This research critically analyse the existing international intellectual property regime with regard to protection of Genetic Resources (GRs) and Traditional Knowledge (TK) in respect of developing countries. It further discusses access and benefit-sharing (ABS) law and its agreement and the implications of such agreement for developing countries and the extent of effectiveness of the existing IIP regimes specifically on the protection of GRs and TK. Developing countries, such as Ethiopia, are considered to be rich in GRs and the associated TK. It is to their disadvantage in such cases that the current IIP regime is not able to protect GRs and TK, and to date, the international intellectual property regime has failed, permitting excessively broad patents over genetic biodiversity. The study also seeks to address the bearing of international intellectual property regimes on access and benefit sharing to biodiversity resources and associated knowledge. It then argues that there is an inherent gap in the current international intellectual property (IIP) regime with regard to GRs and TK, and unless IIP regime is revised in a manner that gives protection to GRs and TK, developing countries will remain disadvantaged. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

The current economic environment is characterized by dynamism, requiring companies a continuous effort to create differentiation. Technological innovation and competitiveness in this scenario constitute crucial elements in strategic planning and management of these companies, with business sustainability to views. However, the process of innovation goes beyond the creation of new products and services, involves the development of new business models, different technical relationship with stakeholders and new management methods. Among the mechanisms that facilitate the innovation process in the business context, there are the incubators. Moreover, in the scenario described above, protect innovations is crucial to maintaining competitiveness. Based on the foregoing, the aim of this research was to map the intellectual property assets of companies winning the National Award for Innovative Entrepreneurship (1997 to 2015 editions), linked to incubators oriented generation and intensive technologies. This theme was proposed by the fact that, in a scenario where knowledge, efficiency and speed in the innovation process become recognized as the decisive elements for competitiveness, to present an overview of the protection of intellectual property assets of key companies country, linked to incubators, is essential, as will serve as a stimulus and basis for other companies with a similar profile, as well as incubators, developing promotional actions for innovation. The type of survey is classified as to the nature, as applied and, as the goal, as descriptive and qualitative and quantitative, regarding the approach. The research method used was a multi case study, emphasizing aspects common to all elements in the study and at the same time, trying to unique aspects in all the cases studied, focusing on the protection of intellectual property assets of companies winning the award mentioned above. For this study was used as data collection source document research, with emphasis on analysis of technological information with the INPI. The results show that the thirty (30) winning companies of the National Innovative Entrepreneurship Award are distributed in twelve (12) incubators and concentrated in seven (7) states in the South (40%), Southeast (43%) and Northeast (17 %). This group of companies is responsible for filing ninety-two (92) patents, the registration process of four hundred forty-seven (447) marks the thirty registration application-nine (39) computer programs and eight (8 ) industrial designs in INPI. It was concluded that - despite the innovative profile of the companies surveyed and the fact that they started their activities in an innovation environment - is moderate use of protective mechanisms of intangible assets from these companies, focusing on registration applications marks. Companies that used the mechanisms of protection of intellectual property assets work in the automation field and in the chemical and food industries. / O atual ambiente econômico caracteriza-se pela dinamicidade, exigindo das empresas um esforço contínuo para criar diferenciação. A inovação tecnológica e a competitividade, neste cenário, constituem-se elementos cruciais no planejamento estratégico e no gerenciamento dessas empresas, com vistas à sustentabilidade dos negócios. Contudo, o processo de inovação vai além da criação de novos produtos e serviços, envolve o desenvolvimento de novos modelos de negócios, técnicas diferenciadas de relacionamento com stakeholders e novos métodos gerenciais. Dentre os mecanismos que facilitam o processo de inovação no âmbito empresarial, destacam-se as incubadoras de empresas. Além disso, no cenário descrito acima, proteger as inovações é fundamental para a manutenção da competitividade. Ante o exposto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi realizar um mapeamento dos bens de propriedade intelectual das empresas vencedoras do Prêmio Nacional de Empreendedorismo Inovador (edições de 1997 a 2015), vinculadas às incubadoras orientadas para a geração e uso intenso de tecnologias. Este tema foi proposto pelo fato de que, em um cenário onde o conhecimento, a eficiência e a rapidez no processo de inovação passam a ser reconhecidamente os elementos decisivos para a competitividade, apresentar um panorama da proteção dos bens de propriedade intelectual das principais empresas do país, vinculadas às incubadoras, é fundamental, pois servirá de estímulo e parâmetro para outras empresas com perfil semelhante, bem como para as incubadoras, no desenvolvimento de ações de fomento à inovação. O tipo de pesquisa realizada classifica-se, quanto à natureza, como aplicada e, quanto ao objetivo, como descritiva, bem como qualitativa e quantitativa, no que diz respeito à abordagem. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o estudo multicaso, enfatizando aspectos comuns a todos os elementos em estudo e, ao mesmo tempo, tratando de aspectos únicos em todos os casos estudados, tendo como foco a proteção dos bens de propriedade intelectual das empresas vencedoras do prêmio mencionado acima. Para este estudo foi utilizado como fonte de coleta de dados a pesquisa documental, com ênfase na análise de informações tecnológicas junto ao INPI. Os resultados apontam que as trinta (30) empresas vencedoras do Prêmio Nacional de Empreendedorismo Inovador estão distribuídas em doze (12) incubadoras e concentradas em sete (7) estados das regiões Sul (40%), Sudeste (43%) e Nordeste (17%). O conjunto dessas empresas é responsável pelo depósito de noventa e duas (92) patentes, pelo processo de registro de quatrocentos e quarenta e sete (447) marcas, pelo pedido de registro de trinta e nove (39) programas de computador e oito (8) desenhos industriais no INPI. Concluiu-se que – apesar do perfil inovador das empresas pesquisadas e o fato de terem iniciado suas atividades em um ambiente propício à inovação – é moderada a utilização dos mecanismos de proteção dos ativos intangíveis por parte dessas empresas, concentrando-se em pedidos de registro de marcas. As empresas que mais utilizaram os mecanismos de proteção dos bens de propriedade intelectual atuam na área de automação e nas indústrias química e alimentícia.

Since the 80s, the growth of the Information Technology sector significantly challenged to create laws for the protection of computer programs. Which are considered an intangible asset and replicable, virtually no cost, it showed the difficulty in creating mechanisms to protect them properly. Thus, it has become evident the need for research aimed at creating efficient legislative frameworks of intellectual property protection for these assets, whether constituting them as a stimulus instruments to innovation, not allowing laws may create obstacles to the spread of knowledge in society. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the protection model adopted in Brazil, its evolution and the inherited influence of the United States and Europe. To this end, a historical review of international and Brazilian legislation was carried out, which showed complex dilemmas surrounding this issue in the framework of legality worldwide. Then a regulatory review was presented, addressing the software 'and' computer program, the types of software and legislation has been applied in the present scenario. Soon after, a detailed analysis of software registration by copyright and by industrial law was held. The first, contemplanado topics related to the computer program protection itself, the protection of literal and non-literal elements, protection documentation, term of protection, limits of protection and protection functionality. Subsequently, the work presented an overview of the use of the intellectual property system for computer program in Brazil and Sergipe. Finally, a case study related to the registration of software was presented in order to demonstrate how this mechanism in practice, since the prospect of technology, to the procedures to be followed for registration with the INPI. It was found in this work that national legislation has yet to move forward in order to properly organize the conflicts and the needs of the information technology industry. As a result, there was a practical process of disordered legal interpretations and inconsistent, showing that those involved in intellectual property issues, whether they are in academia, government institutions and companies, need to promote new studies and intensify this kind of debate, aiming harmonize common interests and enable the economic and technological development of the country. / Desde a década de 80, o crescimento do setor de Tecnologia da Informação desafiou significativamente a criação de leis para a proteção dos programas de computador. Sendo estes considerados como um bem intangível e replicável, praticamente sem custos, evidenciou-se a dificuldade na criação de mecanismos que os protejam adequadamente. Sendo assim, tornou-se notória a necessidade de pesquisas que visem criar estruturas legislativas eficientes de proteção à propriedade intelectual para estes bens, seja constituindo-os como instrumentos de estímulo à inovação, seja não permitindo que as leis venham a criar obstáculos à difusão do conhecimento na sociedade. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar o modelo de proteção adotado no Brasil, sua evolução e a influência herdada dos Estados Unidos e Europa. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão histórica da legislação internacional e brasileira, a qual evidenciou dilemas complexos que envolvem essa questão no âmbito da legalidade em todo o mundo. Em seguida, foi apresentada uma revisão normativa, abordando os conceitos de software e de programa de computador, os tipos de software e a legislação que vem sendo aplicada no cenário atual. Logo após, foi realizada uma analise detalhada do registro de software pelo direito autoral. Contemplanado tópicos referentes à proteção do programa de computador em si, a proteção aos elementos literais e não literais, proteção à documentação, prazo de proteção, limites da proteção e proteção da funcionalidade. Posteriormente, o trabalho apresentou um panorama de uso do sistema de propriedade intelectual para programa de computador no Brasil e em Sergipe. Finalmente, foi apresentado um estudo de caso, relacionado ao registro de programa de computador, tendo em vista demonstrar como funciona esse mecanismo na prática, desde a prospecção da tecnologia, até os procedimentos que devem ser seguidos para registro junto ao INPI. Constatou-se, neste trabalho, que a legislação nacional ainda não conseguiu avançar de forma a organizar adequadamente os conflitos e as necessidades da indústria de tecnologia da informação. Em consequência, observou-se um processo prático de interpretações jurídicas desordenadas e pouco coerentes, demonstrando que os atores envolvidos nas questões de propriedade intelectual, estejam eles na academia, instituições governamentais ou empresas, precisam promover novos estudos e intensificar esse tipo de debate, visando harmonizar os interesses comuns e possibilitar o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico do país.

científico e tecnológico de uma nação pode ser mensurado através da análise da capacidade de sua sociedade de gerar conhecimento e transformá-lo em um produto aplicável à realidade da sua população, sendo certo que a eficácia desta dinâmica depende da existência de políticas públicas de proteção à propriedade intelectual (PI), que garantam ao titular da criação segurança e o retorno do investimento realizado. Uma das áreas em que esse processo é mais evidente é a saúde, já que é responsável por atrair volumosos investimentos financeiros tanto do setor público como do privado. O Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) está amplamente inserido no contexto da pesquisa em saúde porque possui como objetivo institucional, além da assistência e do ensino, promover a realização de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas e de inovação, sendo reconhecido pela excelência nesse campo. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma política institucional para normatizar a proteção e a exploração dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que decorrem das pesquisas em saúde realizadas pela comunidade científica do HCPA. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa de dados a partir de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, bem como utilizada a técnica de investigação de estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a existência de uma vasta gama de possibilidades de pesquisas a serem realizadas na Instituição, as quais podem gerar diversas formas de proteção e exploração da propriedade intelectual, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da proposta de redação da política institucional de propriedade intelectual para o HCPA. Conclui-se que há forte cultura sobre pesquisa e desenvolvimento em toda a instituição, mas que a propriedade intelectual ainda é uma matéria que merece maior atenção, a fim de que todo o seu potencial e benefícios possam ser alcançados. / A nation’s scientific and technological development can be measured by its society capacity to generate knowledge and turn it into an useful product for its population. There’s no doubt that the effectiveness of this dynamic depends on the existence of public policies of intellectual property protection, which guarantee to the author security and return of the investment he’s done. Health is one of the areas where this process is most evident, since it is responsible for attracting massive financial investments from both public and private sectors. The Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) is deeply inserted in the context of health research because, besides medical assistance and teaching, it has as an institutional objective to promote scientific and technological research and innovation, being recognized for its excellence in this field. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to compose an institutional policy to regulate the protection and the profiteering of the intellectual property rights that derive from the research in the health area carried out by the HCPA’s scientific community. To achieve it, a qualitative data research was implemented based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis, as well as case study investigation technique. The results obtained pointed out the existence of a wide range of research possibilities to be carried out in the Institution, which enables several forms of protection and profiteering of the intellectual property and made possible to write the proposal of an institutional property policy for the HCPA. It is concluded that there is a strong culture of research and development throughout the institution, but that intellectual property is still a subject that deserves more attention so that its full potential and benefits can be achieved.

Legal aspects of Artificial Intelligence Abstract Similarly to other new technologies, the legal regulation of artificial intelligence is still somewhat behind its rapid expansion and frequent use in the daily activities of the general population. For this reason, this diploma thesis deals with the currently used and future legislation in this area. As the general concept and the issue of liability have already been addressed in previously published academic works, this text focuses mainly on aspects of copyright law. The main goal is to explain the current concept of the role of artificial intelligence in Czech copyright regulation and its pitfalls. In the next phase, the text presents the options of the legal concept of artificial intelligence abroad and their influence on potential further development at both the European and Czech level. The first chapter introduces the basic concepts, especially the concept of artificial intelligence itself. It describes the history of its origin and the fragmentation of views on its definition as well as its consequences for society. Within the understanding of artificial intelligence as a technology, one of the subchapters is also devoted to the comparison of its various divisions and types, in order to create a realistic idea of the current boundaries of its...

Intellectual Property (IP) is used to speed up the design process and save money. The use of IP and complex CAD tools reduce visibility into the design and what is actually happening during synthesis and implementation. All of the complexity makes it easier for an attacker to insert malicious logic or tamper with the design in ways that are difficult to detect. Not very much work has been done towards the creation of tools to facilitate the safe use of 3rd-party IP. This work presents Physical and Functional Assurance, two approaches that aim to accomplish this task through physically and logically identical IP instantiation respectively. The approaches and their results and performance impact are presented across a suite of 53 experiments. The Physical Assurance approach is successful at instantiating the 3rd-party IP in the user design without modification and it is also successful at catching even minute tampers along the way. The Functional Assurance approach is shown to be feasible, but still requires work to become a fully-fledged tool.

Violation of Authors' Rights Using Cyberspace Abstract This diploma thesis describes violation of authors' rights in cyberspace, especially the most common ways of committing this crime. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first chapter contains a general introduction to the topic, it defines the basic concepts (such as computer and related terms of hardware and software, internet, cyberspace and cybercrime), which serve as a basis for other parts of the work. The second chapter deals with copyright as such. It explains the concept of copyright work and describes the individual rights of the author. Given the nature of this criminal activity, it is not possible to limit the interpretation to the criminal law regulation. The second chapter thus indicates what rights of the author are affected, which works are subject to copyright infringement, which works are excluded from copyright protection and, finally, what are the limitations and exceptions to copyright. The third part is followed by a brief overview of the legislation that can be applied to the area of copyright (or generally to cybercrime). This includes national (Czech), European and international legislation, as it is an issue that in many cases crosses national borders. The fourth part of the thesis is a crucial part, because it deals with...

Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Private Law / unrestricted

In this thesis, three perspectives on the justification of intellectual property rights are investigated in the light of conflicting socioeconomic human rights. This is done by using a comparative method, where the perspectives chosen are reviewed through the lense of rights as legitimate claims, as well as accessibility of rights. The purpose is to review as to how the ownership of ideas and inventions can be justified in relation to the socioeconomic challenges faced in many parts of the world. The principal research question is: How can intellectual property rights be justified and how can it be evaluated against the backdrop of socioeconomic rights and moral obligations? To answer this question, I posed three sub-questions: First, how are intellectual property rights justified in the existing research chosen as an entry point for this thesis? Drawn from this, how can the justification of intellectual property rights be understood as a moral concern in a socioeconomically unequal world? Taking a cue from this, what questions need to be answered to better understand the transnational moral obligations linked to intellectual property rights? By reviewing the perspectives presented on the justification of intellectual property rights, I make three concluding statements ​— intellectual property rights cannot be justified in cases where they affect other individuals’ socioeconomic rights negatively; excessive benefits gained for creators is not morally reasonable; and the unequal distribution of power and opportunities in relation to transnational moral responsibilities need to be recognised.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à analyser de quelle manière l’usage du Cloud Computing (CC), présenté comme une nouvelle forme de droit de propriété intellectuelle (DPI), peut modifier l’intensité et l’usage des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) au sein des entreprises. Parmi les résultats novateurs de cette thèse sont les suivants nous en citons trois : Premièrement, dès lors que les firmes cherchent à innover, l’adoption du CC dépend de la capacité d’absorption technologique. La capacité d’absorption technologique, telle que nous l’avons redéfinie, construite par l’accumulation de connaissances et de procédés en matière de gestion des innovations et des technologies permet une intégration plus facile des nouvelles technologies dans les schémas de fonctionnement de l’entreprise. Deuxièmement, les compétences numériques sont fondamentales dans la décision d’adoption afin d’insérer le CC dans la continuité des anciennes TIC, de gérer la perception de la complexité de la technologie et des risque associés. Enfin, la diffusion du CC dépend en grande partie de la perception des consommateurs de cette nouvelle technologie. Plus les consommateurs font confiance à la sécurité du CC et plus la concurrence entre les entreprises permet de relâcher la concurrence en prix. Les perceptions des consommateurs concernant la sécurité du CC impactent la concurrence en prix et en qualité des firmes et déterminent ainsi le degré de diffusion. Ces perceptions des consommateurs à propos du CC jouent un rôle important dans la pénétration du Cloud. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze in what way the use of cloud computing (CC) presented as a new form of intellectual property right (IPR), can modify the intensity and use of information and communication technology (ICT) within companies. Among the innovative results of this thesis, three ‘aspects’ will be mentioned as follows: In the first place and since the firms are looking for innovation, the adoption of cloud computing depends on the technological absorptive capacity as we have redefined it, built on the accumulation of knowledge and processes related to the management of innovations and technologies allows an easier integration of the new technologies in the plan of the company’ functioning. Secondly, the digital skills are fundamental in the decision of adoption in order to insert the cloud computing in the continuity of former technologies, to manage the perception of the complexity of this technology and the associated risks. Finally, the distribution of the cloud computing depends largely on the consumers perception of this new technology. The more the consumers trust the security of the cloud computing, the more the competition among the companies allows to the competition in prices. The perceptions of the consumers about the security of the cloud computing have an impact on the competition for both price and quality among the firms (service providers) and determine the level of the distribution. These perceptions play an important role.