The community empowerment is a process of improvement of community power through the professional assistance and training to inspire residents to develop the collective power, community participation and to create the culture characteristics. However, the concept of social capital was not focused and analyzed in traditional community discussion. That is, this research not only distinguishes the relation between community empowerment and sense of community, the factor of social capital is also added to investigate influence among all factors. Finally, this research proposes some related suggestions as a reference for future policy in Integrated Community development filed. The objective of this research is focused on the Gang-kou village, Siao-gang district, Kaohsiung City, and 208 questionnaires are investigated. Factor analysis, the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, Cluster analysis are employed and several focal points are found: (1) There is significance between the correlations between sense of community with empowerment cognition, and social capital with empowerment cognition. (2) The correlation between basic characters of residents (such as sex, age, time of living (residential period), occupation, and accommodation) and empowerment cognition are significant. (3) In terms of Cluster analysis, the empowerment cognition is divided into three groups, ¡§high collective efficiency cognition¡¨, ¡§high community recourse cognition¡¨, and ¡§high self-recourse cognition¡¨. It reveals the differences between sense of community and the eight factors of social capital in the ANOVA test are all significant. The resident should be able to develop their own characteristics, employing the ability of independence, self-supports, and self-restraints with empowerment and social capital to create the opportunities of community growth and collective cooperation. In accordance with the research results, five recommendations are proposed: (1) to activate and deepen the empowerment training model for residential talents to strengthen the community¡¦s identification and to create and to cultivate common values; (2) to condense community care by connecting community nets (webs) and information communicating systems; (3) to improve the community participation by holding the localized activities; (4) the empowerment results in positive effects on self-confidence of residents; (5) the impacts of family interaction on empowerment should be emphasized.

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<p>The goal of this study is to understand how residents may benefit from living in a mixed income, HOPE VI development in the South. This analysis focuses on a former housing project and its immediate neighborhood in the aftermath of HOPE VI revitalization. I conducted a case study by utilizing original data collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews, along with administrative records, evaluation data, media accounts, observation, and casual encounters. A unique contribution of this study of a HOPE VI development is that it also addresses the surrounding neighborhood. Furthermore, this case study offers a unique lens for examining contemporary black gentrification in a publicly constructed space. </p><p>A major finding of this study is that complex intra-racial social dynamics among African American community members may stem from HOPE VI intervention. Specifically, there may be limited positive interaction among residents in the development, and between them and residents of the proximate exterior neighborhood. Further, the nature of constrained interaction manufactures divisive processes for claiming space and community identity that may potentially have negative consequences for renters. </p><p>These consequences stem from a reproduction of space and community, which shapes social control, policing, and exclusion contests, among other tensions. Overall, this study brings to bear some unimagined consequences of HOPE VI that potentially neutralize anticipated benefits of mixed income living for the poor, based on real and perceived alterations of class, mobility, and shared identity in and around the development site.</p> / Dissertation

臺灣近年來因為經濟快速發展，農村人口大量移往都市，造成人口過疏、產業沒落；另一方面，在都市生活中的人群，普遍抱著過客心態，不關心周遭生活事務，導致人際關係冷漠、疏離。為使社區重構起來，再現生機與活力，重建「人與人」、「人與環境」的和諧關係，行政院文化建設委員會參造日本「造町」的經驗，提出「社區總體營造」政策，期以文化藝術的角度切入社區，激發社區居民自主參與公共事務，透過協調、溝通、討論，建立共同願景，營造人性化的家園。 另一方面在全球的競爭風潮下，人們發覺「持續變革」將成為組織未來生存的方向，學習型組織的概念因勢而起，強調建構學習型組織，以因應未來的時勢。其所提出的建立共享願景、轉變心智模式、系統思考、自我精進、團隊學習與社區總體營造所標榜的「營造新的人、新的社會與新的生活價值觀」的精神內涵一致。 因此，本文期經由文獻、觀察、訪談、比較及質性研究法，研究日本案例及大溪和平老街的社區營造過程與學習型組織的關連，建構學習型組織理論應用於社區總體營造的模式，並提出結論與建議，做為相關單位進行社區營造工作的參考。 本論文的結論為：（1）社區總體營造是極富創造性的文化政策，必須經由居民、行政部門、專家學者及地方企業共同參與、學習來實踐。（2）社區總體營造改變了以往的思維及操作模式，推動學習型組織可以克服困境。（3）如果各社區均能推動學習型組織，則社區總體營造工作順利推動，臺灣的社區均有其特色，建立公民社會，國家根基穩固，永續生存發展。 相關的建議為：（1）社區居民：應關心、愛護社區，發掘社區議題，積極參與社區事務。（2）規劃團隊：應認清自己是教練的角色，協助社區並向社區學習。（3）地方行政首長：要有永續經營的理念，進行組織內部整合，並建立民眾參與制度。（4）承辦人員：肯定自己的能力，以服務的心態協助社區進行營造工作。（5）文建會：加強內部工作規劃，並積極進行部會的協調整合工作。 / It has been growing fast in the economical development in Taiwan in the recent years. A large number of people in the rural areas have moved to the urban areas. It results in a phenomenon of low density of population and descending agriculture in the rural areas. On the other hand, people who are from the rural areas and living in cities often see themselves as passerby. They do not care the living matters around them. It results in poor relations between these people and their communities. In order to rebuild active communities to reshow activity and to redevelop the harmonious relations of “people and people” and “people and environment”, CCA (Council for Cultural Affairs, Executive Yuan) proposes a policy of “Integrated Community Development”（ICD） to achieve the above goals by referring to Japanese Machizukuri. From the view of culture and art toward communities, it is hoped to inspire residents to participate in the public affairs automatically. Through negotiation, communication and discussion, residents who live in the same community can have a shared vision to build a humane hometown. Under the tide of global competitiveness, people realize that “sustainable revolution” will become the surviving direction of organizations in the future. Thus, the concept of “Organizational Learning” has been proposed and is focused on how to build organizational learning to fit in the possible situation in the future. The organizational learning includes “building shared vision”,“improving mental models”，“personal mastery” and “team learning”. These points have the same ideas as ICD which points out a central idea of “building new people, new society and new living value”. This research tried to build the model of how “Organizational Learning” could be applied to ICD by documentary method, observational method, interview survey, comparative study and qualitative research. It is also including integrated community development case study of some Japanese cases and Her-Pyng Old Street in Dashi. Some conclusion and suggestions will be referred to be the reference of other related sectors in the future. It concludes here that (1) ICD is a kind of creative cultural policy and must be carried out by the corporation of residents, public sectors, experts and local private sectors.（2）ICD changes the previous thinking and operating models. Promoting organizational learning can overcome difficulties.（3）If all communities can promote organizational learning, ICD can work smoothly. Then every community has its unique characteristic in Taiwan to build a citizen society. Our country can develop stably and sustainably. Other related suggestions are：（1）community residents：who should care and love their communities, find out community issues, and participate in the community matters positively.（2）planning team：which should realizes itself as an instructor to help communities and learn from them. （3）local magistrate：who should have sustainable idea to proceed organizational inner integration and develop a rule of public participation. （4）staffs：who should confirm their own abilities and help communities to proceed ICD with sincere service.（5）CCA：which should strengthen planning contents and proceed the integrated work between the different sectors positively.

The Community and Regional Planning program of the University of Texas at Austin, School of Architecture (UTSOA-CRP) has made course-integrated community-based project work (CCPW) a key - if not a requisite, component of its classroom-based teaching and planning instruction. Often referred to as academic service-learning, the pedagogy of incorporating community-based project work with classroom instruction is recognized to have significant benefits for college students, faculty members, institutions, and communities. More specifically, this teaching approach is understood to have substantial advantages in planning instruction. This professional report attempts to offer recommendations towards addressing the question of how a CCPW, or academic service-learning, approach to planning instruction can best be sustained and/or enhanced by the UTSOA-CRP program. Ideally, this report will add to the growing body of literature and research related to academic service-learning in planning instruction, while offering the CRP program useful tools and resources to consider in program design, implementation, evaluation, and planning. / text

Eskom makes a significant contribution to social and economic development in South Africa, which is realised through its corporate social investment policy. Eskom could reinforce its contribution by adopting Integrated Community Economic Development (ICED), which addresses issues of poverty in a holistic way. Nthomang and Rankopo (1997:209) regard (ICED) as “...a holistic approach that seeks to address socio-political constraints preventing marginalised communities from attaining humane standards of living”. The goal of the study was to explore the views held by corporate social investment practitioners’ on Eskom’s contribution to socio-economic projects within a sustainable framework to alleviate poverty and unemployment. The research followed a qualitative approach, and data was gathered by means of semi-structured interviews. Participants in the study came from four regions, the Central, Southern, Northern regions and part of the North Western region of Eskom’s terrain. From the key findings, it was evident that Eskom contributes to the social and economic development of communities, but its contribution could be more effective and meaningful if funding policies, partnership involvement, the role played by corporate social investment practitioners’ and community economic development strategies were more closely aligned with an Integrated Community Economic Development approach. The study concluded that the Solertia Institute Model Program for the advancement of capable communities provided a relevant framework that could be adapted as a viable strategy whereby Eskom could contribute to sustainable Integrated Social and Economic Development. The researcher recommends that the Eskom management adopt the proposed strategy as part of Eskom’s corporate social investment policy. Further, the implementation of the respective projects should be aligned with the phases of the Solertia Institute Model Program. Projects should therefore be continuously monitored to assess and evaluate Eskom’s contribution to sustainable Integrated Community Economic Development. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Community Economic Development (CED) in South Africa is shaped by the historicalprocesses of the former Apartheid regime that discriminated the social and economic rights of the majority of people, thus disempowering them to participate in development. The notion of Integrated Community Economic Development (ICED) enhances the concept of participation in community economic development in that it advocates for an empowerment dimension in development. In order to facilitate this participation, the government has introduced the participatory mechanisms of the IDP and ward committee system. Paradoxically, inequalities in development persist in previously disadvantaged homelands which were excluded from participation in developmental initiatives of the former regime. Consequently, these mechanisms for ICED have not been able to achieve participation of communities in ICED. Winterveldt is one such area with a legacy of social exclusion through racial and ethnic discrimination. The goal of the study was to explore the lack of participation of the Winterveldt community in ICED guided by the research question: “What are the reasons for the lack of participation of the Winterveldt community in ICED?” A qualitative research approach was followed and the research design was a case study. Data was gathered through focus group interviews and document studies. The focus groups were comprised of 13 community participants and 10 ward committee personnel from Winterveldt. Research findings revealed various reasons for the lack of participation in the ICED of Winterveldt including role confusion, the lack of information and training on the IDP and political power abuse. The study concluded that participation flows along lines that safeguard the interests of local government with little respect for the community’s capacity to make decisions concerning their development. Recommendations towards the achievement of participation in the ICED of Winterveldt include training on the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), the development of a guideline for implementing the IDP and changes in attitudes of all actors in the ICED of Winterveldt. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

BACKGROUND: Ethiopia adopted a new strategy called integrated community case management to address common childhood illness (ICCM). This strategy has been introduced in some rural districts of Bale zone. It has multiple functions, involving assessment of sick children at community health post levels. Despite this, the efficacy of this strategy has not been investigated. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of ICCM service utilisation and factors influencing this at health posts in Agarfa district. METHODS: Cross sectional and phenomenological methodologies were employed in this study. Data were collected from 401 mothers using questionnaires and 29 participants using in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULT: The utilsation of ICCM services is limited among caregivers in rural communities. There is a range of factors responsible for the limited utilisation. Examples of these include absence of health extension workers at health posts, caregivers’ negative perception of ICCM service, socio-cultural factors, level of education and household finance. The most common childhood illnesses noted were diarrhoea, followed by fever and cough. Caregivers seek help from HEWs at health posts two or more days after idenfying signs and symptoms of these illnesses. CONCLUSION: Behavioural messages to address prevailing negative attitudes and socio-economic barriers to accessing health care would help improve uptake of ICCM services / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Ethiopia adopted a new strategy called integrated community case management to address common childhood illness (ICCM). This strategy has been introduced in some rural districts of Bale zone. It has multiple functions, involving assessment of sick children at community health post levels. Despite this, the efficacy of this strategy has not been investigated. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of ICCM service utilisation and factors influencing this at health posts in Agarfa district. METHODS: Cross sectional and phenomenological methodologies were employed in this study. Data were collected from 401 mothers using questionnaires and 29 participants using in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULT: The utilsation of ICCM services is limited among caregivers in rural communities. There is a range of factors responsible for the limited utilisation. Examples of these include absence of health extension workers at health posts, caregivers’ negative perception of ICCM service, socio-cultural factors, level of education and household finance. The most common childhood illnesses noted were diarrhoea, followed by fever and cough. Caregivers seek help from HEWs at health posts two or more days after idenfying signs and symptoms of these illnesses. CONCLUSION: Behavioural messages to address prevailing negative attitudes and socio-economic barriers to accessing health care would help improve uptake of ICCM services / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)