Les négociations de l’Uruguay Round ont été l’occasion d’introduire la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre du GATT avec la conclusion de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) et l’application du système renforcé de règlement des différends de l’OMC aux différends découlant de ce nouvel accord. La présente thèse vise à analyser comment ce système administré par l’ORD organise, traite et règle les différends relatifs au respect des obligations découlant de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La question est d’une grande importance en raison des singularités de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. Les études menées tout au long de cette thèse ont permis de faire état des règles et procédures encadrant le règlement des différends ADPIC ; de révéler certaines spécificités, en ce qui concerne le type de plaintes pouvant être portées devant l’ORD, et certaines difficultés spécifiques soulevées par l’application de son système de rétorsion à l’Accord sur les ADPIC ; de mettre en avant le rôle central que joue l’ORD, lequel s’est révélé crédible et efficace, non seulement en traitant les différends ADPIC par le truchement des Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel, mais encore en contribuant à en régler un nombre appréciable au stade des consultations ; et enfin de souligner la manière prudente dont ont fait preuve les Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel dans leur mission. / The Uruguay Round negotiations gave an opportunity to include intellectual property within the GATT framework, with the conclusion of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the application of the reinforced system of the WTO dispute settlement to disputes deriving from this new agreement. The present thesis aims at analyzing how this system, managed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) organizes, drafts and rules disputes related to the respect of the obligations born of the TRIPS Agreement. The question is of great importance because of the TRIPS Agreement singularities. The studies undertaken throughout this thesis help report on the rules and procedures framing the TRIPS disputes settlement ; reveal some specificities, with regard to the type of complaints which can be brought before the DSB, and some specific difficulties generated by the application of the DSB retaliation system to the TRIPS Agreement ; highlight the central role that plays the DSB, which appeared trustworthy and effective, not only in dealing with TRIPS disputes through the establishment of panels and the Appellate Body, but also in contributing to the settlement of a significant number of disputes at the consultation stage ; and finally underline how the panels and the Appellate Body precautiously lead their own mission.

Diese Bachelorarbeit wurde am Fraunhofer-Zentrum für Mittel- und Osteuropa erstellt. Ihr Ziel war die Automatisierung eines Teilprozesses, der im Zusammenhang mit der dort entwickelten Web-Anwendung Intellectual Property Industry Base1 steht.

The master thesis analyses and compares selected accesses to patent information systems of Czech Industrial Property Office, European Patent Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office and World Intellectual Property Organization. This includes accesses via web sites of the institutions mentioned above and an access via Google Patents service. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first part discusses patent information systems, the second one gives an overview of the selected institutions, the third part presents evaluation methodology of patent information systems, the fourth part includes a comparative analysis, the fifth one consists of a user survey and the sixth part introduces possibilities of future development of patent information systems. The comparative analysis showed the access to information system of World Intellectual Property Organization (Patentscope) as the best one among all the analysed accesses. In the user survey the respondents selected the information system of European Patent Office (Espacenet) as the most user-friendly access. Key words industrial property, patent documents, patent databases, patent information systems, patent searches, patent searching, Czech Industrial Property Office, European Patent Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office, World...

Intellectual Property (IP) is considered a valuable asset for a company and the relevance of effective IP management has been intensely discussed in the literature. However, research gets scarce when the focus is on SMEs and startups. Scholars and experts appoint the lack of knowledge on IP as one of the main reasons for the underperformance of small firms in the matter. Several initiatives attempted to solve the lack of knoweldge on IP unsuccessfully. Meanwhile, Brazil is seeking improvement in competitiveness and increasing its efforts on innovation. The number of startups sontrongly increased in the last years. This work uses Design Science Research to develop an innovative artifact to improve IP literacy among Brazilian startups. Using the design process stated in the methodology, we analyzed existing IP literacy systems and concluded with design recommendation for future systems. Additionally, we surveyed Brazilian startups to understand how these companies manage their IP and how they access knowledge. Consequently, we developed the system based on the recommendation from initial studies and evaluated it with potential users and IP experts in Brazil. Finally, Brazilian startups used the learning system and improved their knowledge on IP by increasing their capabilities of designing strategies to improve the IP value.

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This thesis looks at how copyright laws are used in the home console Gaming industry and, in particular, how these laws are used to capture the returns from Investment .Which can indirectly provide a stimulus to innovation. The relationship is evaluated in two selected markets: the United States (USA), the European Union.This thesis assesses this relationship through a unique approach, adopting both a legal approach and economic analysis. The thesis begins with a detailed analysis of the market for this industry to identify the key factors affecting the ability of individual businesses to return on investment.Next come Section II which continues to examine the effects of copyright on these factors in the developed markets of the United States and Europe. It's the view of this thesis that copyright laws can theoretically be used to maximize the performance of a business investment without distorting competition; therefore, the thesis suggests that IPRs indirectly, it can create incentives to innovate.

El profesor Henry Chesbrough, da origen a “Open Innovation” (OI por sus siglas en inglés) a principios del presente milenio. Él afirma que “La innovación abierta es un paradigma que parte de la suposición de que las empresas pueden y deben utilizar ideas externas, así como vías internas y externas de acceso al mercado, con el fin de desarrollar su negocio” (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). La base de OI y los derechos de propiedad intelectual(DPI) en distintas áreas juegan un rol fundamental. Bican, Guderian & Ringbeck (2017), afirman que existe un efecto desactivador de la innovación. Sobre todo, en paises en vías de desarrollo. Debido a que existe una brecha para impulsar I+D+i desde el estado como promotor junto a las universidades. Además, “Las empresas deben organizar sus procesos de innovación para estar más abiertas a ideas y conocimientos externos” (Chesbrough, 2011). En Perú, y otros países de Latinoamérica, falta desarrollar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de innovación abierta. Según CEPAL (2018), el principal motivo de desconexión entre los ciudadanos y el estado, es la incapacidad de las instituciones públicas para satisfacer las demandas crecientes y cambiantes de la sociedad. Además, existen otros desafíos socioeconómicos y la necesidad de repensar las instituciones para darles mejor respuesta a las demandas de la sociedad. En el presente trabajo, estudiaremos los posibles factores de éxito de gestión de OI y DPI, la influencia de las TICs y la generacion de un ecosistema Hyper-colaborativo, para crear valor y promover un mayor bienestar en la población. / Professor Henry Chesbrough gives rise to "Open Innovation" (OI) at the beginning of this millennium. He states that "Open innovation is a paradigm that starts from the assumption that companies can and should use external ideas, as well as internal and external ways of accessing the market, in order to develop their business" (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). The basis of OI and intellectual property rights (IPR) in different areas play a fundamental role. Bican, Guderian&Ringbeck (2017), state that there is a deactivating effect of innovation. Above all, in developing countries. Because there is a gap to promote R & D & I from the state as a promoter with universities. In addition, "Companies must organize their innovation processes to be more open to external ideas and knowledge" (Chesbrough, 2011). In Peru, and other Latin American countries, there is a need to develop policies aimed at developing open innovation. According to ECLAC (2018), the main reason for disconnection between citizens and the state is the inability of public institutions to meet the growing and changing demands of society. In addition, there are other socio-economic challenges and the need to rethink institutions to better respond to society's demands. In this paper, we will study the possible success factors of OI and DPI management, the influence of ICTs and the generation of a Hyper-collaborative ecosystem, to create value and promote greater well-being in the population.

Les propriétés intellectuelles sont-elles des propriétés? « Usus, fructus et abusus » décrivent le contenu et précisent la nature du droit de propriété au sens classique. C'est l'outil que nous retenons pour examiner les droits de propriété intellectuelle. Droit d'auteur, brevet, marque, dessins et modèles sont passés au crible du triptyque. Manifeste, le décalage entre l'usage de la création et l'usus privatif et matériel de la chose corporelle ne nous semble pourtant pas rédhibitoire. En revanche, réunion de l'usus et du fructus, la jouissance économique de la création n'apparaît ni exclusive ni absolue. Partagée et dirigée, elle se démarque trop, pour nous, de celle d'une chose corporelle. Surtout, l 'abusus creuse un fossé entre le créateur et le propriétaire. Davantage que la disponibilité des prérogatives morales du créateur, c'est celle de ses prérogatives patrimoniales qui réserve des surprises et nous arrête. Cumulées, jouissance et disposition invitent à distinguer non seulement entre le droit d'auteur et les droits de propriété industrielle, mais avant tout entre les propriétés intellectuelles et la propriété de droit commun. Globalement, le triptyque est à la fois surabondant (le créateur a moins de pouvoir que le propriétaire) et insuffisant (le créateur a plus de pouvoir que le propriétaire). Il ne rend pas compte de la nature juridique singulière du droit du créateur. Pour conclure, les propriétés intellectuelles n'entrent pas dans le moule de la propriété traditionnelle. À l'examen, elles nous paraissent également irréductibles aux définitions modernes de la propriété. Pour nous, la propriété ne peut ni ne doit qualifier le droit si singulier du créateur. / Is Intellectual Property true Property? In French Law, the Right of Property is classically described and even defined by reference to its components: “Usus, Fructus, Abusus,” such as outlined by Roman Law. Hence, this trilogy shall be our tool of choice, and guide us as we sift through French Copyright, Patents, Trademarks, Industrial Designs, looking for a possible analogy. The difference between the use (usus) of a creation and that, typically private and material, of a corporeal thing is certainly obvious, but to us, it is not redhibitory. On the other hand, in as much as the exploitation (usus and fructus) of a corporeal thing can be seen as the epitome of the exclusive and absolute power of a person over his thing, that of a creation is a far cry from that kind of freedom. Moreover, the creator cannot ever dispose of his creation in the way or to the extent the corporeal owner can. On those two points, we feel that the gap which separates the creator and the owner cannot be bridged. As a consequence, it seems to us that the powers French Law traditionally vests in the owner do not do justice to Intellectual Property. To conclude personally, the Right of Property in its classical acceptation does not adequately qualify the Right of the Creator. Modem conceptions of Property may well abandon the trilogy, we feel that they still betray the essence of Intellectual Property. The Right of the creator on his creation is profoundly singular, and Property does not begin to describe it, let alone define it. The analogy between Property and Intellectual Property might be said groundless.

La détention et l’exploitation de l’information apparaissent au cœur du développement de l’économie contemporaine, faisant de l’identification ainsi que de la protection de l’information des enjeux permanents pour les opérateurs économiques. Mais toutes les informations ne se valent pas. Seules celles bénéficiant d’une protection directe ou indirecte et conférant un avantage concurrentiel font l’objet d’un contrôle attentif des entreprises et des autorités de concurrence. Dans ce contexte, les libertés économiques, circonscrites à la liberté contractuelle, la liberté d’entreprendre et la libre concurrence, constituent, alternativement, un guide, un support ou une limite à la divulgation de l’information protégée. Justifiant l’absence de divulgation de certaines informations protégées, les libertés économiques consacrent le respect des secrets d’affaires. A l’inverse, elles peuvent imposer une divulgation et en dicter les modalités. Suivant un mouvement de balancier, les conditions de divulgation de l’information protégée, au sein d’échanges informels, dans le cadre d’opérations de normalisation, ou dans une optique de libre mise à disposition, influencent à leur tour les libertés économiques qui s’en trouvent contraintes, renforcées ou renouvelées. Au regard de ces interactions constantes dessinant un cadre évolutif, il importe de s’interroger sur la réalité de l’autonomie de la volonté des opérateurs économiques dans la gestion de leurs informations protégées. / Possession and exploitation of information are essential to the development of the contemporary economy, making the identification as well as the protection of information permanent stakes for economic operators. But information is not always given the same value. Only those which are granted direct or indirect protection, and which give a competitive advantage are subject to close scrutiny by companies and competition authorities. In this context, economic freedoms, circumscribed by contractual freedom, freedom of enterprise and free competition, may in turn be considered as guide, a support or a limit to the disclosure of protected information. Justifying the lack of disclosure of some protected information, economic freedoms ensure the respect of trade secrets. Conversely, they may force the disclosure of protected information, and dictate the terms of this disclosure. Following a pendulum movement, the conditions for disclosure of protected information, in informal exchanges, in the framework of standardization operations, or in view of free provision, influence economic freedoms which in turn are constrained, reinforced or renewed by this operation. Following these constant interactions that draw on an evolving framework, it appears important to question the real autonomy of the economic actor’s will in the management of their protected information.

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