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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
451

Da patenteabilidade de genes humanos / Human genes patenting

Pinheiro, Rafael de Figueiredo Silva 09 April 2015 (has links)
São inegáveis o caráter universal e a importância dos avanços tecnológicos e científicos originados das pesquisas genéticas. O sequenciamento do genoma humano, a identificação das principais sequências de DNA contidas nos seus genes e suas respectivas funções biológicas, bem como suas possíveis aplicações biomédicas, são de incalculável importância. Os genes, muito embora possam ser biologicamente caracterizados como compostos químicos, possuem um conteúdo informacional que se revela indispensável ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, figurando como elemento básico e central de suporte às inovações biotecnológicas. Desta forma, importante analisar a relevância da aplicação de mecanismos jurídicos como forma de fomento à contínua evolução biotecnológica sob a ótica do desenvolvimento econômico e social do país, princípios constitucionais justificadores da proteção de referidos desenvolvimentos técnicos por meio do intelecto e intervenção humanos na natureza. Para tanto, deve-se levar em consideração que a inexistência de tutela jurídica específica pode gerar desincentivo aos investimentos capazes de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de tais tecnologias, ao passo que uma tutela jurídica muito ampla poderá ocasionar indevida restrição ao acesso a tais insumos biológicos, de modo a gerar um efeito adverso àquele buscado. Assim, deve-se compatibilizar a proteção dos resultados obtidos através do desenvolvimento biotecnológico em relação à potencial dificuldade originada de uma eventual restrição ao acesso a tais elementos fundamentais à pesquisa e desenvolvimento genéticos. É neste contexto que se procura um balizamento entre os diferentes interesses e posicionamentos a respeito da patenteabilidade dos genes humanos, visando solução jurídica que permita um ambiente seguro e propício ao desenvolvimento da engenharia genética, e dos inúmeros benefícios que poderão daí se originar. O presente estudo se voltará, portanto, à análise da necessidade, condições, suficiência e extensão da tutela jurídica a ser conferida pela outorga de direitos patentários aos genes humanos. / The importance and universal character of the scientific and technologic development in connection with research and development in the field of genetic engineering are unquestionable. The human genome sequencing, the identification and marking of important DNA sequences within their respective genes, as well as their biological functions and features are of utmost importance not to mention the possible biomedical uses and applications. Although the genes can be biologically defined as chemical compounds, it is the genetic information carried by them that reveals their relevance in the development of the genetic engineering, for it plays a key role of basic research tool for biotechnological innovation. In this background arises the discussion regarding the importance of implementing legal mechanisms aiming at fostering the continuous development of the biotechnology in view of the social and economic growth, which are the grounds to legitimate the protection of such forms of innovations brought up by the human intervention in the nature. For the purposes thereof, on one hand it must be taken into account that a scenario where no rules governing such protection are applied could discourage new investments, while, on the other hand, a broad legal protection could lead to an unjustified restriction to the access of basic biological elements that would enable new gene-based biotechnical developments, in which case there might be an adverse effect in relation to the one originally sought. As a result, it is important to analyze the possibility to accommodate the protection of the results obtained from biotechnological developments in view of the possible difficulties that may arise from the restriction of the fundamental elements required for forthcoming developments. In view of the aforementioned scenario, the present study seeks to find a balance among the different interests and opinions with respect to the human genes patenting in order to find the most efficient and secure legal framework to enable genetic engineering development due to the numerous benefits that are expected to arise therefrom. In short, this dissertation will focus on the analysis of the necessity, conditions, sufficiency and length of patent protection to human genes.
452

Direitos de propriedade intelectual e o controle das práticas restritivas da concorrência à luz do acordo TRIPs/OMC / Intellectual property rights and the control of anti-competitive practices in light of the WTO TRIPS Agreement.

Lilla, Paulo Eduardo de Campos 14 June 2013 (has links)
A presente tese de doutorado tem como objetivo a análise da interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do enquadramento jurídico oferecido pelo Acordo sobre Aspectos de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio Acordo TRIPS da Organização Mundial do Comércio OMC. As disposições relevantes sobre concorrência foram incluídas no Artigo 8.2, que autoriza os Membros a adotarem medidas apropriadas para evitar abusos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual e práticas que restrinjam o comércio e a transferência internacional de tecnologia; no Artigo 40, que dispõe sobre o controle das práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento; e no Artigo 31(k), que trata do licenciamento compulsório de patentes para remediar práticas anticoncorrenciais. Essas disposições acabaram sendo incluídas no Acordo TRIPS como resultado de concessões feitas pelos países desenvolvidos aos países em desenvolvimento, em troca do fortalecimento dos padrões mínimos de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, podendo, portanto, ser consideradas no contexto das flexibilidades constantes no Acordo. No entanto, ainda que essas disposições representem um elemento essencial de equilíbrio, também deixaram importantes questões sem resposta. Além de serem vagas, não fornecem diretrizes adequadas para os países em desenvolvimento implementarem políticas públicas nacionais para coibir práticas restritivas da concorrência relacionadas à exploração de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Assim, enquanto os países mais industrializados possuem autoridades antitruste e tribunais com sólida experiência e recursos necessários para lidar com questões envolvendo a interface entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência, os países em desenvolvimento, em sua maioria, mesmo possuindo leis antitruste nacionais, ainda não adquiriram a experiência e capacitação para tratar de tema tão complexo. Desse modo, a tese deverá abordar as circunstâncias nas quais eventuais abusos de direitos de propriedade intelectual podem restringir a livre concorrência nos mercados, com ênfase nas práticas restritivas em acordos de licenciamento, pools de patentes e licenças cruzadas, bem como nas condutas unilaterais de exclusão relacionadas à exploração desses direitos. Para tanto, propõe-se a interpretação dos dispositivos do TRIPS sobre concorrência a partir da experiência prática das autoridades antitruste e tribunais dos Estados Unidos e da União Europeia. Será também abordada a relação entre propriedade intelectual e direito da concorrência no contexto do ordenamento jurídico-constitucional brasileiro, especialmente a partir da Lei n.º 12.529/2011, nova lei antitruste que altera e define o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (SBDC), e de casos recentes julgados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). Ao final, serão analisadas as possíveis abordagens que poderiam ser adotadas pelos países em desenvolvimento na implementação de políticas de concorrência nacionais, que sejam eficazes e compatíveis com o Acordo TRIPS, de modo a contribuir com eventuais discussões futuras sobre o tema em foros internacionais. / The purpose of this thesis is to assess the interface between intellectual property and competition law in light of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization WTO. The provisions regarding competition were included in Article 8.2, which authorizes the Members to adopt appropriated measures to prevent abuses of intellectual property rights by right holders or practices which restrain trade and international transfer of technology; in the Article 40, which deals with the control of anti-competitive practices in contractual licenses; and Article 31(k), which deals with the compulsory licensing of patents to remedy a practice considered to be anti-competitive. These provisions were included in the TRIPS Agreement as a result of concessions made by the developed countries to the developed countries, in exchange for the strengthening of the minimal standards for the protection of intellectual property rights. Therefore, these provisions can be considered within the context of the flexibilities set forth in the Agreement. However, even if such provisions represent an essential element of balance, they also left important issues unanswered. Besides being vague, they do not provide adequate guidance for emerging countries to implement national public policies to prevent restrictive practices related with the exploitation of intellectual property rights. As a consequence, whereas the most industrialized countries already have antitrust authorities and courts with strong experience and the necessary resources to deal with issues related with the interface between intellectual property and competition law, most of the emerging countries, even those which have national antitrust laws, have not yet acquired experience and technical capacity to deal with such a complex matter. Thus, the thesis should tackle the circumstances in which possible abuses of intellectual property rights might restrain competition, especially with regard to restrictive practices in licensing agreements, cross-licenses and patent pools, and unilateral exclusionary abuses related with the exploitation of such rights. In this sense, it is proposed to interpret the provisions of TRIPS on competition from the practical experience of the antitrust authorities and courts of the United States and the European Union. We should also tackle the relationship between intellectual property and competition laws in the ambit of the Brazilian legal and constitutional system, especially with regard to Law No. 12.529/2011, the new Brazilian antitrust law, which alters and defines the Brazilian Defense of Competition System SBDC (Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência SBCD), as well as with regard to recent cases judged by the Administrative Counsel of Economic Defense CADE (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica CADE). Finally, it will be examined possible approaches that could be adopted by developing countries in implementing national competition policies, effective and compatible with the TRIPS Agreement, so as to contribute to future discussions on the issue in international fora.
453

Análise jurídica da promoção da inovaçâo tecnológica no setor brasileiro de tecnologias da informação e comunicação / Legal analysis of the promotion of technological innovation in the Brazilian information communication and technology industry.

Foss, Maria Carolina 06 June 2013 (has links)
A promoção da inovação tecnológica é um desafio para o aumento da competitividade da indústria brasileira. O setor de tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) é um importante celeiro de novas tecnologias e suas criações intelectuais são passíveis de proteção pelas normas de propriedade industrial (e.g. patentes), direitos autorais (e.g. software) e segredo de negócio ou industrial. No Brasil, o setor de TICs, anteriormente designado setor de informática, obteve tratamento prioritário nos programas governamentais de incentivo ao desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional. Contudo, as empresas brasileiras de TICs ainda não são consideradas inovadoras em comparação à concorrência estrangeira. A Lei nº 10.973/2004, também conhecida como Lei de Inovação, dispõe sobre instrumentos jurídicos para a articulação de interesses do setor privado e das Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas (ICTs) que são órgãos e entidades da administração pública com a missão de executar atividades de pesquisas básica e aplicada, seja de caráter científico ou com a finalidade de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. A hipótese de pesquisa desta dissertação é de que os acordos celebrados entre as ICTs e o setor privado estão concentrados nos objetos da transferência de tecnologia ou no licenciamento de uso de criações desenvolvidas pela ICT, que limitados ao regime do direito público, não são eficazes para promoção da inovação tecnológica no setor de TICs. Esta dissertação propõe: (i) analisar o arcabouço normativo do Sistema Nacional da Inovação Tecnológica; (ii) analisar os programas governamentais de estímulo ao desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor de informática brasileiro; (iii) examinar o papel da proteção da propriedade intelectual do software na promoção da inovação tecnológica; (iv) investigar as deficiências na articulação dos interesses de ICT e setor privado, conforme os instrumentos jurídicos previstos na Lei de Inovação; e (v) sugerir proposições para contornar os problemas identificados. Utilizou-se uma metodologia segmentada no estudo normativo das leis aplicáveis ao Sistema Nacional da Inovação Tecnológica e à proteção da propriedade intelectual do software e na análise dos arranjos jurídicos enunciados na Lei de Inovação, a partir dos resultados da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (PINTEC 2008/IBGE) e das informações das ICTs, consolidadas pelo Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) e pelos próprios Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NITs) das ICTs selecionadas nesta pesquisa (sendo elas, USP, UNICAMP, UFMG e UFRJ) cujos dados disponíveis apresentaram semelhança entre si. Concluiu-se com a comprovação da hipótese de que os instrumentos jurídicos utilizados por ICT e empresários são ineficazes para promoção da inovação tecnológica no setor de TICs. Por fim, destacou-se o conhecimento como o desafio para promover o processo inovador no setor brasileiro de TICs. Dentro do propósito do aproveitamento do conhecimento acumulado nas ICTs, a ampliação do conceito de ICT para incorporar as instituições privadas, como previsto nos Projetos de Lei do Código Nacional de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação nº 2.177/2011 e nº 619/2011 em tramitação no Congresso Nacional, assim como a participação de capital privado na reformulação da figura da sociedade de propósito específico, prevista no art. 5º da Lei de Inovação, são possíveis soluções para contornar os problemas identificados nesta dissertação. / The promotion of technological innovation is a challenge for the increase of competitiveness of the Brazilian industry. The information and communication technologies (ICT) industry is an important source of new technologies and its intellectual creations may be protected under industrial property rights (e.g. patents), copyrights (e.g. software) and trade secret or industry secret laws. In Brazil the ICT industry, previously known as the computer industry, received a priority treatment in the national governmental incentive programs for the development of technology. However, Brazilian ICT companies are not considered innovative in comparison with their foreign competitors. The Brazilian Law #10,973/2004, also known as Brazilian Innovation Law, establishes legal means for the orchestration of interests of the private sector and those of Scientific and Technological Institutions (STIs), which are agencies and public entities whose dedicated to basic and applied research, whether having scientific purpose or aiming at the creation of new technologies. This research hypothesis is that the agreements entered by the STIs and the private sector aim technology transfers or the license of use of the STIs creations and those agreement governed by public law are not effective for the promotion of technological innovation in the ICT industry. This study proposes to: (i) review the legal framework of the National System of Innovation; (ii) analyze the governmental programs created to stimulate the technological development of the Brazilian computer industry; (iii) review the role of the intellectual property protection of software for the promotion of technological innovation; (iv) inquire the deficiencies in the articulation of the interests of STI and private sector according to the agreements provided on the Brazilian Innovation Law and (v) suggest alternatives to overcome the identified problems. A segmented methodology was used in the exam of the laws applicable to the National System of Innovation and the laws of intellectual property protection of the software and the analysis of the agreements entered under the Brazilian Innovation Law provisions, considering the results of the Research of Technological Innovation of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (PINTEC 2008/IBGE) and the STIs consolidated information by the Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) and also with the Centers of Innovation Technology (NITs) of the STIs studied in this masters dissertation (which are, USP, UNICAMP, UFMG and UFRJ) whose available data were similar. The studys conclusion confirms the hypothesis that the agreements entered by STIs and private companies are ineffective to stimulate the technological innovation in the ICT industry. Lastly the knowledge was highlighted as a challenge to promote the innovative process in the Brazilian ICT sector. Within the purpose of using the STIs accumulated knowledge, expanding the concept of STIs to incorporate private institutions, as provided into the Legislative Bill of the National Code of Science and Technological Innovation #2,177/2011 and #619/2011 in discussion in the National Congress, as well as the participation of private capital in reformulating the concept of the special purpose vehicle provided under Article 5 of Brazilian Innovation Law are possible solutions to overcome the problems identified in this study.
454

Propriedade intelectual na cadeia de flores e plantas ornamentais: uma análise da legislação brasileira de proteção de cultivares / Intellectual property rights in the flower

Sá, Camila Dias de 07 October 2010 (has links)
O mercado de flores e plantas ornamentais segue tendências internacionais de moda e decoração e por isso precisa estar em constante inovação. No Brasil, a inovação em plantas foi influenciada pela Lei de Proteção de Cultivares (LPC) que trata do reconhecimento da propriedade intelectual sobre novas variedades vegetais. A lei brasileira contemplou a prática de uso próprio que tem origem na tradição dos agricultores em guardar grãos de uma safra para serem utilizados como sementes na safra seguinte, com o intuito de garantir a segurança alimentar e a viabilidade econômica dos pequenos produtores. No entanto, a floricultura apresenta uma dinâmica diferente das culturas alimentícias, em que não existe a preocupação com a segurança alimentar. Alega-se que em decorrência da maneira como o dispositivo de uso próprio está estabelecido na lei, ele não assegura a proteção eficaz das espécies de plantas propagadas vegetativamente como é o caso da maioria das flores de corte. Este trabalho analisa o impacto da LPC na cadeia de flores de corte brasileira no sentido de contribuir para o entendimento das relações entre o ambiente institucional no qual esta cadeia se insere e o desenvolvimento da mesma. Tal análise baseia-se na abordagem teórica da Nova Economia Institucional, especialmente na linha que considera o papel dos direitos de propriedade e das instituições na organização e desempenho dos mercados. O método de pesquisa contempla entrevistas semi-estruturadas com melhoristas, produtores e distribuidores de flores e também examina os números da proteção de cultivares de três gêneros de flores de corte: rosa, gérbera e alstroemeria. Constatou-se que a implantação da LPC no Brasil significou o reconhecimento da propriedade intelectual em melhoramento vegetal e por isso foi determinante para a entrada de empresas de melhoramento no país. Por sua vez, a introdução por essas empresas, de novas cultivares de flores está modernizando a floricultura brasileira, em termos de diversidade, qualidade e atualização das variedades. No entanto, o dispositivo de uso próprio conforme sugerido pela hipótese 1 impede a concretização ampla dos benefícios que uma legislação de proteção de cultivares pode promover. Por conta da maneira como tal dispositivo está estabelecido, a alocação dos direitos de propriedade não está claramente definida na LPC. Desta forma, criam-se custos de transação em função da necessidade da concepção de estruturas de monitoramento e de contratos, que possibilitem melhor apropriação dos direitos de propriedade pelos melhoristas. Verificou-se que há casos em que os acordos entre as partes têm papel mais importante do que a legislação no disciplinamento do mercado. Os produtores que não cumprem os contratos celebrados com os melhoristas são excluídos do acesso às variedades modernas. A maneira como o uso próprio está estabelecido pode ainda limitar o nível de investimento dos melhoristas no Brasil bem como o atendimento aos pequenos produtores familiares em função da insegurança que o dispositivo confere aos melhoristas. Observou-se também que a apropriação dos direitos de propriedade por meio de um título de proteção nem sempre é viável, por conta do tamanho do mercado de algumas variedades de certos gêneros de flores. Posto de outra forma, a menor procura pela proteção de certas variedades justifica-se pela baixa demanda por essas flores, ao contrário do que havia sido aventado na hipótese 2, de que o uso próprio afetaria as flores de maneira diferente em função de suas diferentes características biológicas. Ou seja, foi demonstrado que para buscar a apropriação dos direitos, na forma de um título, os melhoristas precisam reconhecer valor neste título. As conclusões expostas ao final do estudo mostram a importância do aperfeiçoamento da legislação no sentido de garantir o nível apropriado de proteção às flores propagadas vegetativamente. Esta pesquisa visa oferecer contribuições empíricas para esse propósito. / The flower market usually follows international fashion and design trends, which brings a need for constant innovation. In Brazil, innovation in plants benefited from the Variety Protection Act (Lei de Proteção de Cultivares, LPC), which recognized intellectual property rights over new plant varieties. The Brazilian act observes the farmers privilege which covers the agricultural tradition of farmers saving part of their harvest for the seeding or propagation of the next crop. This custom arose as a means of ensuring future harvests and thus safeguarding the financial situation of small family farms. However, the flower market has a different dynamic from food crops, where there is no concern about food safety. It is alleged that the manner which the farmers privilege provision is settled in the Act does not ensure true protection for asexually propagated species, as is the case of most cut flowers. This work analyzes the impacts of LPC implementation on the Brazilian cut flower chain with the aim to contribute to the understanding of the relations between the institutional environment in which this chain is inserted and its development thereof. Such analysis is based upon the theoretical approach of the New Institutional Economics; it is focused mainly in the role of property rights and institutions in the markets organization and performance. The research methodology adopts semi-structured interviews with flower breeders, flowers growers and flowers wholesalers and also examines three cut flower genera grants of protection: rose, gerbera (Transvaal daisy) and alstroemeria (Peruvian lily). It was found that the Acts implementation in Brazil meant the recognition of intellectual property in plant breeding and therefore it was crucial to the entrance of breeding companies in the country. In turn, the introduction of new plant varieties by these companies, is modernizing the Brazilian flower market in terms of varieties range, quality and availability of up to date varieties. However, as suggested by hypothesis 1, the farmers privilege provision prevent the widely achievement of the benefits that a plant variety protection regime can promote. According to the way this provision is settled, the property rights allocation is not clearly defined at the LPC, in this way, transaction costs are created due to the need of designing monitoring structures and contracts, which provide breeders better property rights appropriation. It was verified that there are cases where agreements between the parties play a more important role than the law in disciplining the market. The growers who do not fulfill the contracts are excluded from access to modern varieties. Besides, the way the farmers privilege is settled, may also limit the breeders investment level in Brazil as well serving small family farmers due to the lack of credibility caused by this provision .It was also noted that the property rights appropriation by means of a protection title is not always feasible concerning the market size of several varieties from certain flowers genera. In other words, the lower demand for the protection of some varieties is explained by the lower demand of the market, refuting what was supposed in the hypothesis 2 that the farmers privilege would affect the flowers in different manners according to its biological different characters. Thus, it was demonstrated that to use a protection title as a tool to seek property rights appropriation, breeders need to recognize value on it. Conclusions demonstrate the importance of legislation improvement in the sense to guarantee the asexually propagated flowers protection appropriated level. This research aims to provide contributions to this propose.
455

O uso da marca sob a ótica da integridade / The trademark use under the perspective of the integrity

Machado, Alexandre Fragoso 04 June 2013 (has links)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.
456

Public health related TRIPS flexibilities and South-South co-operation as enablers of treatment access in Eastern and Southern Africa : perspectives from producing and importing countries

Avafia, Tenu January 2015 (has links)
Eastern and southern Africa, a region that is home to a twentieth of the world’s population, accounts for half the number of people living with HIV globally, including an increasingly drug resistant Tuberculosis epidemic. The high mortality and untold human suffering associated with HIV in the region during the late 1990s and early 2000s has mostly been mitigated by a rapid scale up of national HIV treatment programmes over the past decade, largely made possible by generic competition from Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers. The sustainability of treatment programmes in the region depends on various factors. National HIV treatment programmes are largely financed by multilateral donor mechanisms which are facing a decline in funding for the first time in the history of the AIDS response. Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers are increasingly encountering patent barriers stemming from the country’s implementation of its intellectual property obligations under the World Trade Organisation’s TRIPS Agreement. As eastern and southern African countries increasingly focus on local pharmaceutical production and south-south co-operation as vehicles for treatment sustainability, this thesis examines the extent to which public health related flexibilities present in the TRIPS Agreement can be used to as enablers of affordable treatment, both in domestic intellectual property legislation, and relevant regional platforms. The thesis undertakes case studies of the policy and legislative environment in two countries with very different profiles: The United Republic of Tanzania as a least developed country with a nascent local pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and South Africa, as the country with the largest pharmaceutical industry on the continent present the full range of country profiles in the region. Conclusions are drawn regarding the optimization of legislative and policy frameworks to facilitate both the importation and local production of health technologies. Finally, the thesis explores challenges and opportunities facing various south-south co-operation initiatives in the region.
457

A comparative study of the patentability standards with respect to pharmaceutical inventions in the United Kingdom and South Africa

Dludlu, Celucolo Peter January 2014 (has links)
Using a comparative methodology the thesis analyses the patentability of pharmaceutical and related inventions in the UK and South Africa. The viewpoint adopted is that of the industry actors, who are engaged in the conception through to the commercialisation of inventions, although this perspective is measured against the concerns of wider stakeholders. Drawing, in particular, on the classical justifications of the patent system, the research identifies the attributes of an optimal patentability standard which can be adjusted as technology and the legislative landscape changes. Framing an optimal patentability benchmark as one that both promote and protect the invention, the thesis considers the elements that ground the judicial patentability decision-making process. As pharmaceutical patenting tends to be an emotive and contentious area, the interplay between the international and respective domestic patentability frameworks is also evaluated in its impact on the inventor within the pharmaceutical chain. The research then turns to investigate four individual patentability limbs as applied in the two jurisdictions. The definition of the invention and excluded subject matter is evaluated in mapping out the pharmaceutical activity and the associated research output that falls within patentable subject matter. The novelty, non-obviousness and industrial application limbs to patentability are then examined, giving particular attention to the tests used by the courts in evaluating whether an invention meets the requisite criteria. The argument is made that the courts in interpreting patentability must apply principles advancing the purpose of the patent system in arriving at decisions. A systematic and robust approach is advanced that improves repeatability and precision in arriving at patentability decisions whilst preventing subjective application of the criteria. It is suggested that the application of the tests whilst aligning with the rationale and policy of the patent system, have to make sense to the scientist working in inventive pharmaceutical activities.
458

Vztah známkoprávní a autorskoprávní ochrany / The relationship between trademark protection and copyright protection

Crháková, Blanka January 2019 (has links)
RESUMÉ
 The name of the thesis: The relationship between trademark protection and copyright protection This diploma thesis deals in a complex way with the system of relationship between trademark protection and copyright protection within Czech law. The diploma thesis is based mainly on two acts - Act No. 121/2000 Coll., On copyright protection, and Act No. 441/2003 Coll., On trademark protection. It also reflects European law including actual case-law. The main goal of the thesis is to show how both protections work, their mutual relation, eventually how and in which situations their convergence happens and what can be the consequences of it from the protection point of view. In the first chapter of my thesis we find introduction that brings the subject to the topic, including aim of the thesis. After that comes seven main chapters and a final conclusion. Initially in chapter two and three of my thesis, I define the basic concepts dealing with Intellectual property and law related to intangible property. Subsequently description of the simultaneous operation of both protections is discussed and based on that their similarities and differences are highlighted. The focus is on analysis of both protections, subjects of both protections, their beneficiaries, formation, duration, means and international...
459

Trademark and patent disputes in Saudi Arabia : an analysis of private international law

Alharbi, Meshal Nayef January 2015 (has links)
The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.
460

L'internationalisation de la protection des dessins et modèles / The internationalization of industrial design protection

Kapyrina, Natalia 14 September 2018 (has links)
Ce travail vise à saisir la dynamique du droit qui assure la protection internationale des dessins et modèles. Il propose une approche partant des normes internationales, et introduit des éléments de comparaison des ordres juridiques, d’analyse institutionnelle, historique et de politique économique. Si un premier constat de faiblesse de la portée de l’internationalisation par le biais des conventions internationales est indéniable, un changement de perspective permet non seulement d’y apporter un ensemble de justifications, mais également de percevoir des tendances à la convergence portées par d’autres vecteurs. Parmi ceux-ci, on dénombre notamment la convergence informelle vers un modèle normatif, l’action du juge ou encore l’intégration régionale. Cet inévitable mouvement d’internationalisation doit poursuivre la cohérence dans le respect de la diversité. Au lieu de bâtir un projet d’intégration normative du droit substantiel, c’est l’amélioration des aspects procéduraux et la coopération dans un cadre multilatéral sur des projets concrets qu’il convient de porter. / This thesis uncovers the legal dynamics which contribute to the international protection of industrial designs. To that end it analyses the conventional international framework and brings together comparative insights, as well as institutional, historical and economic analysis. Whereas the defects of past substantive harmonisation efforts are clear at first sight, a shift in perspective allows not only to bring a set of justifications, but also to evidentiate converging tendencies which are driven through other vectors. Among those are the informal convergence towards a normative model, the activity of the Judiciary as well as regional integration. Further efforts of such internationalisation will have to comply with a need for coherence and respect for diversity. Instead of further substantial harmonisation, additional procedural coordination, as well as international cooperation on specific projects find endorsement.

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