com peso insuficiente ao nascer (RNPI). Estes, apesar de terem um risco de morbimortalidade menor que os de baixo peso, apresentam elevada incidência no Brasil, 3 a 4 vezes maior do que o baixo peso, perfazendo cerca de 1/4 do total de nascidos vivos motivo pelo qual é importante se analisar os fatores de risco para esta condição. Realizou-se um estudo para verificar a incidência de RNPI no universo de nascimentos de uma maternidade pública de Cotia (SP) e a proporção destes que eram pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG), acoplado a um estudo tipo caso-controle para identificar fatores de risco associados aos RNPI. A coleta de dados foi prospectiva com instrumentos padronizados e feita exclusivamente pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram coletados imediatamente após cada nascimento a partir dos registros hospitalares e de entrevistas com as mães. O estudo foi caso controle no qual o número total de 113 RNPI e um grupo controle de 112 RNPA. Entre os fatores de risco analisados (socioeconômicos, demográficos, maternos, gestacionais, de pré-natal e de nascimento), após uma fase de análise univariada por tabelas de contingência, comparação de médias e de medianas, bem como a realização de correlações, foram selecionadas as variáveis que tinham apresentado associação estatisticamente significante com os RNPI, que tivessem apresentado um valor máximo de p ao redor de 20por cento e excepcionalmente outras variáveis que apesar do resultado apresentassem boa plausibilidade (biológica ou epidemiológica) para inclusão num modelo de análise de regressão logística de múltiplas variáveis. A incidência observada de RNPI foi de 25,7por cento dos nascimentos, com uma proporção de 3,5por cento de PIG. Das 24 variáveis analisadas de maneira univariada, 6 permaneceram para serem incluídas na análise multivariada: a idade gestacional, número de consultas de pré-natal realizadas, presença de intercorrências no decorrer da gravidez e peso de nascimento do filho anterior, que haviam apresentado associação significante (p<0,05), e a presença ou ausência de filho anterior e o mês de início do pré-natal que, embora não significantes, haviam preenchido os critérios pré-estabelecidos para inclusão no modelo. Ao final da análise se mostram associadas aos RNPI apenas 2 variáveis: mês de início de pré-natal (OR: 1,114; p: 0,041) e o número de consultas (OR: 0,942; p:0,042). Como conclusão, o início precoce e um número mais elevado de consultas no pré-natal podem ser considerados como fatores de proteção para o risco de um peso de nascimento insuficiente / Few studies have been focused in insufficient birth weight (IBW).This group has a risk of morbimortality less than those of low birth weight (LBW), these have an elevated incidence in Brazil, 3 to 4 times bigger than the LBW, completing around 1/4 of the total of singletons born, it is important to analyses the risk factor for this condition. It carried out a study to check the incidence of IBW in the universe of singletons born in a public motherhood of Cotia (SP) and the proportion of this which they were small-for-gestational age (SGA) and a case-control study to identify the factors are associated to the IBW. The data was prospective with standardized instruments and done exclusively by the investigator. The data were collected immediately after each birth from the registers and interviews with the mothers. The study was compost from the total of the 113 IBW and a control´s group 112. The analyses of the risk factors are social and economic conditions, demographic condition, motherly, prenatal care and gestational. After the univariate analysis, there were selected the variables that had significant statistically association with the IWB, which had presented p around 20 per cent and exceptionally other were presenting good plausibility (biological or epidemiological) for inclusion in the multiple variables analysis. The incidence was 25,7 per cent IWB, with a proportion of 3,5 per cent for SGA. The 24 variables was analyses in the univariate analyses, 6 remained to be included in the multiple variables analysis: the gestational age, number of prenatal care consultations, intercurrences in the course of the pregnancy and the birth weight of the previous son, which had significant association (p<0,05), and the presence or absence of previous son and the month of beginning the prenatal care, though not significant, but they had filled out the criteria established-daily for inclusion in the multiple variables analysis. To the end of the analysis they are shown that 2 variables were associated to IWB: month of beginning the prenatal care (OR: 1,114; p: 0,041) and the number of prenatal care consultations (OR: 0,942; p: 0,042). As conclusion, the precocious beginning and a more elevated number of prenatal care consultations can be considered as protection factors for the risk of the IWB

Poucos estudos têm sido focados no grupo de recém-nascidos com peso insuficiente ao nascer (RNPI). Estes, apesar de terem um risco de morbimortalidade menor que os de baixo peso, apresentam elevada incidência no Brasil, 3 a 4 vezes maior do que o baixo peso, perfazendo cerca de 1/4 do total de nascidos vivos motivo pelo qual é importante se analisar os fatores de risco para esta condição. Realizou-se um estudo para verificar a incidência de RNPI no universo de nascimentos de uma maternidade pública de Cotia (SP) e a proporção destes que eram pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG), acoplado a um estudo tipo caso-controle para identificar fatores de risco associados aos RNPI. A coleta de dados foi prospectiva com instrumentos padronizados e feita exclusivamente pela pesquisadora. Os dados foram coletados imediatamente após cada nascimento a partir dos registros hospitalares e de entrevistas com as mães. O estudo foi caso controle no qual o número total de 113 RNPI e um grupo controle de 112 RNPA. Entre os fatores de risco analisados (socioeconômicos, demográficos, maternos, gestacionais, de pré-natal e de nascimento), após uma fase de análise univariada por tabelas de contingência, comparação de médias e de medianas, bem como a realização de correlações, foram selecionadas as variáveis que tinham apresentado associação estatisticamente significante com os RNPI, que tivessem apresentado um valor máximo de p ao redor de 20por cento e excepcionalmente outras variáveis que apesar do resultado apresentassem boa plausibilidade (biológica ou epidemiológica) para inclusão num modelo de análise de regressão logística de múltiplas variáveis. A incidência observada de RNPI foi de 25,7por cento dos nascimentos, com uma proporção de 3,5por cento de PIG. Das 24 variáveis analisadas de maneira univariada, 6 permaneceram para serem incluídas na análise multivariada: a idade gestacional, número de consultas de pré-natal realizadas, presença de intercorrências no decorrer da gravidez e peso de nascimento do filho anterior, que haviam apresentado associação significante (p<0,05), e a presença ou ausência de filho anterior e o mês de início do pré-natal que, embora não significantes, haviam preenchido os critérios pré-estabelecidos para inclusão no modelo. Ao final da análise se mostram associadas aos RNPI apenas 2 variáveis: mês de início de pré-natal (OR: 1,114; p: 0,041) e o número de consultas (OR: 0,942; p:0,042). Como conclusão, o início precoce e um número mais elevado de consultas no pré-natal podem ser considerados como fatores de proteção para o risco de um peso de nascimento insuficiente / Few studies have been focused in insufficient birth weight (IBW).This group has a risk of morbimortality less than those of low birth weight (LBW), these have an elevated incidence in Brazil, 3 to 4 times bigger than the LBW, completing around 1/4 of the total of singletons born, it is important to analyses the risk factor for this condition. It carried out a study to check the incidence of IBW in the universe of singletons born in a public motherhood of Cotia (SP) and the proportion of this which they were small-for-gestational age (SGA) and a case-control study to identify the factors are associated to the IBW. The data was prospective with standardized instruments and done exclusively by the investigator. The data were collected immediately after each birth from the registers and interviews with the mothers. The study was compost from the total of the 113 IBW and a control´s group 112. The analyses of the risk factors are social and economic conditions, demographic condition, motherly, prenatal care and gestational. After the univariate analysis, there were selected the variables that had significant statistically association with the IWB, which had presented p around 20 per cent and exceptionally other were presenting good plausibility (biological or epidemiological) for inclusion in the multiple variables analysis. The incidence was 25,7 per cent IWB, with a proportion of 3,5 per cent for SGA. The 24 variables was analyses in the univariate analyses, 6 remained to be included in the multiple variables analysis: the gestational age, number of prenatal care consultations, intercurrences in the course of the pregnancy and the birth weight of the previous son, which had significant association (p<0,05), and the presence or absence of previous son and the month of beginning the prenatal care, though not significant, but they had filled out the criteria established-daily for inclusion in the multiple variables analysis. To the end of the analysis they are shown that 2 variables were associated to IWB: month of beginning the prenatal care (OR: 1,114; p: 0,041) and the number of prenatal care consultations (OR: 0,942; p: 0,042). As conclusion, the precocious beginning and a more elevated number of prenatal care consultations can be considered as protection factors for the risk of the IWB

Conventional reliability analysis methods assume that a simulation model is able to represent the real physics accurately. However, this assumption may not always hold as the simulation model could be biased due to simplifications and idealizations. Simulation models are approximate mathematical representations of real-world systems and thus cannot exactly imitate the real-world systems. The accuracy of a simulation model is especially critical when it is used for the reliability calculation. Therefore, a simulation model should be validated using prototype testing results for reliability analysis. However, in practical engineering situation, experimental output data for the purpose of model validation is limited due to the significant cost of a large number of physical testing. Thus, the model validation needs to be carried out to account for the uncertainty induced by insufficient experimental output data as well as the inherent variability existing in the physical system and hence in the experimental test results. Therefore, in this study, a confidence-based model validation method that captures the variability and the uncertainty, and that corrects model bias at a user-specified target confidence level, has been developed. Reliability assessment using the confidence-based model validation can provide conservative estimation of the reliability of a system with confidence when only insufficient experimental output data are available. Without confidence-based model validation, the designed product obtained using the conventional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) optimum could either not satisfy the target reliability or be overly conservative. Therefore, simulation model validation is necessary to obtain a reliable optimum product using the RBDO process. In this study, the developed confidence-based model validation is integrated in the RBDO process to provide truly confident RBDO optimum design. The developed confidence-based model validation will provide a conservative RBDO optimum design at the target confidence level. However, it is challenging to obtain steady convergence in the RBDO process with confidence-based model validation because the feasible domain changes as the design moves (i.e., a moving-target problem). To resolve this issue, a practical optimization procedure, which terminates the RBDO process once the target reliability is satisfied, is proposed. In addition, the efficiency is achieved by carrying out deterministic design optimization (DDO) and RBDO without model validation, followed by RBDO with the confidence-based model validation. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate that the proposed RBDO approach obtains a conservative and practical optimum design that satisfies the target reliability of designed product given a limited number of experimental output data. Thus far, while the simulation model might be biased, it is assumed that we have correct distribution models for input variables and parameters. However, in real practical applications, only limited numbers of test data are available (parameter uncertainty) for modeling input distributions of material properties, manufacturing tolerances, operational loads, etc. Also, as before, only a limited number of output test data is used. Therefore, a reliability needs to be estimated by considering parameter uncertainty as well as biased simulation model. Computational methods and a process are developed to obtain confidence-based reliability assessment. The insufficient input and output test data induce uncertainties in input distribution models and output distributions, respectively. These uncertainties, which arise from lack of knowledge – the insufficient test data, are different from the inherent input distributions and corresponding output variabilities, which are natural randomness of the physical system.

The continuous population growth and the notable development of the mining industry have resulted in challenges for potable water supply in South Africa. The ever-increasing number of people migrating to urban areas has resulted in the demand of potable water supply in South Africa. Water is regarded as a human basic right which is promulgated by the recent amendment of the potable water service provisioning Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The afore-mentioned Acts started a process to address the imbalance that existed during the apartheid regime. (The apartheid regime essentially had one objective initially, namely the control of (black, coloured and Indian) people in order to protect white privilege). It was meant to separate people of different races).The Acts were formulated to address the equal distribution of national resource for all South Africans. Mogwase Township in Moses Kotane Local Municipality is undergoing continuous growth with several mining areas being developed. Consequently, the supply of potable water has been a challenge in the area. It is, therefore, in the interest of the researcher to investigate the management of potable water supply in Mogwase Township with the aim of suggesting improved service delivery by the Moses Kotane Local Municipality. Water is now recognised as a scarce resource that belongs to all South Africans. The provision of potable water by the water services authorities (WSAs) is an important basic service that faces a number of challenges, such as the use of outdated infrastructure, namely: pipelines from the Vaalkop Dam, the lack of skilled and knowledgeable people, improper planning, and the booming population that place overt pressure on the demand for effective and efficient service delivery. This research was undertaken to investigate how Moses Kotane Local Municipality which obtains its potable water supply from Vaalkop Dam can improve the supply of water in a more effective, efficient, equitable, economic and sustainable manner through improved co-operative governance and integrated water resource management (IWRM). The qualitative and quantitative research designs were used to conduct the research, which included a literature review, semi-structured interviews, data sampling and scientific analysis of the responses. The researcher arrived at logical conclusions and S.M.A.R.T. (Simple, Measureable, and Achievable Realistic Timebound) recommendations with regard to all aspects related to the future management of potable water supply in Mogwase Township. / MA (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The continuous population growth and the notable development of the mining industry have resulted in challenges for potable water supply in South Africa. The ever-increasing number of people migrating to urban areas has resulted in the demand of potable water supply in South Africa. Water is regarded as a human basic right which is promulgated by the recent amendment of the potable water service provisioning Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The afore-mentioned Acts started a process to address the imbalance that existed during the apartheid regime. (The apartheid regime essentially had one objective initially, namely the control of (black, coloured and Indian) people in order to protect white privilege). It was meant to separate people of different races).The Acts were formulated to address the equal distribution of national resource for all South Africans. Mogwase Township in Moses Kotane Local Municipality is undergoing continuous growth with several mining areas being developed. Consequently, the supply of potable water has been a challenge in the area. It is, therefore, in the interest of the researcher to investigate the management of potable water supply in Mogwase Township with the aim of suggesting improved service delivery by the Moses Kotane Local Municipality. Water is now recognised as a scarce resource that belongs to all South Africans. The provision of potable water by the water services authorities (WSAs) is an important basic service that faces a number of challenges, such as the use of outdated infrastructure, namely: pipelines from the Vaalkop Dam, the lack of skilled and knowledgeable people, improper planning, and the booming population that place overt pressure on the demand for effective and efficient service delivery. This research was undertaken to investigate how Moses Kotane Local Municipality which obtains its potable water supply from Vaalkop Dam can improve the supply of water in a more effective, efficient, equitable, economic and sustainable manner through improved co-operative governance and integrated water resource management (IWRM). The qualitative and quantitative research designs were used to conduct the research, which included a literature review, semi-structured interviews, data sampling and scientific analysis of the responses. The researcher arrived at logical conclusions and S.M.A.R.T. (Simple, Measureable, and Achievable Realistic Timebound) recommendations with regard to all aspects related to the future management of potable water supply in Mogwase Township. / MA (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study investigated the factors affecting the teaching of English reading skills in a second language of Grade 3 learners in three primary schools, in Ongwediva town of Oshana Regional Education Directorate in Northern Namibia. It also investigated methods and approaches that were used to promote the teaching of reading in English as a second language and the linguistic environment of the classroom in which the teaching of reading occurs. Classroom environments were observed and telephonic interview was conducted with the circuit inspector of the three schools selected. Individual interviews were also done with the principals, Grade 3 teachers and Grade 3 learners of the three chosen schools. Focus group interview was also done with the same Grade 3 teachers. This study found out that insufficient reading books, poor teaching methods, insufficient teachers’ and learners’ interactions and overcrowded classrooms were some of the factors that made the teaching of reading unsuccessful. From the interviews of the circuit inspector, principals and teachers it was revealed that inadequate teacher training workshops for teachers teaching English reading, lack of parental involvement, low budget allocation to Primary Education and lack of reading capacity in vernacular affected the teaching of reading negatively. The outcome of learners’ interviews indicated that phonemic awareness and lack of comprehension created reading problems. Given the factors referred above, it is recommended that more interesting readers should be purchased to solve the shortage of reading materials. In addition, more effective teachers’ workshops should be given to strengthen the teachers’ approaches to reading skills development for Grade 3 learners. / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Early Childhood Development) / Educational Studies

The birth of a non-racial democracy in South Africa brought many challenges such as the supply of potable water to all societies irrespective of their colour or even location. Migration of people from rural to urban has increased the demand of potable water supply in many areas that were previously neglected by the former Apartheid regime. The increase of the human population in urban or developing areas of South Africa will therefore imply that various public services such as potable water supply, proper housing, electricity supply, schooling and basic health facilities should be provided in an efficient, effective and economic manner. As the resident of Khuma Township, the researcher has a keen interest in the management of potable water supply in this area, inter alia, the nature and extent of the physical environment and the efficiency and effectiveness of a potable water supply as a means of improving service delivery by the Matlosana Local Municipality to Khuma Township. The area has the history of gold mining and the majority of the people from other rural areas and neighbouring states moved into this area and were later joined by their families. This resulted in an increase in the population to a point where people were placed in dangerous areas such as underlying dolomite and along the Koekemoer spruit. For example, extension 6 is known to experience sinkholes due to underground mining activities and the underline dolomite rock. The population has increased in Khuma Township to such an extent that a shortage of potable water supply is been experienced. Khuma Township had one water reservoir for the past 40 years and Matlosana Local Municipality did not improve or developed infrastructure related to potable water supply to be able to cater for the increasing population of this area. An empirical study was conducted in among the residents of Khuma Township, Matlosana Local Municipality and role-players in the management of potable water supply. From this study, it was evident that the supply of potable water in Khuma Township is insufficient, and there was poor communication, cooperation and participation between Matlosana Local Municipality and the residents of Khuma Township. The ineffective management of potable water supply in Khuma Township by the Matlosana Local Municipality as well as ignoring the significance of settling people in a safe area that is free from water pollution, sinkholes and underlying dolomite rock left a lot to be desired. The researcher arrived at logical conclusions and recommendations with regard to all aspects related to future management of potable water supply in Khuma Township. / M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Peu de femmes atteignent la recommandation internationale d’un allaitement exclusif d’une durée minimale de 6 mois malgré ses nombreux bienfaits pour l’enfant et pour la mère. Une raison fréquemment mentionnée pour la cessation précoce de l’allaitement ou l’introduction de préparations commerciales pour nourrissons est l’insuffisance de lait. L’origine de cette perception maternelle demeure toujours inexpliquée bien que sa prévalence dans les écrits soit bien documentée. L’insuffisance lactée relève-t-elle de pratiques d’allaitement qui contreviennent au processus physiologique de la lactation ou relève-t-elle d’un manque de confiance maternelle dans sa capacité d’allaiter? Une meilleure compréhension des déterminants de la perception d’insuffisance lactée (PIL) s’avère primordiale, un manque d’interventions infirmières permettant de prévenir, dépister et soutenir les femmes allaitant percevant une insuffisance lactée ayant été identifié. Cette étude visait à déterminer l’apport explicatif de variables biologiques et psychosociales de 252 femmes primipares allaitant sur une PIL. Une modélisation de facteurs associés à la PIL a été développée à l’aide de l’approche synthèse théorique comportant les variables suivantes: les événements entourant la naissance, les capacités infantiles et maternelles, la supplémentation, le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement, la PIL et les pratiques d’allaitement. Afin de mieux comprendre comment se développe et évolue la PIL, un devis prédictif confirmatif longitudinal a été privilégié de la naissance à la 6e semaine postnatale. Au T1, soit le premier 24 heures suivant la naissance, les participantes ont complété un questionnaire concernant leur intention d’initier et de maintenir un allaitement exclusif pour une durée de 6 mois. Au T2, soit la 3e journée postpartum, les femmes complétaient un 2e questionnaire regroupant les différentes mesures utilisées pour l’étude des variables de la modélisation PIL, incluant le prélèvement d’un échantillon de lait maternel. À la 2e semaine, soit le T3, les femmes complétaient un questionnaire similaire à celui du T2, lequel était envoyé par la poste. Finalement, au T4, soit à la 6e semaine, une entrevue téléphonique semi-dirigée concernant les pratiques d’allaitement a été réalisée. La vérification des hypothèses s’est faite principalement à l’aide de tests de corrélations de Pearson, d’analyses de régressions et d’équations structurelles. Les résultats indiquent une influence simultanée des capacités infantiles et du sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement sur la PIL au T2 et au T3; le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement exerçant de surcroit un effet médiateur entre les capacités infantiles et la perception d’insuffisance lactée au T2 et au T3. Au T2, la fréquence des tétées est associée à une diminution du taux de Na+ du lait maternel, marqueur biologique de l’établissement de la lactogenèse II. Des interventions ciblant le développement d’un sentiment maternel élevé d’efficacité en allaitement devraient être privilégiées. / Few mothers achieved the international recommendation of 6 months exclusive breastfeeding even though it’s numerous benefits both for mother and baby. Perceived insufficient milk (PIM) is a frequent reason reported by mother for stopping breastfeeding or introducing commercial milk products, especially in the first 6 weeks. Although consensus about its prevalence exists in the literature, the origin of this perception is still unexplained. Does PIM result from breastfeeding mismanagement which interferes with lactation physiologic processes or does it results from a lack of maternal confidence? This critical gap in the knowledge of determinants of PIM limits nursing intervention development. The aim of this study is to determine the relative contribution of biological and psychological variables on PIM among a group mother’s 1st time breastfeeding. To allow a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of PIM, a predictive confirmative longitudinal design was implemented from birth to 6th week postnatal. PIM model was developed through theory synthesis and include the following key variables: birth events, infant capacities, maternal capacities, supplementation, breastfeeding self-efficacy, perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding practices. This study’s sample consisted of 252 breastfeeding 1st time mothers that were contacted at 4 points in time. At T1, the first 24 hours following birth, the participants completed a questionnaire related to their intention to initiate and maintain 6 months exclusive breastfeeding. At T2 of the study, on the 3rd day postpartum, the women completed a 2nd questionnaire regrouping the different measures used for the PIM model key variables and hand-expressed breast milk sample. On the 2nd week, T3, the women completed a questionnaire comparable to the one at T2, which was sent by mail. Lastly, the 4th study time, at the 6th week, a semi-directed telephone interview was done regarding their breastfeeding practices. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations, ascendant logistic regressions and SEM. The results suggest a simultaneous influence of infant capacities and breastfeeding self-efficacy on PIM on T2 and T3; breastfeeding self-efficacy exerting a mediating effect in between infant capacities and PIM at both T2 and T3. At T2, breastfeeding frequency was associated with a fall in Na+ breastmilk, indicating establishment of lactogenesis II. Interventions towards increasing breastfeeding self-efficacy should be developed.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o uso do método da proporcionalidade para decidir questões acerca de direitos sociais. Nesse sentido, antes relacionada somente à proibição do excesso (Übermaßverbot), a proporcionalidade passa a ter reconhecida sua outra face, denominada proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente (Untermaßverbot). O legislador e o administrador passam a ter suas ações balizadas pela proibição do excesso de intervenção e pela imposição da intervenção para proteção de direitos. O termo pouco usual se refere ao controle judicial das omissões do legislador e administrador, na medida em que orienta a atividade deles quando da conformação e implementação dos direitos sociais. Os escassos estudos na doutrina não permitiram o desenvolvimento do método em relação aos direitos sociais no Brasil, em que pese a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal se utilizar da proporcionalidade como proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente em alguns de seus julgados, especialmente em época recente. Mas se a utilização de tal método na argumentação judicial passa a ser vista de forma recorrente, o Tribunal deve primeiro ter clareza de seus elementos quando pretende invocá-lo em suas decisões e até mesmo firmeza da utilidade de seu uso quanto a esses direitos. Ainda, tem-se que o transplante de métodos de revisão judicial dos direitos de defesa para os direitos sociais merece estudo específico, tanto em relação à concepção desses direitos quanto à possível aplicabilidade da proporcionalidade, pois as diferenças entre eles apontam que nem sempre ambos os direitos comportarão argumentações idênticas para os problemas que enfrentam. / This research aims to analyze the use of the proportionality method for deciding social rights questions. Thus, the proportionality was related before only to prohibition of excessive state actions (Übermaßverbot), begins to have its other face recognized, called prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions (Untermaßverbot). The legislator and administrator now have their actions bounded by the prohibition of \"excessive intervention\" and by the imposing of \"intervention to protection\" rights. The unusual term refers to the judicial control of the omissions of the legislator and administrator, in so far as guides their activity of conformation and implementation of social rights. The few studies on the doctrine did not allowed the development of the method regarding the social rights in Brazil, notwithstanding the fact that the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court uses proportionality as prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions in some of its decisions, especially recently. But if the use of such a method in the judicial argumentation starts to be seen recurrently, the Court must first get clear of its elements when intends to invoke it in their decisions and even firmness of utility of its use regarding such rights. Also, the transplantation of judicial review methods of defense rights for social rights deserves a specific study, both in relation to the understanding of these rights and in relation to the possible applicability of proportionality, cause the differences between them suggest that not always both rights shall include arguments identical to the problems they face.

<p>Den här uppsatsen är en studie om föräldrar och föräldraskap. Vårt syfte med studien är att se hur företrädare för två instanser gör bedömningar av föräldrar som anses brista i sin omsorgsförmåga. De valda instanserna är en myndighetsinstans och en utförarinstans. Våra frågor i studien är: hur beskriver de nämnda organisationerna ett gott föräldraskap/ föräldraförmåga? Vilka faktorer vägs in i bedömningen av föräldraförmågan? Vilka riktlinjer/ arbetsmodeller utgår organisationerna ifrån? I vilken utsträckning samverkar organisationerna kring stöd och bedömning? Det här är en empirisk studie, där vi har intervjuat företrädare för två instanser, totalt fyra grup-per. Vi har använt hermeneutisk tolkning för att se på det empiriska materialet. Vår analys är grundad utifrån systemteori, intersektionalitet och samverkansteori. Begreppen vi undersökt är gott föräldraskap och tillräckligt bra. Synen på begreppet tillräckligt bra/ good enough varierade beroende på om de var på svenska eller engelska. Överlag är gott föräldraskap när den känslo-mässiga och fysiska omsorgen står i relation till barnets behov. Resultatet som vi kommit fram till är att dessa två instanser har samsyn kring de begrepp som vi undersökt. Vidare beskriver denna studie förutsättningarna för samverkan samt betydelsen av att sträva mot ett gemensamt språk. Vår slutsats är att dessa begrepp, framförallt tillräckligt bra, är väldigt subjektiva och att det är svårt att skriva ner kriterier. Detta beror på att det handlar om människor. Vidare visar denna studie även att instanserna samverkar med varandra kring männi-skor. I diskussionsdelen beskrivs det socialpedagogiska förhållningssättet som inkluderar det salutoge-na perspektivet, intersektionalitet och empowerment.</p> / <p>This paper is a study about parents and parenting. Our purpose with this study is to see how rep-resentatives from two authorities make valuation of parents that lack parenting skills. The chosen authorities are an authority and one performer of task. Our questions are: defined by the authori-ties – what do good parenting mean? Which factors are considered in an assessment of parents? What kind of guidelines/ work models do the organisations have? To what extent do these two authorities collaborate around support and assessment? This is an empirical study, were we have interviewed representatives from two authorities, in total four groups. We have used hermeneutic interpretation to look at the empirical material. Our analy-sis is built on the system theory, intersectional analysis and collaboration theory. The terms we examined were good parenting and good enough. The view of the term good enough depended on if the term was in Swedish or in English. Overall, good parenting is when the emotional and physical care is in relation to the needs of the child. The result we found was that these two authorities share the same view on the terms that we ex-amine. Further on we describe the condition for collaboration and the meaning of reaching for the same “language”. Our conclusion is that these terms, especially good enough, is very subjective and that it´s hard to write down criteria’s. This because it´s all about people. This study also shows that the authorities work together around people. In the discussion describes the social pedagogues’ approach that includes a salutogen perspective, intersectional analysis and empowerment.</p>