Den här uppsatsen är en studie om föräldrar och föräldraskap. Vårt syfte med studien är att se hur företrädare för två instanser gör bedömningar av föräldrar som anses brista i sin omsorgsförmåga. De valda instanserna är en myndighetsinstans och en utförarinstans. Våra frågor i studien är: hur beskriver de nämnda organisationerna ett gott föräldraskap/ föräldraförmåga? Vilka faktorer vägs in i bedömningen av föräldraförmågan? Vilka riktlinjer/ arbetsmodeller utgår organisationerna ifrån? I vilken utsträckning samverkar organisationerna kring stöd och bedömning? Det här är en empirisk studie, där vi har intervjuat företrädare för två instanser, totalt fyra grup-per. Vi har använt hermeneutisk tolkning för att se på det empiriska materialet. Vår analys är grundad utifrån systemteori, intersektionalitet och samverkansteori. Begreppen vi undersökt är gott föräldraskap och tillräckligt bra. Synen på begreppet tillräckligt bra/ good enough varierade beroende på om de var på svenska eller engelska. Överlag är gott föräldraskap när den känslo-mässiga och fysiska omsorgen står i relation till barnets behov. Resultatet som vi kommit fram till är att dessa två instanser har samsyn kring de begrepp som vi undersökt. Vidare beskriver denna studie förutsättningarna för samverkan samt betydelsen av att sträva mot ett gemensamt språk. Vår slutsats är att dessa begrepp, framförallt tillräckligt bra, är väldigt subjektiva och att det är svårt att skriva ner kriterier. Detta beror på att det handlar om människor. Vidare visar denna studie även att instanserna samverkar med varandra kring männi-skor. I diskussionsdelen beskrivs det socialpedagogiska förhållningssättet som inkluderar det salutoge-na perspektivet, intersektionalitet och empowerment. / This paper is a study about parents and parenting. Our purpose with this study is to see how rep-resentatives from two authorities make valuation of parents that lack parenting skills. The chosen authorities are an authority and one performer of task. Our questions are: defined by the authori-ties – what do good parenting mean? Which factors are considered in an assessment of parents? What kind of guidelines/ work models do the organisations have? To what extent do these two authorities collaborate around support and assessment? This is an empirical study, were we have interviewed representatives from two authorities, in total four groups. We have used hermeneutic interpretation to look at the empirical material. Our analy-sis is built on the system theory, intersectional analysis and collaboration theory. The terms we examined were good parenting and good enough. The view of the term good enough depended on if the term was in Swedish or in English. Overall, good parenting is when the emotional and physical care is in relation to the needs of the child. The result we found was that these two authorities share the same view on the terms that we ex-amine. Further on we describe the condition for collaboration and the meaning of reaching for the same “language”. Our conclusion is that these terms, especially good enough, is very subjective and that it´s hard to write down criteria’s. This because it´s all about people. This study also shows that the authorities work together around people. In the discussion describes the social pedagogues’ approach that includes a salutogen perspective, intersectional analysis and empowerment.

Peu de femmes atteignent la recommandation internationale d’un allaitement exclusif d’une durée minimale de 6 mois malgré ses nombreux bienfaits pour l’enfant et pour la mère. Une raison fréquemment mentionnée pour la cessation précoce de l’allaitement ou l’introduction de préparations commerciales pour nourrissons est l’insuffisance de lait. L’origine de cette perception maternelle demeure toujours inexpliquée bien que sa prévalence dans les écrits soit bien documentée. L’insuffisance lactée relève-t-elle de pratiques d’allaitement qui contreviennent au processus physiologique de la lactation ou relève-t-elle d’un manque de confiance maternelle dans sa capacité d’allaiter? Une meilleure compréhension des déterminants de la perception d’insuffisance lactée (PIL) s’avère primordiale, un manque d’interventions infirmières permettant de prévenir, dépister et soutenir les femmes allaitant percevant une insuffisance lactée ayant été identifié. Cette étude visait à déterminer l’apport explicatif de variables biologiques et psychosociales de 252 femmes primipares allaitant sur une PIL. Une modélisation de facteurs associés à la PIL a été développée à l’aide de l’approche synthèse théorique comportant les variables suivantes: les événements entourant la naissance, les capacités infantiles et maternelles, la supplémentation, le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement, la PIL et les pratiques d’allaitement. Afin de mieux comprendre comment se développe et évolue la PIL, un devis prédictif confirmatif longitudinal a été privilégié de la naissance à la 6e semaine postnatale. Au T1, soit le premier 24 heures suivant la naissance, les participantes ont complété un questionnaire concernant leur intention d’initier et de maintenir un allaitement exclusif pour une durée de 6 mois. Au T2, soit la 3e journée postpartum, les femmes complétaient un 2e questionnaire regroupant les différentes mesures utilisées pour l’étude des variables de la modélisation PIL, incluant le prélèvement d’un échantillon de lait maternel. À la 2e semaine, soit le T3, les femmes complétaient un questionnaire similaire à celui du T2, lequel était envoyé par la poste. Finalement, au T4, soit à la 6e semaine, une entrevue téléphonique semi-dirigée concernant les pratiques d’allaitement a été réalisée. La vérification des hypothèses s’est faite principalement à l’aide de tests de corrélations de Pearson, d’analyses de régressions et d’équations structurelles. Les résultats indiquent une influence simultanée des capacités infantiles et du sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement sur la PIL au T2 et au T3; le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement exerçant de surcroit un effet médiateur entre les capacités infantiles et la perception d’insuffisance lactée au T2 et au T3. Au T2, la fréquence des tétées est associée à une diminution du taux de Na+ du lait maternel, marqueur biologique de l’établissement de la lactogenèse II. Des interventions ciblant le développement d’un sentiment maternel élevé d’efficacité en allaitement devraient être privilégiées. / Few mothers achieved the international recommendation of 6 months exclusive breastfeeding even though it’s numerous benefits both for mother and baby. Perceived insufficient milk (PIM) is a frequent reason reported by mother for stopping breastfeeding or introducing commercial milk products, especially in the first 6 weeks. Although consensus about its prevalence exists in the literature, the origin of this perception is still unexplained. Does PIM result from breastfeeding mismanagement which interferes with lactation physiologic processes or does it results from a lack of maternal confidence? This critical gap in the knowledge of determinants of PIM limits nursing intervention development. The aim of this study is to determine the relative contribution of biological and psychological variables on PIM among a group mother’s 1st time breastfeeding. To allow a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of PIM, a predictive confirmative longitudinal design was implemented from birth to 6th week postnatal. PIM model was developed through theory synthesis and include the following key variables: birth events, infant capacities, maternal capacities, supplementation, breastfeeding self-efficacy, perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding practices. This study’s sample consisted of 252 breastfeeding 1st time mothers that were contacted at 4 points in time. At T1, the first 24 hours following birth, the participants completed a questionnaire related to their intention to initiate and maintain 6 months exclusive breastfeeding. At T2 of the study, on the 3rd day postpartum, the women completed a 2nd questionnaire regrouping the different measures used for the PIM model key variables and hand-expressed breast milk sample. On the 2nd week, T3, the women completed a questionnaire comparable to the one at T2, which was sent by mail. Lastly, the 4th study time, at the 6th week, a semi-directed telephone interview was done regarding their breastfeeding practices. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations, ascendant logistic regressions and SEM. The results suggest a simultaneous influence of infant capacities and breastfeeding self-efficacy on PIM on T2 and T3; breastfeeding self-efficacy exerting a mediating effect in between infant capacities and PIM at both T2 and T3. At T2, breastfeeding frequency was associated with a fall in Na+ breastmilk, indicating establishment of lactogenesis II. Interventions towards increasing breastfeeding self-efficacy should be developed.

The birth of a non-racial democracy in South Africa brought many challenges such as the supply of potable water to all societies irrespective of their colour or even location. Migration of people from rural to urban has increased the demand of potable water supply in many areas that were previously neglected by the former Apartheid regime. The increase of the human population in urban or developing areas of South Africa will therefore imply that various public services such as potable water supply, proper housing, electricity supply, schooling and basic health facilities should be provided in an efficient, effective and economic manner. As the resident of Khuma Township, the researcher has a keen interest in the management of potable water supply in this area, inter alia, the nature and extent of the physical environment and the efficiency and effectiveness of a potable water supply as a means of improving service delivery by the Matlosana Local Municipality to Khuma Township. The area has the history of gold mining and the majority of the people from other rural areas and neighbouring states moved into this area and were later joined by their families. This resulted in an increase in the population to a point where people were placed in dangerous areas such as underlying dolomite and along the Koekemoer spruit. For example, extension 6 is known to experience sinkholes due to underground mining activities and the underline dolomite rock. The population has increased in Khuma Township to such an extent that a shortage of potable water supply is been experienced. Khuma Township had one water reservoir for the past 40 years and Matlosana Local Municipality did not improve or developed infrastructure related to potable water supply to be able to cater for the increasing population of this area. An empirical study was conducted in among the residents of Khuma Township, Matlosana Local Municipality and role-players in the management of potable water supply. From this study, it was evident that the supply of potable water in Khuma Township is insufficient, and there was poor communication, cooperation and participation between Matlosana Local Municipality and the residents of Khuma Township. The ineffective management of potable water supply in Khuma Township by the Matlosana Local Municipality as well as ignoring the significance of settling people in a safe area that is free from water pollution, sinkholes and underlying dolomite rock left a lot to be desired. The researcher arrived at logical conclusions and recommendations with regard to all aspects related to future management of potable water supply in Khuma Township. / M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study investigated the factors affecting the teaching of English reading skills in a second language of Grade 3 learners in three primary schools, in Ongwediva town of Oshana Regional Education Directorate in Northern Namibia. It also investigated methods and approaches that were used to promote the teaching of reading in English as a second language and the linguistic environment of the classroom in which the teaching of reading occurs. Classroom environments were observed and telephonic interview was conducted with the circuit inspector of the three schools selected. Individual interviews were also done with the principals, Grade 3 teachers and Grade 3 learners of the three chosen schools. Focus group interview was also done with the same Grade 3 teachers. This study found out that insufficient reading books, poor teaching methods, insufficient teachers’ and learners’ interactions and overcrowded classrooms were some of the factors that made the teaching of reading unsuccessful. From the interviews of the circuit inspector, principals and teachers it was revealed that inadequate teacher training workshops for teachers teaching English reading, lack of parental involvement, low budget allocation to Primary Education and lack of reading capacity in vernacular affected the teaching of reading negatively. The outcome of learners’ interviews indicated that phonemic awareness and lack of comprehension created reading problems. Given the factors referred above, it is recommended that more interesting readers should be purchased to solve the shortage of reading materials. In addition, more effective teachers’ workshops should be given to strengthen the teachers’ approaches to reading skills development for Grade 3 learners. / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Early Childhood Development) / Educational Studies

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o uso do método da proporcionalidade para decidir questões acerca de direitos sociais. Nesse sentido, antes relacionada somente à proibição do excesso (Übermaßverbot), a proporcionalidade passa a ter reconhecida sua outra face, denominada proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente (Untermaßverbot). O legislador e o administrador passam a ter suas ações balizadas pela proibição do excesso de intervenção e pela imposição da intervenção para proteção de direitos. O termo pouco usual se refere ao controle judicial das omissões do legislador e administrador, na medida em que orienta a atividade deles quando da conformação e implementação dos direitos sociais. Os escassos estudos na doutrina não permitiram o desenvolvimento do método em relação aos direitos sociais no Brasil, em que pese a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal se utilizar da proporcionalidade como proibição da proteção insuficiente ou deficiente em alguns de seus julgados, especialmente em época recente. Mas se a utilização de tal método na argumentação judicial passa a ser vista de forma recorrente, o Tribunal deve primeiro ter clareza de seus elementos quando pretende invocá-lo em suas decisões e até mesmo firmeza da utilidade de seu uso quanto a esses direitos. Ainda, tem-se que o transplante de métodos de revisão judicial dos direitos de defesa para os direitos sociais merece estudo específico, tanto em relação à concepção desses direitos quanto à possível aplicabilidade da proporcionalidade, pois as diferenças entre eles apontam que nem sempre ambos os direitos comportarão argumentações idênticas para os problemas que enfrentam. / This research aims to analyze the use of the proportionality method for deciding social rights questions. Thus, the proportionality was related before only to prohibition of excessive state actions (Übermaßverbot), begins to have its other face recognized, called prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions (Untermaßverbot). The legislator and administrator now have their actions bounded by the prohibition of \"excessive intervention\" and by the imposing of \"intervention to protection\" rights. The unusual term refers to the judicial control of the omissions of the legislator and administrator, in so far as guides their activity of conformation and implementation of social rights. The few studies on the doctrine did not allowed the development of the method regarding the social rights in Brazil, notwithstanding the fact that the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court uses proportionality as prohibition of lacking or insufficient state actions in some of its decisions, especially recently. But if the use of such a method in the judicial argumentation starts to be seen recurrently, the Court must first get clear of its elements when intends to invoke it in their decisions and even firmness of utility of its use regarding such rights. Also, the transplantation of judicial review methods of defense rights for social rights deserves a specific study, both in relation to the understanding of these rights and in relation to the possible applicability of proportionality, cause the differences between them suggest that not always both rights shall include arguments identical to the problems they face.

The diploma thesis deals with unrealised projects of new buildings or refurbishments of libraries in the Czech Republic. It is notionally split into two parts. The theoretical part contains the reasons, why to build library buildings today and actual requierements on these specific kind of buildings. The most important czech and foreign documents on this topic are presented. One specific part is dealing with funding of library high-priced projects and also examples of successfull projects. The main focus of work is a summary of six public libraries focussed on their poor space conditions. After this, gathered data are equated with each other, with recommended values in Standard of Public Information Library Services and with comparable data of libraries placed in new or reconstructed buildings. In conclusion, the author questions subjectively the future of these six libraries. Part of the thesis is also extensive supplement with photos and graphic visualizations of unrealised projects.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / This study is about an investigation into the provisioning of water and sanitation services in Ga-Kgapane Township in the Limpopo Province. Since the year 2002, the residents of Ga-Kgapane Township live without sufficient water supply services. Residents receive tap water once a week and they depend on supply from water tankers for the rest of the week. This township has a water borne sewage system and most of the households have indoor toilets. The study used a mixed method because it had incorporated both elements of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in its approaches. The research instruments such as semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, documentary data extraction and observations were used to collect information. The study’s sample size comprised of 77 key participants and informants from Mopani District Municipality (Water Services Authority); Lepelle-Northern Water Board (implementing agency and bulk water supplier); Greater Letaba Municipality (Water Service Provider); Ward Councillors and community members (endusers). The research findings revealed that Ga-Kgapane Township’s water and sanitation provision challenges are due to insufficient or lack of water, poor water management and poor governance. It was also discovered that the MDM and GLM have failed to translate the rights to water and sanitation into law, policy, budget and service provision for the Ga-Kgapane Township residents. The insufficient water supply challenge resulted in some community members migrating to other areas where there is better basic service provision. The residents failed to exploit the economic development opportunities which resulted in health risks as they were exposed to danger due to burst sewer pipes which spewed raw sewerage water on the streets. The sewage contaminated the township’s natural streams. This study’s findings could form a basis for future research on the effectiveness of the MDM’s Water Services Provision Agreement which was signed with the district’s local municipalities. The Mopani District Municipality has for many years v received undesired audit opinions ranging from ‘Adverse to Disclaimer’ notices. This affects the local municipalities too as they are all qualified-on water transactions. As part of the recommendations, the study proposed that the Greater Letaba Municipality should utilise the Intergovernmental Relations Forum to address the plight of the provision of water and sanitation services in Ga-Kgapane Township.

La perception d’insuffisance lactée (PIL) est la première raison à travers le monde pour laquelle les mères cessent d’allaiter. La PIL est associée au niveau du sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement (SMEA), lequel est entre autres influencé par la persuasion verbale. Basé sur le cadre théorique du SMEA de Dennis (1999), le but de cette étude de cas multiples était d’explorer l’influence de la persuasion verbale des personnes significatives sur le SMEA, lequel influence la PIL et la poursuite de l’allaitement. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées trois mois après le début de l’expérience d’allaitement de cinq mères primipares, ayant poursuivi l’allaitement malgré une PIL. À la suite d’une analyse de contenu, les résultats ont montré que le deuxième mois constituait un moment clé dans le rehaussement du SMEA, favorisé par une meilleure compréhension des comportements infantiles. L’expérience acquise semble avoir limité l’influence des commentaires dissuasifs reçus des grands-mères. En offrant leur réassurance, notamment au sujet de la production lactée, la persuasion verbale de femmes détenant une expérience positive d’allaitement avait une influence positive. En contrepartie, la persuasion verbale des professionnels de la santé, tels que les conseillères en lactation et les infirmières, avait une influence négative lorsque ceux-ci manifestaient leurs préoccupations à l’égard du poids de l’enfant et suggéraient l’utilisation du tire-lait. À la lumière de ces résultats, les professionnels de la santé doivent améliorer leurs habiletés à transmettre les informations entourant la prise de poids et à encourager l’allaitement directement au sein. / Across the world, the main reason for breastfeeding cessation is perceived insufficient milk (PIM). The level of maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE), which is influenced, among other factors, by verbal persuasion, affects PIM. This study aims to explore the influence verbal persuasion from significant people holds over BSE, which in turn has an impact on PIM and maintaining breastfeeding. A multiple case study was carried out in order to deepen the understanding around PIM. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five primiparous mothers three months after they began breastfeeding, and who maintained breastfeeding despite experiencing PIM. Following a content analysis, the results showed that second month was a key moment in the enhancement of BSE, favored by a better understanding of childhood behaviors. Experience seems to have limited the influence of dissuasive comments from the grandmother. By the reassurance offered, especially about milk production, verbal persuasion received from women with positive breastfeeding experiences had a positive influence. In return, verbal persuasion from health professionals, like IBCLC and nurses, had negative influence when they were expressing worries regarding the infant’s weight and was suggesting to use breast pumps. The results suggest that health professionals need to improve their ability to convey information regarding infant weight and should encourage breastfeeding directly to the breast.

The academic challenges faced by pregnant and nursing students in Zimbabwe do not seem to attract the attention of scholars. This study focused on the educational challenges faced by pregnant and nursing adult learners at Morgenster Teachers‟ College, a tertiary education institution. Participants‟ perceptions of the academic challenges they faced were established through the use of a qualitative methodology in which the semi-structured interview was the dominant data collection method. Non-participant observation and document analysis were employed to complement the dominant method. The findings indicated that the academic challenges faced by mothering adult learners are related to physical problems, social relationships, inadequate financial resources and administrative problems. The study revealed that such students develop strategies to alleviate some of the educational challenges they face. In view of the findings, recommendations are made to improve the learning environment of mothering students and for further research to address the problem. / M. Ed. (Adult Education) / Educational Studies

Esta dissertação trata da regulamentação legal insuficiente do direito social fundamental ao benefício de prestação continuada - BPC (artigo 203, V, da Constituição Federal de 1988), estampada na regra do artigo 20, §3º, da Lei 8.742/93 (critério da renda per capita familiar ou critério econômico de concessão). Estuda a viabilidade, sob o aspecto jurídico, da aplicação da regra do artigo 34, parágrafo único, da Lei 10.741/03, como parâmetro objetivo complementar e propõe a extensão possível de aplicação desse dispositivo legal. Indica, também, considerando como necessário o diálogo do direito com outros ramos científicos, alguns caminhos possíveis para futuros estudos que tenham como objeto a atividade de criação de um novo critério de concessão do BPC. O presente estudo se desenvolveu, preponderantemente, mediante exame bibliográfico, com prevalência do raciocínio dedutivo. Compreendeu, também, análise de decisões judiciais, a qual foi enquadrada como qualitativa documental (tida como modalidade metodologicamente mais flexível de pesquisa empírica). Partiu-se de uma abordagem metodológica que compreende a dogmática jurídica como constituída por três dimensões: analítica, empírica e normativa. / This thesis discusses the insufficient legal regulation in the context of the fundamental social right to the benefit of continued support - CBC (Article 203, V, of the Federal Constitution of 1988), set forth in the rule provided by Article 20, §3°, of Law 8,742/93 (per capita income standard or economic criteria of concession). It also seeks to study the legal aspects related to the viability of the application of the rule set forth in Article 34, sole paragraph, of Law 10,741/03, as a complementary objective parameter, as well as proposes a possible extension of the enforcement of such legal provision. In addition, and considering as necessary the dialog between law and the other scientific fields, it also indicates possible paths for future studies that target the creation of a new concession criteria for the CBC. The study was developed based on the review of bibliographic material, with prevalence of the deductive reasoning. It also comprehends the review of court precedents, which were classified as documental qualitative (considered as a more flexible methodological modality of empirical research). The methodological approach used comprehends the legal dogmatic as formed by three dimensions: analytical, empirical and normative.