Considerable evidence supports anandamide (AEA) as an important mediator in the regulation of nausea and vomiting. The present study investigates the effect of inhibiting a protein reported to mediate AEA transport, FLAT (FAAH-1-like AEA transporter), on nausea and vomiting and the neural correlates of AEA regulated nausea in the visceral insular cortex (VIC). The systemic administration of the AEA transport inhibitor ARN272 was evaluated in LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats, and vomiting in shrews. The effect of intra-cranial administration of ARN272 into the VIC was also investigated using LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats. Systemic administration of ARN272 dose-dependently suppressed LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats, and was reversed by CB1 receptor antagonism with SR141716. Systemic administration of ARN272 also attenuated vomiting in shrews. Delivery of ARN272 into the VIC produced no effect on LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats. These results suggest that preventing the cellular reuptake of AEA through transport inhibition tonically activates CB1 receptors to regulate toxin-induced nausea, but that this is not AEA regulated within the VIC. / This research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-92057) to LAP.

Les Antilles françaises constituent un contexte qui est à appréhender sous les différents traits qui les caractérisent : une approche géologique et géographique, historique et économique, géopolitique ou encore, ethnique et linguistique, culturelle et magico-religieuse. Une prégnance émane de ce lieu et se fait ressentir dans les arts plastiques : le fragment et le manque.Les démarches de six artistes, concernés par cette étude, s’inscrivent dans ce contexte insulaire. Ils transposent dans leurs œuvres, selon différentes modalités, les problématiques qui préoccupent l’Archipel des Antilles. Trois artistes de la Guadeloupe : Michel Rovelas, Christian Bracy, François Piquet, et trois artistes de la Martinique : Ernest Breleur, Christian Bertin, Chantal Charron, sont étudiés, et leurs travaux analysés selon leurs données plastiques, iconiques, procédurales et sémantiques. Ces plasticiens qui prennent des libertés vis-à-vis des codes traditionnels de la représentation, abandonnent le principe d’imitation de la réalité. Ils privilégient une esthétique du fragment dont le déclencheur est la blès (blesse), l’insondable blessure historique. Le corps archipélique, à l’insulaire structure, en est l’objet et le sujet d’expression. Il est la figure métaphorique du monde créole.Ces « renifleur[s] d’existence »1 effectuent un travail de mémoire et d’identité dont les fondations résident dans une accumulation de faits tragiques et troublants : la traite, l’esclavage, la période coloniale, la départementalisation. Il s’agit d’une mémoire lacunaire que l’art tend à sonder. / The French West Indies constructs a context which has to be apprehended from different characteristics: a geological and geographical approach, as well as a historical, economic, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic, cultural and magico-religious approach. A resonance emanates from this place which is felt in the plastic arts: fragment and incompleteness.The approaches of six artists involved in this study subscribe to this insular context. They transpose into their works, according to different modalities, the problems that concern the French West Indies archipelago. Three artists from Guadeloupe: Michel Rovelas, Christian Bracy, François Piquet, and three artists from Martinique: Ernest Breleur, Christian Bertin, Chantal Charron, are studied, and their work analyzed according to their plastic arts, iconic, procedural and semantic information.These plastic artists, who take liberties with respect to the traditional codes of representation, abandon the principle of imitation of reality. They favor an aesthetic of “the fragment” whose generator is “la blès” (wound), the unfathomable historical wound. The archipelagic body, with an insular structure is the object and the subject of expression. It is the metaphorical figure of the Creole world.These “searchers of existence”1 perform a work of memory and identity whose foundations lie in an accumulation of tragic and disturbing facts: slave trade, slavery, the colonial period and departmentalization. It is therefore an incomplete memory that art tends to grasp.

O preá Cavia intermedia (Rodentia: Caviidae), uma espécie recém descrita encontrada exclusivamente no Arquipélago Moleques do Sul, em Santa Catarina, está entre os mamíferos mais raros do planeta. Esta espécie se diferencia de outros preás por características genéticas e morfológicas, muitas delas decorrentes de sua adaptação ao ambiente insular. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter dados comportamentais, tomados dentro da necessária matriz ecológica, para o conhecimento da organização social, distribuição espacial e uso dos recursos em C. intermedia. Nossa abordagem utilizou dados existentes de C. magna e C. aperea para situar os resultados em um contexto comparativo, ressaltando possíveis efeitos do isolamento em ambiente insular. Realizamos 25 viagens mensais à ilha, entre novembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2009, com cerca de oito dias cada. Utilizamos 49 armadilhas em um programa de captura-recaptura, no qual os animais foram marcados, medidos, pesados e conferidos quanto ao seu estado reprodutivo. A observação comportamental foi realizada em turnos de duas horas (scans a cada um minuto) em três áreas de grande avistamento de preás (Clareira da barraca, Campinho I e Campinho II), em um total de 636,7 h. Dos 132 indivíduos capturados, 118 foram marcados, sendo 71 machos e 47 fêmeas. A população foi composta em sua maior parte por indivíduos adultos, os quais possuem alta longevidade. Há maturação sexual tardia em relação às espécies preás do continente, além de uma redução no tamanho da ninhada (apenas um filhote). Os nascimentos se concentraram nos meses quentes e chuvosos, cessando em meses frios e com pouca chuva, quando os animais sofrem com a escassez de alimentos. O repertório comportamental de C. intermedia é rico e semelhante em sua forma geral ao de C. aperea, com diferenças em poucas categorias. O hábito alimentar se mostrou herbívoro generalista e dependente dos recursos alimentares disponíveis em cada uma das áreas amostradas, nas quais preás diferentes foram observados. As agregações dentro de cada área se mostraram fluídas, inexistindo territórios, mas encontramos algumas associações entre machos e fêmeas mais duradouras, além de uma hierarquia de dominância entre machos e entre fêmeas. O aumento no número de indivíduos capturados ao longo dos meses revelou um aprendizado por parte dos preás e a maior captura de machos em relação a fêmeas sugere que haja estratégias comportamentais diferentes nos dois sexos. Nossos resultados monstraram que C. intermedia possui diversas características comuns a outras espécies de roedores insulares (população com indivíduos mais velhos, alta longevidade, maturação sexual tardia e redução da ninhada, resposta anti-predatória reduzida, inexistência de territórios, aumento na tolerância a coespecíficos e na freqüência de interações), fruto de adaptações ao ambiente insular. Por outro lado, características como repertório comportamental, aspectos fisiológicos da reprodução e hábito alimentar se mostraram conservadas ao longo da evolução, sendo comuns a outras espécies de preás do continente / The Cavia intermedia cavy (Rodentia: Caviidae) a newly described species exclusively found in the Moleques do Sul Archipelago in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil is one of the rarest mammals on the planet. This species is differentiated from other cavies on the basis of its genetic and morphologic characteristics, several of them resulting from its adaptation to an island environment. The objective of this research was to obtain behavioral data taken from within the required ecological matrix to shed light into the social organization, spatial distribution and resource use of the C. intermedia. Our approach used existing data for C. magna and C. aperea to frame results into a comparative context, highlighting possible effects from being cut off in an island environment. We have done 25 monthly trips to the island, of approximately 8 days each, between November 2007 and December 2009. We have used 49 traps for a capture-recapture program in which the animals where tagged, measured, weighted and checked for reproductive state. The behavioral observation took place in two-hour rounds (with intervals scans of one minute) in three areas of frequent cavy sightings (Clareira da barraca, Campinho I and Campinho II) totaling 636,7 hours. Out of the 132 individuals captured, 118 were tagged: 71 males and 47 females. This population was composed mostly of adults which had a long lifespan. There was a delayed sexual maturity in this population when compared to the mainland cavy species, as well as a reduction in litter size. Births were concentrated during the warm and rainy months and halted during the cold and dry months, when the animals struggled with food scarcity. The behavioral repertoire of C. intermedia is rich and generally similar to C. apereas, differing in only a few categories. Their feeding habits matched those of a generalist herbivore and depended on the food sources available in each one of the surveyed areas. The gatherings within each area proved to be fluid, without territorial definitions, however we have observed a few longer-term male-female pairings, besides a dominance hierarchy among males and females. The increase in number of captured individuals over the months indicates that the population became aware of and used to the capture process. Besides, the increase in number of males captured in relation to females signals at gender-specific behavioral strategies. Our results show that the C. intermedia has several characteristics in common with other species of island rodents due to adaptations to island life: older population, longer lifespan, late sexual maturity and reduced litter size in response to reduced predatory activity, lack of territories, increase tolerance with coespecific and increase in interactions. On the other hand, certain characteristics such as behavioral repertoire, physiological aspects in reproduction and feeding habits remained the same throughout the evolutionary process, being shared with other cavy species from the mainland

This thesis aims to analyze the inclusion of tourism in the islands Brazil, drawing on a case study on the Ilha dos Marinheiros Rio Grande / RS, which occurred after the work of connecting the bridge to the mainland in 2004 . To achieve this goal, the research was divided into four stages. The first stage of the research is aimed at the definition of the materials and methods that were applied to the survey data required for the study. The second stage was dedicated to collect data in the field seeking acknowledgment of the study area and the approach to the local reality. During the second stage was also performed most of the literature review which allowed the theoretical foundations of the research. The main issues are: the history and transformation of culture and the Ilha dos Marinheiros, the genesis, evolution and delimitation of tourism; targeting this activity and characterization of tourism in the islands Brazil. The third and final stage of the research results obtained during organizing an exhibition of tourism in island environments of the parents and an analysis of this activity on the Ilha dos Marinheiros. / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a inserção da atividade turística em ilhas do Brasil, valendo-se de um estudo de caso na Ilha dos Marinheiros Rio Grande/RS. Para atingir este objetivo, a pesquisa foi divida em três etapas. A primeira foi destinada à definição dos materiais e métodos que foram aplicados nos levantamentos dos dados necessários ao estudo. A segunda etapa foi dedicada ao levantamento dos dados em campo objetivando o reconhecimento da área em estudo e a aproximação com a realidade local. No decorrer da segunda etapa foi realizada também a maior parte da revisão bibliográfica que possibilitou as bases teóricas da pesquisa. Entre os principais temas estão: a história e transformação da cultura e do espaço da Ilha dos Marinheiros; a gênese, evolução e delimitação da atividade turística; a segmentação desta atividade e a caracterização do turismo em ilhas do Brasil. Na terceira e última etapa da pesquisa é apresentado os resultados obtidos no decorrer realizando uma exposição do turismo em ambientes insulares do país e uma análise desta atividade na Ilha dos Marinheiros.

La résistance aux insecticides est un phénomène naturel d'adaptation des insectes. Lorsqu'elle apparaît dans une population de vecteur, elle compromet les interventions de lutte anti-vectorielle, et limite les possibilités de contrôle des agents pathogènes qu'ils transmettent. La résistance aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs est largement répandue de par le monde, et on la retrouve notamment dans les territoires insulaires. Cependant, l'isolement géographique des îles influe sur la présence et la distribution des allèles de résistance. En travaillant sur quatre espèces de moustiques dans plusieurs contextes insulaires, nous nous sommes attachés à (i) évaluer les niveaux de résistance et à caractériser les mécanismes impliqués, (ii) identifier les facteurs, contextuels et/ou évolutifs, expliquant la présence et la distribution des gènes de résistance chez certaines de ces espèces, et (iii) évaluer de nouveaux outils de lutte pouvant être mis en place dans le contexte insulaire particulier que représente Mayotte. Nos résultats montrent une forte résistance de Culex p. quinquefasciatus à toutes les familles d'insecticides utilisées jusqu'à présent dans l'Océan Indien. Cependant, la distribution de ces mécanismes de résistance a présenté une forte hétérogénéité régionale, les allèles de résistance n'étant pas présents dans toutes les îles et/ou pas aux mêmes fréquences. De plus, à une échelle plus locale sur l'île de Mayotte, il existe de fortes disparités entre les espèces étudiées en terme de résistance. Ces différences inter-espèces, intra-île et inter-îles sont discutées en fonction de l'influence des pressions de sélections locales et de leurs sources, et du coût génétique des différents allèles présents. Des propositions d'évolution des pratiques de lutte à Mayotte sont énoncées, intégrant les nouveaux outils que nous avons évalués sur le terrain. / Insecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field.

No description available.

No description available.

L'étalement urbain et le transport sont deux problématiques prépondérantes à La Réunion. Dans un contexte de forte croissance démographique où le million démographique est prévu pour 2030, la question de l'occupation du sol devient primordiale. Le relief réunionnais présentant des spécificités telles, que presque deux tiers de l'île sont indisponibles à l'urbanisation, la problématique de l'étalement urbain devient de plus en plus importante. Dans le même temps, le réseau routier réunionnais, limité également par le relief, est déjà saturé et la problématique transport occupe une grande place dans les préoccupations en matière d'aménagement, à l'exemple de la Route du Littoral. Ainsi, cette relation transport et aménagement est particulièrement importante. Cette thèse propose ainsi de découvrir, à l'échelle des aires urbaines, les différentes formes d'étalement urbain visibles à la Réunion et s'interrogeant sur d'éventuelles similarités avec des territoires non limités par le relief. En effet, une question est posée : le milieu insulaire favorise-t-il des formes d'étalement spécifiques ? De même, la relation entre transport et étalement urbain est mise en exergue à travers les exemples des trois principales aires urbaines de l'Île : Saint-Denis, Saint-Paul- Le Port et Saint-Pierre. A partir de leur évolution depuis 1990 nous proposons quelques scénarios d'évolution qui permettent d'alerter sur la nécessité d'une approche transport-urbanisme dans les futurs projets d'aménagement de l'Île de La Réunion. / Urban sprawl and transport are two dominating problems in Reunion Island. In a context of strong population growth where the demographic million is planned for 2030, the question of the land use becomes essential. The relief of the island is so difficult, that almost two-thirds of the island are unavailable to urbanization. Thus, the urban sprawl question is becoming increasingly important. At the same time, the road network of Reunion Island is also limited by the relief and already saturated. The transportation problem occupies an important place in the development concerns, like the Route du Littoral. This interaction between transport and planning is particularly important. This thesis proposes to discover, on the scale of urban areas, various forms of urban sprawl visible in Reunion, and questions on possible similarities with territories not limited by relief. Indeed, a question is raised: do the island environment favors specific forms of urban sprawl? Similarly, the relationship between transport and urban sprawl is highlighted through examples of the three main urban areas of the island: Saint-Denis, Saint-Paul- Le Port and Saint-Pierre. From their evolution since 1990, we offer a few evolution scenarios that allow to alert the need for a transportation-planning in future development projects on the island of Reunion Island.

L’ADHD (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) est une maladie du développement caractérisée par l’impulsivité, l’hyperactivité, et l’inattention. Les voies neuronales impliquées dans ces déficits indiquent des dysfonctionnements dans les réseaux catécholaminergiques frontal-sous-corticaux, impliquant l'innervation dopaminergique et noradrénergique. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence une hypersensibilité à la douleur chez les patients ADHD et soulignent une possible comorbidité entre l’ADHD et la douleur. Cependant, les mécanismes et les circuits neuraux impliqués dans ces interactions sont inconnus. Afin de décrypter cette relation, nous avons généré un modèle ADHD de souris à P5 par une lésion néonatale des voies dopaminergiques centrales avec la 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) et nous avons démontré la validité du modèle pour mimer le syndrome ADHD. Ensuite, nous avons analysé les comportements douloureux dans le modèle de souris 6-OHDA. Ces derniers présentent un abaissement des seuils de la douleur, ce qui suggère que l’ADHD induit une sensibilisation à la douleur (comorbidité ADHD-Douleur). Nous avons confirmé à l’aide d’enregistrements extracellulaires unitaires, que les modifications de la sensibilité à la douleur des souris 6-OHDA sont dues à une augmentation de l’excitabilité des neurones nociceptifs de la moelle épinière. Cette sensibilisation passe donc par une altération de l’intégration sensorielle dans la moelle épinière via la mise en jeu de contrôles descendants. La connectivité "cortex cingulaire antérieur (ACC) – insula postérieur (PI)" est la clé dans cette comorbidité ADHD-douleur, impliquée dans les fonctions exécutives, les émotions et elle envoie aussi des projections vers la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière. En effet, en combinant les analyses électrophysiologiques, optogénétiques et comportementales, nous avons démontré que les effets de l’ADHD sur la sensibilisation douloureuse passent par la mise en jeu de l’ACC et de la voie ACC – PI. En conclusion, nous montrons que les conditions ADHD induisent une hyperactivation des neurones nociceptifs de la moelle épinière et une hypersensibilité à la douleur. Nous suggérons également que le circuit ACC – PI pourrait déclencher un dysfonctionnement des neurones de la moelle épinière sur la douleur dans les conditions ADHD. / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Neural pathways underlying these deficits point to deficits within frontal-subcortical catecholaminergic networks, involving dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervation. Hence, impairment of the dopaminergic neurotransmission is a frequent target of ADHD medication. Low-dose psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MpH) and amphetamines (AMP) are the most widely used treatments of ADHD. Recent evidence pointed to pain hypersensitivity in subjects with ADHD history, and suggests possible comorbidity of ADHD with pain. However, the mechanisms and neural circuits involved in these interactions are unknown. In order to understand this comorbidity, the first objective was to create a good animal model of ADHD. We generated a mouse model at P5 by neonatal disruption of central dopaminergic pathways with 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and we demonstrated the validity of the model to mimic ADHD syndrome. Next, we analyzed nociceptive responses in the 6-OHDA mouse model of ADHD. We found that 6-OHDA mice exhibited a marked decrease of withdrawal thresholds, suggesting that ADHD increase nociceptive sensitivity. Interestingly, by using in vivo electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrated that allodynia and hyperalgesia may be caused by neuronal hyperexcitability in the dorsal spinal cord. Moreover, we found that both lowered wihdrawal threshold and increased activity of nociceptive neurons in ADHD-like mice was not normalized by MpH. We tested the hypothesis that descending controls are responsible for pain alterations through the modulation of spinal circuits. The ‘anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) – posterior insular (PI)’ connectivity is at the cross-road of ADHD and pain, being involved in executive functions and emotions, as well as sending projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. By combining electrophysiological, optogenetic and behavioral analyzes, we have shown that the effects of ADHD on painful sensitization involve the implication of ACC and the ACC - PI pathway. In conclusion, we showed that ADHD conditions induce spinal cord nociceptive neurons hyperactivation and pain hypersensitivity. We also suggest that the ACC - PI circuit may trigger dysfunction of spinal cord neurons in ADHD conditions.

La croissance démographique, l'amélioration de la qualité de vie, et l'intensification des activités énergivores influent fortement sur la demande en énergie au travers de la consommation d'électricité sur un territoire. Le recours aux énergies fossiles constitue la solution la plus adoptée dans les milieux insulaires pour satisfaire cette demande. L'envers de cette méthode réside dans la quantité d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre générée au cours de la production d'énergie et la vulnérabilité de ces territoires. Les politiques actuelles ambitionnent l'atteinte de l'autonomie énergétique dans les milieux insulaires à moyen terme, et favorisent l'utilisation des énergies renouvelables pour restreindre les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ces travaux ont pour objet de quantifier les impacts environnementaux liés à la production d'électricité de La Réunion afin d'établir un diagnostic territorial. À partir de l'Analyse de cycle de vie et suivant les normes ISO 14044, les centrales de production d'électricité du territoire sont évaluées sous différents impacts environnementaux. La démarche adoptée a été de mettre en place un outil d'évaluation adapté à tout territoire, permettant d'identifier les étapes et les processus fortement contributeurs pour la production de 1 kWh électrique. Les résultats de ce diagnostic servent de points de repère pour élaborer les scénarios de production, établis dans une démarche de modélisation prospective. Huit scénarios proposés ont été développés pour répondre aux contraintes environnementales, techniques, sociales et économiques. / Population growth, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and energy-intensive activities are key parameters affecting the territory energy demand, through electricity consumption. To meet this demand, reliance on fossil fuels is the main adopted solution, particularly in insular context. The downside of this method is the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emitted, and vulnerability of the territories. Current policies are now in favor of the energy self-sufficiency as a medium-term objective, and put in place measures to support the use of sustainable energy sources to mitigate GHG emissions. This work aims to assess environmental impact of electricity production in Reunion island, to establish a territorial diagnosis. Based on a life cycle assessment approach, according to ISO 14044 standards, varying environmental impacts have been evaluated from existing power plants. An evaluating tool has been developed to identify the most emissive life cycle stage from 1 kWh electricity produced. The obtained results serve as a reference point to develop prospective scenarios. Eight scenarios have been presented and aim to satisfy environmental, technical, social and economic constraints.