The occupation of Moutoa Gardens in 1995 highlighted efforts by Whanganui iwi to draw attention to the non-settlement of long-standing land grievances arising out of land confiscations by the Crown in New Zealand in the 1860s. Maori attitudes to land have not been well understood by successive New Zealand governments since that time, nor by many Pakeha New Zealanders. In an effort to overcome that lack of understanding, this thesis studies a particular genre of Maori composition; namely, waiata tangi or songs of lament, which contain a strong indigenous sense of place component. The waiata used in this study derive from my tribal area of Taranaki, which is linked historically and through whakapapa with Whanganui iwi. These waiata were recorded in manuscript form in the 1890s by my great-grandfather Te Kahui Kararehe, and are a good source from which to draw conclusions about the traditional nature of Maori feelings for place. Two strands run throughout this thesis. The first examines the nature of Maori feelings for place and land, which have endured through primary socialisation to the present day. By focusing upon a form of expression that reveals the attachment of Maori towards their ancestral homelands, it is hoped that the largely monocultural Pakeha majority in New Zealand will be made aware of that attachment. It is also hoped that Pakeha may be suitably informed of the consequences of colonialist intervention in the affairs of the Maori people since 1840, which have resulted in cultural deprivation and material disadvantage at the present day. In the current climate of government moves to address the problems bequeathed them by their predecessors, it is important that the settlement of land claims and waterways under the Treaty of Waitangi should proceed unhindered by misapprehension and misinformation on the part of the public at large. The second strand of my thesis concerns the waiata texts themselves, which I wish to bring to the attention of the descendants of the composers of those waiata, who may or may not know of their existence. Since so much of value has been lost to the Maori world it is important that the culturally precious items that remain should be restored as soon as possible to those to whom they rightfully belong. Key themes examined in this thesis are the nature of Maori "feelings" for place and a "sense" of place; Maori research methodologies and considerations, including Maori cosmology and genealogical lines of descent; ethical concerns and intellectual property rights; ethnographic writings from the nineteenth century which tried to make sense of Maori imagery and habits of thought; the Kahui Papers from which the waiata were drawn; and the content and imagery of the waiata themselves. I also discuss the use of hermeneutics as a methodological device for unlocking the meanings of words and references in the waiata, and present the results both from a western sense of place perspective and a Maori viewpoint based on cultural concepts and understandings.

Η συμφωνία TRIPS, υπό την ομπρέλα του Παγκόσμιου Οργανισμού Εμπορίου και εξυπηρετώντας τα συμφέροντα που την εμπνεύστηκαν και την επέβαλαν, συνέδεσε για πρώτη φορά την πνευματική ιδιοκτησία με το εμπόριο και έθεσε τα ελάχιστα επίπεδα για την προστασία της, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του τομέα των πατεντών στα φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα και τις διαδικασίες παραγωγής τους. Στην παρούσα εργασία, αφού αναλυθούν τα βασικότερα άρθρα που αφορούν στην προστασία των πατεντών και των αποτελεσμάτων δοκιμών, οι «TRIPS flexibilities», οι προσπάθειες περιορισμού του πεδίου εφαρμογής τους, σκιαγραφείται η νέα τάξη πραγμάτων που διαμορφώνεται κάτω από τις πιέσεις των κυρίαρχων συμφερόντων για πιο επεκτατική και αυστηρή προστασία της πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Οι επιπτώσεις της TRIPS και των διμερών και περιφερειακών TRIPS-plus συμφωνιών στην πρόσβαση στα φάρμακα, περιγράφονται υπό το πρίσμα της διαμόρφωσης των τιμών τους και της αδυναμίας να καλυφθεί το χάσμα χρηματοδότησης R&D για ασθένειες που πλήττουν το 90% του παγκόσμιου πληθυσμού (10/90 gap), παρά τις προς του αντιθέτου υποσχέσεις του ανεπτυγμένου κόσμου. Συμπεραίνουμε ότι το μοντέλο “one-size-fits-all” για την προστασία της πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας, παραβλέπει τις διαφορετικές ανάγκες και δομές κάθε κοινωνίας και ενισχύει τις ανισότητες του πλανήτη. Οι προτάσεις μας συντείνουν στην αναγκαιότητα ανάληψης συντονισμένων δράσεων εκ μέρους των κυβερνήσεων των κρατών, των διεθνών οργανισμών, της επιστημονικής κοινότητας και των πολιτών ώστε το αναπαλλοτρίωτο ανθρώπινο δικαίωμα στη ζωή και την υγεία, να τύχει του σεβασμού που του αξίζει. / --

This Diploma thesis, called "Comparison of patent law in the EU countries", deals with legislation of invention patents and their protection in selected countries such as Germany and the Czech Republic. Within Europe there is an attempt to harmonize the legislation in the field of intellectual property rights in all member countries and to create a unified legal system. A patent is the most important object in protection of industrial property. The secondary objective of this thesis is focused on the identification of the re-sponsible authorities and to determine the financial and time requirements for obtaining a patent. Next major objective is the evaluation of the use of the patent protection within the Czech and German universities, research organizations and private companies and then their transfer of technologies. The practical part contains the analysis of both selected countries from the per-spective of patent law, valid legislation, the responsible institutions and patent statistics for the last ten years. Additional chapter discusses the results of research and development in the university environment at three universities in the Czech Republic and Germany. The analysis is focused in particular on the procedure of obtaining a patent, then also the influence of the local authorities. The comparison of these two countries has revealed some certain similarities, but also striking differences between them. The Czech Republic is currently also slowly dis-covering the benefits of patent protection, but the results can be evaluated only after some time interval.

This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce. The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D.Th.(Theological Ethics)

A patent is an intellectual property right granted as a reward for the labours of the inventor so as to commercially exploit the invention in return for disclosure of the invention. The benefits of the patent system find perfect expression in the employment situation since the employer is better equipped to exploit the invention through provision of resources and capital whereas the employee is provided with an opportunity to develop his technical know-how. A comparative study of the laws pertaining to employee inventions in the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America reveals a variety of approaches to the subject of employee inventions. The approach of the South African law on the subject is inadequate and legal reform is a necessity. The recommendations for such reform encapsulates a blend of the best features of each of the three national approaches to employee inventions. / Mercentile Law / LL. M. (Law)

Orientador: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a participação de grupos de interesse na definição da política externa norte-americana ao defenderem seus interesses econômicos. Com base no modelo do jogo de dois níveis proposto por Robert Putnam, considera-se o impacto dos atores domésticos no processo de tomada de decisão na política externa comercial dos Estados Unidos. Sob tal perspectiva, analisaremos como lobby da indústria farmacêutica norte-americana se organizou e quais estratégias foram adotadas por eles para fazer valer os seus interesses e influenciar a formulação da política externa do país, utilizando seus recursos financeiros e influência política junto a instituições governamentais responsáveis pela definição da política comercial para pressionar o governo norte-americano em suas negociações internacionais por regulamentações que beneficiassem o setor. Assim, o estudo de caso das negociações do acordo TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) no âmbito do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstra como a estratégia do lobby farmacêutico se revelou eficiente. / Abstract: The present work aims to analyze the participation of interest groups in the definition of the American foreign policy when defending their interests. Based on the two-level model proposed by Robert Putnam, it considers the impact of domestic actors in the decision-making process of the US foreign trade policy. From this perspective, we analyze how the pharmaceutical industry lobby is organized and its strategies to assert their interests and influence the formulation of the country's foreign policy, by using its financial resources and channels of influence with governamental institutions responsible for the definition of trade policy to pressure the US government in its international negotiations for regulations that would benefit the sector. Thus, the case study of the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) negotiations under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstrates how the pharmaceutical lobby strategy proved to be efficient. / Mestre

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T12:01:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquvo total.pdf: 18917608 bytes, checksum: fcfcd686ecacb39c53f8f45267048264 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / This study deals with an innovative theme regarding the scenario of contemporary science. This perspective presents a new spectrum related to open science and changes that occur in current scientific practices. These practices are being improved and present new meanings, towards the new dynamics related to scientific outcomes and publishing. The Fourth Scientific Paradigm leads to a science that is based on intensive use of scientific information through the practices of the emerging model called e-Science. This type of science reflects a collaborative scientific environment that considers sharing, convergence, connectivity, interactivity, use and reuse of scientific data. This environment is based on the assumptions of a more open science and emerging models. In this context, the data life cycle model is adopted in order to drive and support scientific data management. Thus, this thesis constitutes a multidimensional and multidisciplinary study that relies on the confluence between Information Science and Law Sciences and its intersections with Economy and Technology. Theoretically, the study is supported by Commons Theory and Creative Economy; considering current intellectual property regulations and legislations as well as international guidelines for the new dynamics of e-Science. The core argument of this thesis is that in e-Science authority is collaborative practice; promoted by authorship rewards. The study object of the research is centered on authorship of scientific data considered as an intellectual asset. The work aims to elaborate standards that promote reward towards collaborative authority in e-Science. The research is predominantly qualitative. Bardin´s content analysis was used for categorizing, coding and performing inferences. The research also relied on the six dimensions (epistemological, theoretical, technical, morphological, political and ethical) according to study of Bufrem that guided the development of the chapters, content analysis and the conceptual model. The NVivo software was used for categorization, codification and corpus analysis. The multidimensional view and thematic connections resulted in five categories and thirteen subcategories that helped achieve the objective and indicate the standards of the proposed model for the representation of authorship in e-Science. It concludes that in the context of e- Science, authority is collaborative and ensured by copyright rewards through attribution, citation and accountability. Authorship attribution and citation are usual procedures, but in contemporary practice the responsibility is assigned to each collaborator proportionally. Thus, the thesis is confirmed and is represented by the conceptual model of collaborative authority in e-Science. The model is composed of multi-dimensional patterns that represent the scenario of collaborative open science that focuses on sharing, accessibility; oriented towards to the use and reuse of scientific data. Finally, each standard model represents guiding axioms that will help authors, researchers, curators, librarians, stakeholders, academic institutions, scientific and development agencies to conduct and share scientific data management projects in the context of e–Science to minimally guarantee authorship behalf of all the parties involved. / apresenta um novo espectro de uma ciência aberta com mudanças nas práticas científicas vigentes. Essas práticas estão sendo aprimoradas, ressignificadas e reconduzidas para as novas dinâmicas no fazer e publicar a pesquisa científica. O quarto paradigma científico conduz essa ciência que é baseada no uso intensivo de dados científicos através das práticas do modelo emergente da e-Science. A e-Science reflete um ambiente científico de colaboração, compartilhamento, convergência, conectividade, interatividade, uso e reuso de dados científicos. Esse ambiente constitui os pressupostos da ciência aberta e do modelo emergente. O ciclo de vida dos dados é adotado para conduzir e apoiar o gerenciamento de dados científicos. Dessa forma, a tese traz um estudo multidimensional e multidisciplinar através da confluência entre a Ciência da Informação e as Ciências Jurídicas e suas interseções com a Economia e Tecnologia. Teoricamente, o estudo apoia-se na vertente do commons preconizado pela Teoria do Commons e Economia Criativa, nas regulações e legislações da Propriedade Intelectual vigentes e em diretrizes internacionais para as novas dinâmicas da e- Science. O argumento de tese propõe que na e-Science a autoralidade é colaborativa e promovida pela recompensa autoral. O objeto de estudo está centrado na autoralidade dos dados científicos como bens intelectuais e o objetivo geral busca elaborar padrões que promovam a recompensa autoral na e-Science. A pesquisa é predominantemente qualitativa e adotou a análise de conteúdo de Bardin para a categorização, codificação e inferências do corpus de análise. Foi substanciada pelas seis dimensões (epistemológica, teórica, técnica, morfológica, política e ética) do estudo de Bufrem. Tal estudo foi norteador para o desenvolvimento dos capítulos, análise de conteúdo e constituição do modelo conceitual. Utilizou-se para a categorização e codificação do corpus de análise o software NVivo. A visão multidimensional e conexões temáticas resultaram em cinco categorias e treze subcategorias que ajudaram a alcançar o objetivo e constituir os padrões do modelo proposto para a representação da autoralidade na e-Science. Concluiu-se que a autoralidade no contexto da e- Science é colaborativa. A autoralidade colaborativa é garantida mediante a recompensa autoral através da atribuição, citação e responsabilização. A atribuição e citação são procedimentos usuais, contudo nas práticas contemporâneas a responsabilidade é atribuída a cada colaborador na proporcionalidade de sua participação. Assim, a tese se confirmou e está representada pelo modelo conceitual de autoralidade colaborativa na e-Science. O modelo é composto por padrões multidimensionais que representam o cenário da ciência aberta colaborativa, compartilhada e acessível orientada ao uso e reuso dos dados científicos. Por fim, cada padrão do modelo constitui-se em axiomas norteadores que auxiliarão autores, pesquisadores, curadores, bibliotecários e demais colaboradores, bem como instituições acadêmicas, científicas e agências de fomento a conduzirem projetos de compartilhamento e gerenciamento de dados científicos no contexto da e-Science com garantia mínima à autoralidade de todos os envolvidos.

Submitted by Alyne Viana de Oliveira (alynevoliveira@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T14:06:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - Alyne Viana de Oliveira.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T17:27:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_av_me_mar.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T17:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_av_me_mar.pdf: 1914408 bytes, checksum: 8cfbfe498a2b7962ceccae0b1245a5f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a participação de grupos de interesse na definição da política externa norte-americana ao defenderem seus interesses econômicos. Com base no modelo do jogo de dois níveis proposto por Robert Putnam, considera-se o impacto dos atores domésticos no processo de tomada de decisão na política externa comercial dos Estados Unidos. Sob tal perspectiva, analisaremos como lobby da indústria farmacêutica norte-americana se organizou e quais estratégias foram adotadas por eles para fazer valer os seus interesses e influenciar a formulação da política externa do país, utilizando seus recursos financeiros e influência política junto a instituições governamentais responsáveis pela definição da política comercial para pressionar o governo norte-americano em suas negociações internacionais por regulamentações que beneficiassem o setor. Assim, o estudo de caso das negociações do acordo TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) no âmbito do GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstra como a estratégia do lobby farmacêutico se revelou eficiente. / The present work aims to analyze the participation of interest groups in the definition of the American foreign policy when defending their interests. Based on the two-level model proposed by Robert Putnam, it considers the impact of domestic actors in the decision-making process of the US foreign trade policy. From this perspective, we analyze how the pharmaceutical industry lobby is organized and its strategies to assert their interests and influence the formulation of the country's foreign policy, by using its financial resources and channels of influence with governamental institutions responsible for the definition of trade policy to pressure the US government in its international negotiations for regulations that would benefit the sector. Thus, the case study of the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) negotiations under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) demonstrates how the pharmaceutical lobby strategy proved to be efficient.

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-02T20:28:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-08-03T22:33:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Wanilza Marques de Almeida Cerqueira.pdf: 1447437 bytes, checksum: f7d3931db192530d559e27571f5e66d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / A tese tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos dos mega-acordos comerciais, especificamente do Tratado Transpacífico (TPP) em relação às patentes farmacêuticas e, consequentemente, no acesso a medicamentos. O estudo foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica e legislativa e culmina com a comparação entre TPP e TRIPS. O estudo será focado no período pós-TRIPS, no qual a governança do comércio internacional passa por grandes transformações e a regulamentação da propriedade intelectual fora do âmbito da OMC cresce, cada vez mais, com a formulação de regras consideradas TRIPS-plus e TRIPS-extra. Esta realidade do período pós-TRIPS pode afetar a função social da propriedade intelectual e torná-la um óbice para o desenvolvimento econômico. A implementação da agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável exige solidariedade global através da cooperação internacional, envolve o debate multilateral do comércio internacional centrado na OMC e a facilitação da transferência de tecnologia. O debate multilateral e mais democrático sobre temas atinentes ao comércio internacional, propiciado pela OMC, está ameaçado. / The thesis aims to study the effects of trade mega-agreements, specifically the Transpacific Treaty (TPP) on pharmaceutical patents and, consequently, on access to medicines. The study was carried out through bibliographical and legislative research and culminates in the comparison between TPP and TRIPS. The study will focus on the post-TRIPS period in which international trade governance undergoes major transformations and the regulation of intellectual property outside the WTO is increasingly being developed by the formulation of TRIPS-plus and TRIPS- extra. This reality of the post-TRIPS period can affect the social function of intellectual property and make it an obstacle to economic development. Implementing the 2030 agenda for sustainable development requires global solidarity through international cooperation, involves the multilateral debate on international trade centered on the WTO and facilitating technology transfer. The multilateral and more democratic debate on issues related to international trade, provided by the WTO, is threatened.

This thesis aims to look at the agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with specific reference to their impact on South Africa's ability to combat HIV and AIDS. It begins by looking at the history of patents and intellectual property rights and illustrates why and how the TRIPS Agreement came into existence. The TRIPS Agreement exemplifies the disparities between developed and developing countries and this can clearly be seen with regard to the provision of anti-HIV and AIDS drugs. The developing world deals with the bulk of the HIV and AIDS epidemic whilst the developed world holds most of the patents on the medication needed to treat those living with HIV and AIDS. This situation lends itself to a rift between patient rights on the one hand, and patent rights on the other. Traditionally the state has been the provider of rights such as health, but TRIPS alters this to include strong patent protection that is in line with neo liberal doctrine. The thesis examines these tensions with specific reference to South Africa's ability successfully to implement programmes to combat HIV and AIDS.