Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T19:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 14 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação procura estabelecer conexões – numa dimensão transdisciplinar entre as áreas da Educação, da Biologia e do Direito – entre saberes acadêmicos e populares. Busca-se demonstrar que camponeses que cultivam milho crioulo no município de Anchieta-SC dominam e produzem conhecimento e tecnologia. É feita uma análise de como se caracterizam as atividades dos agricultores quando da seleção, cultivo, classificação e melhoramento das sementes de milho crioulo, evidenciando-se a condição dos mesmos como pesquisadores e detentores de Propriedade Intelectual. Destaca-se a existência de métodos próprios para selecionar e melhorar sementes de milho, aperfeiçoadas durante gerações. Nessas ações há significativas interferências e conflitos de poder exercido por diferentes instituições – como as empresas da biotecnologia e Universidades – que se assumem guardiãs do avanço tecnológico e se encarregam da preservação dos conhecimentos. Não há pretensão de estabelecer qualquer hierarquia entre saberes, mas assegura

From its emergence to its expansion, intellectual property (IP) has not been isolated from trade. However, in the late 1970s, business interests in the United States (US) exerted powerful pressure, leading to IP norms becoming increasingly trade-centric. Hypothesis of this thesis is that such trade-centric IP norms, encouraged and formed by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and subsequent TRIPS-plus rules pursued by the two most active actors, the US and the European Union (EU), fail to achieve the intended purposes of IP protection. This normalization of tradecentric regulation also creates conflict with a range of economic, social and cultural values that have significant human rights implications. The goal of this thesis is to: (a) critically examine this predominance of trade in contemporary IP norms; and (b) provide a counter framework for IP policy reform. It seeks to do this by juxtaposing the theoretical and empirical aspects of IP norms against human rights. This study will pursue to prove the hypothesis by conducting case studies on two free trade agreements (FTAs) enacted by South Korea with the US and the EU. The thesis concludes that, on the whole, the context of human rights provides a just counter framework that can unify the diverse range of issues. This is more so given that human rights are strengthened by international consensual norms institutionalised by intergovernmental organisations and supported by transnational advocacy networks. Nevertheless, this thesis advocates that an overemphasis on state and individuals in the human rights discourse needs to be challenged by taking into account the dominance of global economic regulations, the prevailing role of non-state actors, and the culturally relative nature of IP.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Eduardo Pinto Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 726473 bytes, checksum: 6392a1854ffeec7add817a5e26c13abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-17 / This paper aims to examine the tensions arising from the transition from industrial capitalism to informational capitalism, especially those concerning the conditions of the possibilities offered by information technology, between the free flow of information and its blockade by the privatized capital. To this end, we focused on the institution of intellectual property that expresses the important features of this transition and around the major conflicts which occur. The work consists of literature review and empirical verification through experience of four listed. Thus we evaluate the transition process as irruptive possibilities of building a new economy, but constrained by conservative forces / O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as tensões decorrentes da transição do capitalismo industrial para o capitalismo informacional, sobretudo aquelas concernentes às possibilidades abertas pelas condições das tecnologias da informação, entre a livre circulação de informações e seu bloqueio privatista pelo capital. Para tanto, enfocamos a instituição da propriedade intelectual que expressa características importantes dessa transição e em torno da qual ocorrem importantes conflitos. O trabalho é constituído de pesquisa bibliográfica e verificação empírica, por meio de quatro experiência elencadas. Com isso avaliamos o processo de transição como irruptivo de possibilidades de construção de uma nova economia, porém condicionadas por forças conservadoras

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Eduardo Pinto Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 726473 bytes, checksum: 6392a1854ffeec7add817a5e26c13abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-17 / This paper aims to examine the tensions arising from the transition from industrial capitalism to informational capitalism, especially those concerning the conditions of the possibilities offered by information technology, between the free flow of information and its blockade by the privatized capital. To this end, we focused on the institution of intellectual property that expresses the important features of this transition and around the major conflicts which occur. The work consists of literature review and empirical verification through experience of four listed. Thus we evaluate the transition process as irruptive possibilities of building a new economy, but constrained by conservative forces / O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as tensões decorrentes da transição do capitalismo industrial para o capitalismo informacional, sobretudo aquelas concernentes às possibilidades abertas pelas condições das tecnologias da informação, entre a livre circulação de informações e seu bloqueio privatista pelo capital. Para tanto, enfocamos a instituição da propriedade intelectual que expressa características importantes dessa transição e em torno da qual ocorrem importantes conflitos. O trabalho é constituído de pesquisa bibliográfica e verificação empírica, por meio de quatro experiência elencadas. Com isso avaliamos o processo de transição como irruptivo de possibilidades de construção de uma nova economia, porém condicionadas por forças conservadoras

Trabalhando com a linha de pesquisa \"Direito moral e patrimonial de autor\" propõe-se um estudo sobre o Direito de Autor na obra musical, abordando mais especificamente as relações contratuais entre autores e empresas de gravação e distribuição, quais sejam: produtores fonográficos (gravadoras) e editoras musicais. O presente trabalho é dividido em três partes. A primeira trata da propriedade intelectual sobre obras imateriais, sua evolução histórica e os conceitos da doutrina autoralista, substrato intelectual necessário para compreensão do problema de pesquisa: o desequilíbrio contratual e o dano autoral. A segunda parte analisa a questão proposta sob o ponto de vista do Direito Civil e da Constituição Federal brasileira, apresentando propostas de solução pela via judicial. A terceira e última parte cumpre a tarefa de apresentar propostas preventivas ao problema apresentado, seja quanto à prática contratual seja na atualização da legislação autoral brasileira. / Trabalhando com a linha de pesquisa \"Direito moral e patrimonial de autor\" propõe-se um estudo sobre o Direito de Autor na obra musical, abordando mais especificamente as relações contratuais entre autores e empresas de gravação e distribuição, quais sejam: produtores fonográficos (gravadoras) e editoras musicais. O presente trabalho é dividido em três partes. A primeira trata da propriedade intelectual sobre obras imateriais, sua evolução histórica e os conceitos da doutrina autoralista, substrato intelectual necessário para compreensão do problema de pesquisa: o desequilíbrio contratual e o dano autoral. A segunda parte analisa a questão proposta sob o ponto de vista do Direito Civil e da Constituição Federal brasileira, apresentando propostas de solução pela via judicial. A terceira e última parte cumpre a tarefa de apresentar propostas preventivas ao problema apresentado, seja quanto à prática contratual seja na atualização da legislação autoral brasileira.

Hopi traditional songs or taatawi are more than aesthetic objects; they are sound-based expressions of Hopi authority. As I argue in this dissertation, creating, performing, circulating, and remembering taatawi are what we might call acts of sonic sovereignty: a mode of authority articulated within ongoing, sound-based networks that include Hopi people, plants, weather systems, land, and other living things within Hopi territories. I begin by exploring the generative process through which taatawi do their connective work, which includes long-term collaborations between yeeyewat (composers) and environmental actors that establish a collective vision of prosperity that is realized when these songs are performed. Hopi composer Clark Tenakhongva’s taatawi performances during Grand Canyon National Park’s Centennial (a Hopi sacred space currently controlled by settler governments) exemplify the ways Hopi people are actively using taatawi to (re)assert Hopi relations to colonized territories. Because taatawi are closely tied to Hopi relations to one another and the land, and sometimes contain specialized forms of knowledge held closely by Hopi clans and ceremonial societies, their ownership and circulation remains of vital concern to Hopi people. Laura Boulton’s recording of Hopi singers Dan Qötshongva, Thomas Bahnaqya and David Monongye in the Summer of 1940, and the travels of those recordings afterwards, show us the complex politics of Hopi song circulation in the early Twentieth Century up through the present, and how settler cultural and intellectual property laws provide only limited possibilities for indigenous groups seeking to bring their ancestors’ voices back under their control. And even if tribes could reclaim taatawi under settler property laws, these laws require physical and conceptual transformations that effectively sever them from the networks of relations from which they were created. To better support Hopi sonic sovereignty going forward, I offer brief sketches for three potential interventions: (1) an indigenous works amendment to the United States Copyright Act; (2) the use of indigenized licensing frameworks to embed indigenous protocols into the governance and circulation of indigenous creative works both on and off indigenous lands; and (3) establishing a right to indigenous care, similar to Europe’s right to forget, whereby our ancestors’ voices can be subject to indigenous care rather than preserved anonymously and perpetually as archival objects. My hope is that these will allow indigenous communities to better assert and maintain control over their modes of sonic sovereignty despite the increasing colonization of the sonic world by global intellectual property regimes.

A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o impacto dos direitos da propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento do capitalismo e na construção de um espaço mundial desigual. O trabalho procura demonstrar que os direitos de propriedade intelectual, embora entendidos na seara jurídica como uma formulação natural para a proteção de uma criação do gênio humano, são resultados, na configuração moderna, de uma política deliberada das nações do centro do sistema capitalista e de seus grandes grupos monopolistas transnacionais. Esses direitos visam, na realidade, a manutenção da riqueza e a acumulação do capital através da cobrança de royalties no centro do sistema, gerando, em consequência, uma divisão internacional do trabalho desigual com graves repercussões espaciais. Com base na análise em perspectiva histórica dos países atualmente desenvolvidos, e na análise crítica das legislações internacionais, procura-se demonstrar que para um país progredir, tecnológica e economicamente, se faz necessária a implantação de uma política econômica que contenha o enfrentamento a esses direitos, para conseguir adquirir o conhecimento gerado no centro do sistema, copiando-os e reproduzindo-os com inovação. / The present paper focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights on the development of capitalism and on the construction of an uneven and different space. We search to demonstrate that intellectual property rights, although regarded almost as natural rights, designed to protect the creation of a genius mind, are, on its modern format, the results of public policies of the rich nations and its monopolist groups. These rights aim, in fact, to favor the developed nations, by aiding the maintenance of their wealth within their circles and by helping the accumulation of capital through royalties charging, generating, as a consequence, a more and more unequal world. This paper attempts to demonstrate that technological and economic development can only be achieved through an economic policy that includes the affronting of intellectual property regulation.

La propriété intellectuelle peut être justifiée de deux façons opposées : selon la théorie utilitariste, la propriété intellectuelle est justifiée si, et seulement si, elle permet d’augmenter le bien-être de la société. A l’inverse, la justification déontologique de la propriété intellectuelle soutient que les individus ont un droit naturel sur le fruit de leur travail. Cette thèse propose de dépasser ce débat en opérant une réconciliation entre l’approche déontologique et utilitariste à la lumière de la dichotomie introduite par Rawls entre le libéralisme de la liberté et libéralisme du bonheur. La thèse examine dans quelle mesure la propriété intellectuelle peut être considérée un droit fondamental protégé par le libéralisme de la liberté tout en intégrant les objectifs du libéralisme du bonheur. Les résultats de la thèse montrent que cette réconciliation s’articule à travers la distinction entre les droits économiques et les droits moraux de la propriété intellectuelle. A la différence des droits moraux, la thèse montre que les droits économiques doivent être justifiés dans une perspective similaire, mais non identique, à la perspective utilitariste. / Intellectual property rights can be justified in two opposite ways: according to the utilitarian theory, the intellectual property is justified if, and only if, it increases the total well-being of the society. By contrast, the deontological justification of the intellectual property contends that individuals have a natural right over the output of their labor. This thesis aims to move beyond this debate in reconciling the deontological approach with the utilitarian approach in the light of a dichotomy introduced by Rawls between liberalism of freedom and liberalism of happiness. This thesis examine in what extent the intellectual property can be considered as a fundamental right protected by the liberalism of freedom while integrating the objectives of the liberalism of happiness. The results of the thesis show that the reconciliation is built mainly around a French legal-based distinction between the economics rights and the moral rights of the intellectual property. By contrast to moral rights, the thesis shows that these economic rights must be justified by a similar, but not identical, perspective to the one endorsed by utilitarianism.

The impact of influenza pandemics is felt most greatly in developing states, where the close proximity between humans and disease vectors, weak public health surveillance systems, and poor sanitation make these states particularly vulnerable to influenza pandemics. A vaccine is the most effective intervention to minimise the spread and impact of influenza, and yet, developing states are the least likely to have timely access to a vaccine during a pandemic. According to 'The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment No. 14: the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health' there is a clear positive obligation for states to provide access to vaccines during an influenza pandemic, and this obligation is not waived or depleted merely because developing states have resource constraints. There has been a proliferation of literature recently which has considered access to medicines in developing states and the right-to-health. However, there has been little exploration of this issue in respect of pandemic influenza vaccines. This research explores the manner in which developing states procure influenza vaccines during a pandemic, and determines if the current international legal mechanisms which are available to developing states can be successfully used to enhance procurement, and increase the amount of vaccine developing states can access during a pandemic, to a point where they can discharge their right-to-health obligations. In doing so, I argue that the WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, and the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement are not able to enhance the procurement of pandemic influenza vaccines by developing states, to the point where states right-to-health obligations can be said to be discharged. From this, I propose an international 'Knowledge Clearing House as a solution to the problems in procurement which are identified in this research.

Les analyses des marchés des logiciels ont longtemps été limitées à l'unique confrontation libre-propriétaire ou propriétaire-piratage. Cette thèse fournit à l'opposé une vision originale d'une confrontation articulée entre propriétaire-libre-piratage. L'analyse du marché des logiciels est réalisée premièrement à travers un descriptif économique et technique du produit "logiciel". Cette description est nécessaire pour saisir le comment et le pourquoi de la déclinaison du produit "logiciel" sous trois formes : propriétaire, libre et piraté. L'aspect technique est particulièrement substantiel puisqu'il permet de comprendre parfois l'impossibilité technique de délimiter le piratage informatique. Cette analyse est appuyée ensuite par un descriptif historique de la construction du marché et l'introduction des droits de propriété qui ont été un facteur déterminant pour la transformation des échanges. On identifie par la suite, les principaux acteurs (producteurs et diffuseurs) de ses trois déclinaisons du bien logiciel et leurs modes organisationnels. En parallèle aux entreprises éditrices de logiciel propriétaire et des communautés de logiciel libre (Hackers), une nouvelle catégorie d'acteurs développant du "matériel informatique libre" est identifiée (open hardware). L'accent est mis sur l'enchevêtrement des frontières entre les communautés libres et le groupe des pirates dont la distinction est complexe, puisque certaines pratiques de piratage sont de fait tolérées par le marché. Les pirates sont aussi considérés dans le cadre de cette thèse, selon leurs compétences techniques. Une typologie des pirates est donc proposée, distinguant les "utilisateurs" des "producteurs" de logiciels piratés (pirates passifs et pirates actifs). Notre analyse se poursuit ensuite avec des modélisations mathématiques et économétriques pour défendre la thèse que les trois déclinaisons du bien logiciel s'inter-influencent et que la concurrence sur le marché des logiciels est ternaire. Cette approche est originale en ce qui concerne les logiciels libres, car vu la récente nouveauté du phénomène, peu d'études de quantification ont été réalisé. Un théorème mathématique, largement utilisé en contrôle optimale, est sollicité pour analyser la façon dont les acteurs des logiciels propriétaires tiennent compte à la fois de la présence concurrentielle des logiciels piratés et celle des logiciels libres. Il est montré qu'une stratégie de tolérance du piratage peut servir favorablement le logiciel propriétaire sur le marché pour réduire "l'effet réseau" des logiciels libres et de renforcer l'effet de "lock-in" du propriétaire. Le modèle économétrique soutient également la thèse que la diffusion des logiciels libres impacte celle des logiciels piratés. La construction d'une base de données de pays à différents niveaux de développement, montre que les politiques gouvernementales en faveur des logiciels libres et l'intérêt de population locale pour linux, peuvent réduire les pratiques du piratage. Ce constat varie selon les catégories de pays étudiés (pays développés, émergents, en voie de développement et pauvres). Les résultats du modèle économétrique appuient ceux de la modélisation. / Publishers of proprietary software are confronted both by the onset of piracy practices and free/open software. So far, the obstacles faced by proprietary software have been presented in the literature by means of two distinct approaches :(i) the piracy/proprietary software (illicit competition), or (ii) the open source/proprietary software (licit competition) standpoints. In this thesis we propose an alternative approach of the software market, which focuses on the coexistence of competitive forces piracy practices and open software. The three forces are supported by di_erent actors, to which we add the new one of open hardware that consolidated the position of free software on the market. The new approach distinguishes also between sophisticated active pirates producers and casual passive pirate users. We emphasized that it is di_cult to distinguish between hackers and pirates, as piracy practices are sometimes tolerated by the market. Using an econometric and mathematics model we show the impacts that one in_icts over the other. The mathematical model investigates how changes in the _rm's anti-piracy policya_ect the number of pirates users, given that the free software network size increases if pirates become free software users. The proposed econometric model shows that government policies in favour of open source software and adoption of Linux by individuals tends to decrease software piracy. A majorempirical result concerns the emerging and developing countries where policies in favour of free software can in some speci_c cases reduce piracy.