No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Patients with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The complex, interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system is incompletely understood, particularly at the early stages of the cardiovascular continuum. The overall aim of this thesis was to clarify novel aspects of the interplay between the kidney and the cardiovascular system at different stages of the cardiovascular continuum; from risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress, via sub-clinical cardiovascular damage such as endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction, to overt cardiovascular death. This thesis is based on two community-based cohorts of elderly, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) and Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The first study, show that higher insulin sensitivity, measured with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was associated to improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in participants with normal fasting plasma glucose, normal glucose tolerance and normal eGFR. In longitudinal analyses, higher insulin sensitivity at baseline was associated with lower risk of impaired renal function during follow-up. In the second study, eGFR was inversely associated with different inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A) and positively associated with a marker of oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes). In line with this, the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was positively associated with these inflammatory markers, and negatively associated with oxidative stress. In study three, higher eGFR was associated with better endothelial function as assessed by the invasive forearm model. Further, in study four, higher eGFR was significantly associated with higher left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction). The 5th study of the thesis shows that higher urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and lower eGFR was independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. Analyses of global model fit, discrimination, calibration, and reclassification suggest that UAER and eGFR add relevant prognostic information beyond established cardiovascular risk factors in participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: this thesis show that the interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and that this interplay begins at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease process.

Das Equine Metabolische Syndrom (EMS) beschreibt einen Cluster von metabolischen Störungen, die durch Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und Hufrehe im Zusammenhang stehen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss einer achtwöchigen oralen Supplementierung von Chrom, Metformin beziehungsweise von einer Kombination aus Chrom und Metformin auf die Insulinsensitivität und die Glukosetoleranz bei adipösen Pferden und Ponys zu untersuchen. Für diese Studie standen 24 Pferde und Ponys (14,4 ± 3,87 Jahre, 14 Stuten und 10 Wallache) mit Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und Hufrehe zur Verfügung. Während der achtwöchigen Versuchsphase bekamen die Tiere eine Heuration (1,5 kg Heu/100 kg Körpermasse (KM)) und zweimal täglich das ihnen zugewiesene Supplement (Chrom: 25 µg/kg KM, Metformin: 15 mg/kg KM, Chrom+Metformin: 25 µg/kg KM Chrom + 15 mg/kg KM Metformin in jeweils 25 g Grünmehl/100 kg KM) verabreicht. Eine vierte Gruppe erhielt als Placebo 25 g Grünmehl/100 kg KM ohne Supplement. Vor Versuchsbeginn und nach Versuchsende durchliefen die Pferde und Ponys, an zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen, nach jeweils einer zwölfstündigen Fastenperiode einen kombinierten Glukose-Insulin-Toleranztest (KGIT) zur Bestimmung der Insulinsensitivität und einen oralen Glukose-Toleranz-Test (OGTT) zur Bestimmung der Glukoseabsorption und -toleranz. Im Verlauf des Versuchszeitraums konnte bei den Pferden ein durchschnittlicher Gewichtsverlust von 2,77 ± 2,99 % verzeichnet werden (Behandlung p > 0,05). Beim OGTT zeigte sich keine signifikante Veränderung der Glukose- und Insulinreaktionen zwischen Versuchsbeginn und Versuchsende. Die Seruminsulinmaximalwerte der mit Metformin und der mit Chrom+Metformin supplementierten Gruppen waren nach der Versuchszeit numerisch gesunken (Metformin Versuchsbeginn: 452 ± 642 µU/ml, Versuchsende: 202 ± 121 µU/ml; Chrom+Metformin Versuchsbeginn: 388 ± 347 µU/ml, Versuchsende: 342 ± 164 µU/ml, Behandlung p > 0,05). Im KGIT zeigten sich bei den Glukosewerten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Behandlungsgruppen und zwischen den Werten vor Versuchsbeginn und nach Versuchsende. Die Seruminsulinkonzentrationen lagen im KGIT vor Versuchsbeginn bei allen Probanden zum Zeitpunkt Minute 45 über 100 µU/ml. Somit gelten alle Versuchsteilnehmer per definitionem als insulinresistent. Nach den acht Wochen Supplementierung befanden sich beim KGIT zum Zeitpunkt Minute 45, mit Ausnahme eines Probanden aus der Chrom+Metformin-Gruppe, alle Seruminsulinwerte weiterhin >100 µU/ml. Somit sind die übrigen 23 Pferde und Ponys weiterhin als insulinresistent einzustufen. Weder Chrom, noch Metformin oder die Kombination von Chrom+Metformin konnte in den hier im Versuch angewandten Dosierungen die Insulinsensitivität und Glukosetoleranz der erkrankten Pferde und Ponys verbessern.

INTRODUCTION : Il a été démontré que le nombre de lipoprotéines apolipoprotéine B (apoB) est un prédicteur du développement du diabète de type 2 (DT2), mais le mécanisme est inconnu. La résistance à l'insuline (RI) et l'hyperinsulinémie compensatoire (HI) entraînent l’épuisement des cellules β et la progression vers le DT2. De plus, l'activation du système de l'interleukine -1β (IL- 1β) est impliquée dans la pathophysiologie du DT2. Notre objectif était donc d'étudier si l’apoB est associé à la RI et à l’HI chez les humains et si cette corrélation est médiée par l’activation du système IL-1β. MÉTHODOLOGIE : 47 femmes ménopausées, non diabétiques, obèses ou en surpoids et 28 hommes, âgés de 45 à 74 ans ont été recrutés. La sécrétion d'insuline (SI) et la sensibilité à l'insuline ont été mesurées par un clamp Botnia modifié. La 1ère et 2ème phase de SI furent mesurées lors d'un test de tolérance au glucose intraveineux (IVGTT) d’une heure, suivi d’un clamp hyperinsulinémique euglycémique (HEIC) de 3 heures (taux de perfusion d'insuline de 75 mU/m2/min) pour mesurer la sensibilité à l'insuline lors des 30 dernières minutes du clamp (état d'équilibre). La sensibilité à l'insuline est exprimée comme étant le taux de perfusion de glucose (GIR) seul ou divisé par le taux d’insuline à l’état d’équilibre (M/I). RÉSULTATS : Chez les femmes, l’apoB à jeun corrélait avec une augmentation de la 2e phase de SI, la SI totale et la sécrétion totale de C-peptide (r=0,202; r=0,168; r=0,204) et avec une diminution de la sensibilité à l'insuline (GIR r=-0,299; M/I r=-0,180) indépendamment de l'adiposité. L’IL-1Ra à jeun (indicateur de l’activation du système IL-1β) corrélait positivement avec la 2e phase, la SI totale et la sécrétion totale de C-peptide (r=0,217; r=0,154; r=0,198) et négativement avec la sensibilité à l'insuline (GIR r=-0,304; M/I r=-0,214). L’IL-1Ra était également corrélée avec l'apoB (r=0,352). Une fois corrigé pour l'IL-1Ra, toutes les associations entre l'apoB et les indices de sensibilité à l'insuline et de SI ont été perdues. Malgré des glycémies similaires, il n’y avait pas de corrélation de l’apoB avec les indices mesurés chez les hommes. CONCLUSION : L’apoB est associé à l’HI et la RI chez les femmes non diabétiques obèses et en surpoids, potentiellement via l'activation du système IL-1β. Ces différences sexuelles doivent être prises en compte dans l'exploration de la physiopathologie du DT2. / INTRODUCTION: The number of plasma apolipoprotein B lipoproteins (apoB) is reported to predict the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D); however the underlying mechanism is unknown. Insulin resistance (IR) and compensatory hyperinsulinemia (HI) are believed to promote β-cell exhaustion and progression to T2D. Moreover, the activation of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) system is implicated in the pathophysiology of T2D. Our aim was thus to investigate whether plasma apoB associates with IR and HI in humans and whether this is mediated through the IL-1β system. METHODOLOGY: 47 non-diabetic overweight and obese postmenopausal women and 28 men, 45-74 years old were recruited. Insulin secretion (IS) and insulin sensitivity were examined by a modified Botnia clamp. 1st and 2nd phase IS were measured during a 1 hour intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), followed by a 3 hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEIC, insulin infusion rate of 75 mU/m2/min) to measure insulin sensitivity during the last 30 minutes of the clamp (steady state). Insulin sensitivity was expressed as steady state glucose infusion rate (GIR) alone or divided over steady state plasma insulin (M/I). RESULTS: In women, fasting plasma apoB correlated positively with increased 2nd phase and total IS and with total C-peptide secretion (r=0.202; r=0.168; r=0.204 respectively) and negatively with insulin sensitivity (r: GIR= -0.299 and M/I =-0.180) independent of adiposity. Similar to plasma apoB, fasting plasma IL-Ra (indicator of activated IL-1β system) correlated positively with 2nd phase and total IS and with total C-peptide secretion (r=0.217; r=0.154; r=0.198 respectively) and negatively with insulin sensitivity (GIR r=-0.304; M/I r=-0.214). Fasting plasma IL-Ra also correlated with apoB r=0.352). Once corrected for IL-1Ra, the associations between apoB and the indexes of insulin sensitivity and IS were all lost. Despite similar fasting glucose, plasma apoB did not correlate with any indices of insulin secretion or sensitivity in men. CONCLUSION: ApoB is associated with HI and IR in non-diabetic overweight and obese women, which may be mediated through activation of the IL-1β system. Gender differences may need to be considered in exploring the pathophysiology of T2D in humans.

High intensity exercise is believed to yield greater results on health and human performance than moderate intensity exercise. Extensive research indicates that not only do high-intensity interval training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) produce significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and disease, they may be more effective at improving long-term metabolic function, including insulin sensitivity (Si), by producing more mitochondria. Moreover, compliance rates for HIT and SIT participation are reported to be the same or better than traditional moderate intensity exercise. Because lack of time is often cited as major hindrance to exercise participation, SIT is also seen as a time efficient option to improve health and performance. It does appear, however, that repeated sessions of SIT are needed before overall improvements can be measured. SIT protocols employing maximal 30 sec sprints with ~5 min rest [a 1:9 work-to-rest ratio (W:R)], have garnered much of the research focus, while those using minimal rest periods, like Tabata which uses 20 sec sprints and 10 sec rest (2:1 W:R), have been ignored. This may omit a possible SIT option that could influence acute and chronic adaptations. The role of inflammatory cytokines on Si remains an area of continued research. While endurance exercise is thought to create an overall anti-inflammatory environment that stimulates improvement in Si, SIT is often viewed as pro-inflammatory. However, few studies have provided significant insight into cytokine release following SIT, and none haveexplored its impact on Si. In addition, the impact of W:R on cytokine remains speculative at best. Therefore, the examination of the effect of different sprint protocols of similar total work (kJ) on performance, metabolic function, and inflammatory response may provide valuable insight into these adaptive processes.

Esta tese avaliou as respostas fisiológicas à hiperinsulinemia aguda em mulheres na pós-menopausa, verificando os efeitos isolados e associados da terapia hormonal (TH) e do treinamento aeróbico (TF) sobre estas respostas. Assim, 31 mulheres histerectomizadas, saudáveis e na pós-menopausa foram divididas, aleatoriamente e de forma duplo cega, nos grupos: PLA-CO(n=7), TH-CO(n=6), PLA-TF(n=10), TH-TF(n=8). Os grupos TH receberam valerato estradiol (1 mg/dia) e os PLA, placebo. Os grupos TF treinaram em cicloergômetro, 3x/sem em intensidade moderada e os CO permaneceram sedentários. Antes e após 6 meses, foi realizado um clampeamento euglicêmico/hiperinsulinêmico. Em resposta à hiperinsulinemia, houve aumento das catecolaminas plasmáticas, da modulação simpática cardíaca, da pressão arterial sistólica, da frequência cardíaca e do fluxo sanguíneo. Após 6 meses, o TF aumentou a sensibilidade à insulina e reduziu o aumento da noradrenalina durante a hiperinsulinemia. Tanto isoladamente quanto em associação, o TF e a TH impediram a redução do aumento do fluxo sanguíneo durante a hiperinsulinemia, o que foi observado no grupo PLA-CO. Além disso, quando associadas, estas condutas reduziram o aumento da adrenalina durante a hiperinsulinemia. Concluindo: em mulheres pós-menopausadas saudáveis, a hiperinsulinemia aguda aumentou a atividade simpática e promoveu vasodilatação, levando ao aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e da frequência cardíaca, sem alterar a pressão diastólica, respectivamente. O TF aumentou a sensibilidade à insulina, diminuindo a ativação simpática e mantendo a vasodilatação induzida pela hiperinsulinemia, enquanto que a TH teve o mesmo efeito sobre a vasodilatação, sem alterar a sensibilidade à insulina. A associação das duas condutas teve pouco efeito aditivo / This thesis evaluated the physiological responses to acute hyperinsulinemia in post-menopausal women, analyzing the isolated and combines effects of hormone therapy (HT) and aerobic training (AT) on these responses. Thus, 31 healthy, hysterectomized postmenopausal women were randomly divided (in a double-blinded manner) into groups: PLA-CO(n=7), HT-CO(n=6), PLA-AT(n=10), HT-AT(n=8). HT groups received valerato estradiol (1 mg/day) while PLA groups received placebo. AT groups trained on cycle ergometer, 3x/week at moderate intensity, while CO groups stayed sedentary. Before and after 6 months, an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp were performed. Hyperinsulinemia increased plasma catecholamines, sympathetic cardiac modulation, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow. After 6 months, AT increased insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin induced increase in norepinephrine. AT and HT, applied alone or together, abolished the decline in insulin induced increase in blood flow that was observed in PLA-CO. Besides, the association of both interventions decreased insulin induced increase in epinephrine. In conclusion: in healthy postmenopausal women, acute hyperinsulinemia increased sympathetic activity but produced vasodilation, which resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no change in diastolic blood pressure, respectively. AT increased insulin sensitivity, decreasing sympathetic activation and maintaining vasodilatory response during hyperinsulinemia, while HT had the same effect on vasodilation without changing insulin sensitivity. The association of both interventions had minor addictive effects

Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein (adipocytokine) that is secreted by adipose tissue. It has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective properties, and is thought to be protective against obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Humans and cats are two species that commonly develop type 2 diabetes associated with insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function and spontaneous islet amyloid deposition. The domestic cat (Felis catus) has recently been proposed as an animal model for human type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the physiology of adiponectin in cats. Therefore, we set out to investigate the association of adiponectin profiles with dietary carbohydrate intake, feeding, body weight, fat mass, and insulin sensitivity in healthy young adult cats (n=32; 2-4 years old; gender ratio 1:1; body condition 4-5/9). Cats were fed a moderate carbohydrate diet (37% ME) at maintenance energy requirements for four weeks. Cats were then assigned to either receive a low (19% ME) or high (52% ME) carbohydrate diet and fed at maintenance energy requirements for another four weeks, followed by ad-libitum feeding for eight weeks to facilitate weight gain. Adiponectin profiles including total circulating adiponectin and its distribution [low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin], and proportion of adiponectin that is HMW (SA) were measured by ELISA and velocity sedimentation using sucrose gradients, followed by Western blotting, respectively. We demonstrated inter-animal variation in total adiponectin concentration at baseline (0.6 to 15.0 g/mL), with the adiponectin present in both LMW and HMW forms. Feeding with a high carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased total adiponectin concentration, which was associated with an increased concentration of LMW adiponectin. In contrast, feeding with a low carbohydrate diet for four weeks at maintenance energy requirements resulted in increased concentration of HMW adiponectin, decreased LMW adiponectin concentration, and increased SA, without a change in total adiponectin concentration. In cats fed the high carbohydrate diet, total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin concentrations become lower at six hours after feeding, as compared to the fasting concentrations. This phenomenon was not observed in cats fed a low carbohydrate diet, indicating a diet-dependent postprandial effect. There was no effect of gender on any of the adiponectin profiles in cats. Unlike other studies in humans and mice in which adiponectin concentrations decreased as fat mass increased, our data indicate that a moderate weight gain achieved by ad libitum feeding of a low carbohydrate diet for eight weeks correlated with increased adiponectin concentrations. Total adiponectin concentration (mirrored by HMW adiponectin) was positively correlated with body weight gain and fat mass gain (but not absolute fat mass) in our overweight cats. Furthermore, the fat mass-related increases in plasma adiponectin over eight weeks correlated with insulin sensitivity (higher adiponectin concentration corresponded to greater insulin sensitivity in overweight cats). These data hint at the possibility that in overweight animals, adiponectin is similar to other adipokines that rise concomitantly with increased of moderate fat mass gain and thus increases insulin sensitivity. Overall, the knowledge in this study therefore provides useful information to veterinarians and cat food manufacturers, and forms a foundation for future studies to extend our knowledge of adiponectin in cats. Data gathered in cats may also be applicable to humans and could therefore inform research using cats as an animal model of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.