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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
331

Étude des phénomènes de transport dans un réacteur catalytique pilote de type filaire / Study of the external transport phenomena in a catalytic pilot single pellet string reactor

Fernandes Hipolito, Ana Isabel 26 November 2010 (has links)
L’extrapolation des réacteurs catalytiques nécessite l’acquisition des données cinétiques sur des réacteurs à petite échelle dans les conditions opératoires industrielles. Le critère de dimensionnement utilisé lors de la réduction d’échelle est la conservation de la vitesse volumique horaire, ce qui conduit à des vitesses de circulation très faibles dans les réacteurs pilotes à lit-fixe. A ces vitesses, les flux de transfert de matière externes peuvent devenir limitant par rapport au flux de réaction. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle géométrie de réacteur a été imaginée pour intensifier les transferts de matière et chaleur et pour augmenter les vitesses de circulation des fluides : le réacteur "filaire". Il s’agit d’un réacteur dont le diamètre est égal ou proche de celui des grains de catalyseur et avec un ratio longueur sur diamètre très élevé. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser ce réacteur en termes d’hydrodynamique et de transferts de matière externes pour définir ses limites d’utilisation. En écoulement diphasique, ce réacteur est relativement piston et la rétention liquide est élevée, ce qui permet d'assurer un mouillage total du catalyseur. En ce qui concerne les vitesses des transferts de matière externe, celles-ci sont proches de celles d'un réacteur agité avec panier et sont supérieures à celles caractéristiques d'un réacteur pilote à lit-fixe conventionnel. Cette observation est liée à l’augmentation des vitesses locales du liquide et à la présence d'un écoulement du type Taylor modifié. En conclusion, le réacteur "filaire" constitue une alternative efficace aux réacteurs pilotes à lit-fixe pour l’étude de catalyseurs mis en forme. / Small size fixed-bed reactors are a common choice for testing industrial supported catalyst under industrial operating conditions. The most common criterion for reactor’s scale-down is based on the conservation of the liquid hourly space velocity which leads to a very low fluid flow velocity at the laboratory scale. Under these conditions, the external mass transfer flux can become the limiting step of the process. In this context, a new reactor geometry was proposed to intensify mass and heat transfers and to increase fluid flow velocities: the single pellet string reactor. This reactor is composed of a tube with an internal diameter close to that of the catalyst particles and with a high length over diameter ratio. The main goal of this thesis is to characterise the hydrodynamic and external mass transfer performances of this new reactor in order to define its application domain. In two-phase gas-liquid flow, the reactor flow is plug flow and the liquid hold-up values are high, which insures a complete wetting of the catalyst particles. The mass transfer coefficients were quantified and the measured rates are much higher than those observed in conventional pilot fixed-bed reactors, which can be explained by the increased local liquid velocities and by the modified Taylor flow regime. Catalytic tests with a very fast model reaction revealed that the external mass transfer performances of the single pellet string reactor are close to those measured in a stirred tank reactor equipped with a catalytic basket. In conclusion, the single pellet string reactor represents a new and efficient alternative to fixed-bed pilot reactors to study shaped catalysts.
332

Of food & fauna: investigating the relationship between global agricultural land use & biodiversity

Kehoe, Laura 11 October 2017 (has links)
Die landwirtschaftliche Landnutzung dominiert ein Drittel der Erdoberfläche und ist der größte Einflussfaktor des Biodiversitätsverlustes. Zudem wird prognostiziert, dass sich mit wachsender Erdbevölkerung und zunehmendem Bedarf an Ressourcen der Einfluss der landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzung auf die Biodiversität massiv ausweiten wird. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation war es, ein tieferes Verständnis über die Beziehung zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Landnutzung und Biodiversität auf globaler Skala zu entwickeln. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen möchte diese Dissertation eine Brücke über drei Forschungslücken schlagen. Erstens, während sich bereits viele Studien mit der Auswirkung der landwirtschaftlichen Expansion auf die Biodiversität beschäftigt haben, untersuchten relativ wenige Arbeiten die Beziehung zwischen den vielen Facetten der landwirtschaftlichen Intensivierung und der Biodiversität. Zweitens, die meisten Studien hinsichtlich Landnutzung und Biodiversität haben die Auswirkungen auf lokaler bis regionaler Skala analysiert, wohingegen nur wenige diese Beziehung auf globaler Skala untersucht haben. Diese Lücke ist besonders kritisch in Bezug auf die Vorhersage des Artenreichtums – wobei traditionellerweise eher Umweltfaktoren als durch den Menschen bedingte Faktoren als wichtig für das Bedingen und Vorhersagen von großflächigen Mustern der Biodiversität angesehen werden. Drittens, angesichts des zunehmenden zukünftigen Bedarfes an Ressourcen ist ein besseres Verständnis bezüglich der Auswirkung der zukünftigen landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzung auf die Biodiversität nötig. Diese Dissertation erzielte Fortschritte darin Brücken über diese Forschungslücken zu schlagen durch (i) das Kartieren von Mustern vielfacher Metriken der Landnutzungsintensität und Biodiversität, (ii) das Verbessern der Arten-Areal-Beziehung durch die Einbindung von Landbedeckung und Landnutzungsintensitätsmetriken sowie (iii) das Identifizieren von Gebieten mit großer biologischer Vielfalt, die gefährdet sind hinsichtlich der Trajektorien potentieller zukünftiger Landnutzungsexpansion und –intensivierung. Die Muster der Landnutzungs-intensitätsmetriken waren heterogen verteilt in Gebieten mit hoher Biodiversität, was darauf hinweist, dass die Umweltschutzforschung vielfache Intensitätsmetriken einbeziehen sollte um zu verhindern, dass die Bedrohung für die Biodiversität unterschätzt wird. Weitere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in der Vorhersage des globalen Artenreichtums die Landnutzungsintensität den Biomen in nichts nachsteht, wodurch eines der fundamentalsten Gesetze in der Ökologie erweitert wird und ein verbessertes Verständnis der großflächigen Muster im Artenreichtum erzielt wird. Die am stärksten gefährdeten Gebiete bezüglich des potentiellen zukünftigen landwirtschaftlichen Wandels wurden schließlich weitverbreitet in Lateinamerika und im subsaharischen Afrika gefunden. Dieses Ergebnis bot wichtige Erkenntnisse zur proaktiven Entschärfung von zukünftigen potentiellen Konflikten in der Beziehung zwischen Biodiversität und Landnutzung. In Anbetracht der großen Bedrohung, die die Landwirtschaft für die Biodiversität darstellt, hob diese Dissertation insgesamt die Komplexität und Bedeutung der Landnutzungsintensität in ihrer Beziehung zur Biodiversität hervor und identifizierte Gebiete mit hoher Biodiversität, welche bedroht sind von landwirtschaftlicher Landnutzung, sowohl in der Gegenwart als auch zukünftig. / Agricultural land use dominates one third of the Earth’s land surface and is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss. Moreover, with a growing human population and a rising demand for resources, the impact of agricultural land use on biodiversity is projected to escalate. The main goal of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between agricultural land use and biodiversity on a global scale. In approaching this goal, this thesis aims to bridge three main research gaps. First, while much research has addressed the effect of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, relatively little work has investigated the relationship between the many facets of agricultural intensification and biodiversity. Second, most studies on land use and biodiversity have assessed local to regional scale impacts, whereas few have assessed this relationship on a global scale. This gap is particularly critical in terms of predicting species richness – where environmental factors rather than human driven factors have traditionally been thought to be important in driving and predicting broad-scale patterns of biodiversity. Third, in light of growing future demand for resources, a better understanding is needed regarding the impact of future agricultural land use on biodiversity. This thesis made progress in bridging these research gaps by (i) mapping patterns of multiple metrics of land-use intensity and biodiversity, (ii) improving species-area relationships with the inclusion of land cover and land-use intensity metrics, and (iii) identifying highly biodiverse areas at risk under trajectories of potential future agricultural expansion and intensification. Patterns of land-use intensity metrics were heterogeneously distributed in areas of high biodiversity, suggesting that conservation research should include multiple intensity metrics in order to avoid underestimating biodiversity threat. Further results show land-use intensity was found to rival biomes in predicting global species richness, thus upgrading one of the most fundamental laws in ecology, and providing an improved understanding of broad-scale species richness patterns. Finally, areas most at-risk under potential future agricultural change were found to be widespread across Latin America and Sub-Saharan America. This delivered crucial insights in proactively mitigating future potential conflicts in the nexus of biodiversity and land use. Overall, considering the great threat agriculture poses to biodiversity, this thesis highlighted the complexity and importance of land-use intensity in its relationship with biodiversity and uncovered highly biodiverse areas threatened by agricultural land use, both currently and in the future.
333

Effets des changements d'utilisation des terres sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle des prairies en paysage agricole / Effects of land use intensification on grassland functional biodiversity within agricultural landscapes

Le Provost, Gaëtane 16 January 2017 (has links)
Comprendre comment la biodiversité des prairies répond aux changements d’utilisation des terres constitue un enjeu majeur pour la conservation de la biodiversité et le maintien des services écosystémiques dans les paysages agricoles. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché (i) à analyser la réponse simultanée d’un ensemble de taxons appartenant à différents niveaux trophiques (plantes, herbivores, pollinisateurs, prédateurs) aux changements d’utilisation des terres agissant à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles ; (ii) à approcher les mécanismes impliqués dans cette réponse et notamment le rôle des interactions trophiques. Notre approche est basée sur l’utilisation de multiples traits fonctionnels liés à l’acquisition des ressources, la taille et la mobilité des organismes. Nous avons testé la réponse de ces traits à l’histoire des paysages, leur configuration et leur composition. Nous montrons qu’il existe une réponse générale de la diversité fonctionnelle multitrophique aux changements d’utilisation des terres. Nous mettons en évidence l’importance des effets historiques du changement d’utilisation des terres à l’échelle des paysages agricoles menaçant le maintien de communautés fonctionnellement diversifiées dans ces paysages. En considérant un set de traits multiples, notre travail a permis d’approcher certains mécanismes par lesquels les changements d’utilisation des terres présents et passés impactent différentes facettes de la biodiversité. Enfin, l’utilisation des traits fonctionnels a permis d’appréhender l’importance des interactions trophiques et leur implication dans la structuration des communautés animales dans les milieux agricoles. / Understanding how grassland biodiversity responds to land use intensification is crucial for both biodiversity conservation and the management of key ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. My PhD aims at (i) identifying and generalising the effects of land use intensification operating at different spatial and temporal scales across multiple taxonomic groups and trophic levels (plants, herbivores, pollinators, predators and top-predators) ; (ii) investigating the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity response, and particularly the role of trophic interactions. We used multiple functional traits related to resource acquisition, the size of the organisms and their mobility. We tested how multitrophic functional trait diversity responded to landscape history, composition and heterogeneity. Considering multiple taxonomic groups simultaneously, our study brings out a clear response of overall biodiversity to land use intensification. We found that legacy effects of land use intensification operating at the landscape scale are major drivers of present-day multitrophic functional trait diversity in agricultural landscapes. By considering a core set of organismal traits reflecting similar functions across trophic levels, our approach reveals multiple dimensions by which land use intensification filters out biodiversity over time and allows us to generalise its effect across multiple trophic levels and trait-spectrum. Finally, trait-based approach allowed us to assess the importance of trophic interactions and their contribution in shaping animal communities in agricultural landscapes.
334

The Characterization of Bimodal Droplet Size Distributions in the Ultrafiltration of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Applied to the Production of Biodiesel

Falahati, Hamid 26 August 2010 (has links)
A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
335

The Characterization of Bimodal Droplet Size Distributions in the Ultrafiltration of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Applied to the Production of Biodiesel

Falahati, Hamid 26 August 2010 (has links)
A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
336

Landscape change and impoverishment in North German grasslands since the 1950s

Krause, Benjamin 08 October 2013 (has links)
Die Kulturlandschaft und ihre Bewirtschaftung haben sich seit dem Beginn der großräumigen Intensivierungsprozesse (z.B. Meliorationen, synthetischer Düngung und Herbizidgebrauch) in den 1950/60er Jahren in Mitteleuropa dramatisch geändert. Viele der ehemaligen artenreichen Grünlandflächen wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten beseitigt (z.B. durch Umbruch zu Acker). Dies führte zu einem allgemeinen Grünlandrückgang in Deutschland. Heute werden die meisten Ackerflächen und die restlichen Grünlandflächen sehr intensiv bewirtschaftet. Die gegenläufige Entwicklung, die Umwandlung von Äckern zu Grünland, ist eher eine regionale Erscheinung, z.B. im Hügeland oder im Zuge von Kompensationsmaßnahmen. Die Artenzusammensetzung dieser Grünländer unterscheidet sich jedoch häufig von solchen mit längerer Habitatkontinuität. Um die Effekte von solch weiträumigen Meliorationsmaßnahmen auf die Phytodiversität, die Landschaftsstruktur und die hiermit einhergehende Grünlandfragmentierung sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Pflanzenarten des Grünlandes zu erfassen, ist es nötig, historische Daten aus den 1950er Jahren, bevor die gravierenden, ackerbaulichen Intensivierungen begannen, auszuwerten. Feucht- sowie artenreiche Frischgrünländer waren in den 1950/60er Jahren ein typischer und weit verbreiteter Habitattyp, gelten jedoch aktuell als sehr bedroht in Mitteleuropa. Wiederholungsstudien mit mehreren Untersuchungsflächen und einem Untersuchungs-zeitraum von 50-60 Jahren, der vor den weiträumigen Intensivierungen beginnt, fehlen bislang und klar verortete historische Vegetationsdaten sind selten. Obwohl der Graslandanteil in einigen Hügelregionen in Deutschland zugenommen hat ist die ökologische Qualität vieler dieser Flächen gering. Zusätzlich sind artenreiche Kalkmagerrasen als ein Relikt früherer Bewirtschaftsformen und typischer Bestandteil des Hügellandes durch Nutzungsaufgabe (Sukzession) und Nährstoffeintrag gefährdet. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, den Landschaftswandel und die Veränderungen im Grünland in sechs Flussauengebieten (sowie einem durch Naturschutzstatus geschützten Gebiet) und einem typischen Gebiet des Hügellandes in Norddeutschland zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden sowohl der Grünlandanteil, die Habitatkontinuität, der aktuelle Habitattyp, der Fragmentierungsgrad als auch die Auswirkungen auf die Artenzahlen, Artenzusammensetzung und die funktionelle Diversität untersucht. Die Studien in den Flussauen basieren auf fein aufgelösten historischen Vegetationskarten und dazugehörigen Vegetationsaufnahmen aus demselben Zeitraum. In 2008 wurden diese sechs Gebiete (+1 geschütztes Gebiet) mittels einer Biotoptypenkartierung erneut erfasst. Innerhalb dieser kanpp 2800 ha (2500 + 293 ha) früherer Grünländer wurden randomisierte Punkte gelegt und zusätzlich Vegetationaufnahmen in allen aktuellen Grünländern (inklusive Sukzessionsstadien) angefertigt. Die Fallstudie (2500 ha) aus dem niedersächsischen Hügelland basiert auf aktuellen Vegetationsaufnahmen, die ebenfalls mittels randomisierter Punkte in den bestehenden Grünländern (394 ha) angefertig wurden. Zusatzdaten über z.B. die aktuelle Bewirtschaftung oder die Habitatkontinuität (Auswertung historischer Karten) wurden ebenfalls erfasst. Die erste Studie zeigte, dass die ehemaligen artenreichen Feucht- und Frischgrünländer in den ungeschützten Gebieten drastisch, um über 80% der ursprünglichen Fläche, zurückgegangen sind. Sie wurden größtenteils durch Äcker, Intensivgrünländer aber auch Brachestadien ersetzt. Bedingt durch diesen starken Flächenrückgang hat die Fragmentierung der Restflächen stark zugenommen. Die durch ein Naturschutzgebiet geschützte Untersuchungsfläche an der Havel zeigte im Vergleich relative geringe Veränderungen. Daraus lässt sich deuten, dass lokale Effekte wie Düngung oder Drainage und nicht überregionale Effekte wie Klimaerwärmung oder der Eintrag von Stickstoff durch Luft die Hauptursache für den dokumentierten Wandel sind. Die zweite Studie in den Grünländern der Auen zeigte, dass sich die Artenzusammensetzung in den letzten fünf bis sechs Jahrzehnten in allen Gebieten stark verändert hat, die Artenzahlen der Vegetationsaufnahmen um 30-50% und auch die funktionelle Diversität in ähnlichem Maße zurückgegangen sind. Die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte (EIV) für Nährstoffverfügbarkeit sind im Vergleich zu den 1950/60er Jahren stark gestiegen und die Unterschiede zwischen den ungeschützen und dem geschützten Gebiet unterstützen ebenfalls die Annahme, dass Veränderungen größtenteils durch lokale Faktoren und nicht durch überregionale Effekte verursacht wurden. Der Trend in den ungeschützten Gebieten geht zu artenamen Grünlandgesellschaften, die von wenigen konkurrenzstarken und mahdtoleranten Arten dominiert werden. Frühblühende und auf Insektenbestäubung angewiesene Pflanzen sind stark zurückgegangen, mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf die Tierwelt. Die dritte Studie verknüpft den dramatischen Grünlandrückgang und die zunehmende Fragmentierung mit der Artenverarmung seit den 1950/60er Jahren. Hierfür wurden mittels definierter Kriterien eine Liste von 78 für das Feucht- und Frischgrünland charakteristischen Grünlandarten definiert, die die Grundlage für die weiteren Analysen bildeten. Die Artenzahlen auf Ebene der Vegetationsaufnahmen nahmen um 30-66% ab. Die getesteten Landschaftsstrukturmaße hatten keinen nachweisbaren Einfluss auf die Artenzahlen auf Landschaftsebene. Die Distanz zum nächstgelegenen und geeigneten Habitat für die charakteristischen Arten hatte einen geringen negativen Effekt auf die Artenzahl der Vegetationsaufnahmen. Die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte (N, F) und die Diversitätsmaßzahlen an charakteristischen Arten weisen ebenfalls auf den Effekt der lokalen Bewirtschaftung und nicht auf Fragmentierung als treibende Kraft beim Rückgang und dem Wandel der Artengarnitur hin. Im Gegensatz zu den Untersuchungsgebieten in den Flussauen hat sich der Grünlandanteil in der Fallstudie im niedersächsischen Hügelland seit den 1950er Jahren verdoppelt. Es wurden sechs verschiedene Grünlandtypen mit einer Spanne von unter 15 bis zu deutlich mehr als 27 Arten pro Aufnahme erfasst. Die besonders artenreichen Bestände sind aber mit ca. 6% der Fläche sehr selten. Die Anzahl an insektenbestäubten Pflanzen als auch die absoluten Artenzahlen gehen mit steigender Nutzungsintensität (indiziert durch die Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte Nährstoffe (N) und Mahdtoleranz (M)) wie in den Untersuchungsgebieten in den Flussauen zurück. Artenreiche Grünländer kommen nur auf mit Schafen beweideten Flächen mit einer Habitatkontinuität von mindestens 100 Jahren vor. Grünländer mit mittleren Artenzahlen sind größtenteils auf früheren Äckern mit einer Habitatkontinuität von weniger als 30 Jahren zu finden. Die dargestellte Untersuchung hat dramatische Verluste in den Grünlandflächen der Flussauen aufgezeigt. Die Restflächen sind fragmentiert und die Artenzahlen sowie die funtionelle Diversität stark zurückgegangen. Die Fallstudie im niedersächsischen Hügelland zeigt, dass selbst in Landschaften mit hohem Grasslandanteil die ökologische Qualität von den meisten Grünländern nur noch gering ist.
337

The Characterization of Bimodal Droplet Size Distributions in the Ultrafiltration of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Applied to the Production of Biodiesel

Falahati, Hamid 26 August 2010 (has links)
A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
338

The Characterization of Bimodal Droplet Size Distributions in the Ultrafiltration of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Applied to the Production of Biodiesel

Falahati, Hamid January 2010 (has links)
A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
339

MiniPharm: A Miniaturized Pharmaceutical Process Development and Manufacturing Platform

Jaron ShaRard Mackey (14230133) 07 December 2022 (has links)
<p>  </p> <p>In the pharmaceutical industry, special care must be taken by companies to guarantee high quality medications that are free from byproducts and impurities. The development process involves various considerations including solvent selection, solubility screening, unit operation selection, environmental, and health impact evaluations. Traditionally, pharmaceutical manufacturing consisted of large, centralized facilities to meet pharmaceutical demands; however, there has been a recent shift toward distributed manufacturing. With distributed manufacturing platforms, rapidly changing supply chain needs can be met regionally in addition to supplying small-volume medications and personalized medicines to hospitals and pharmacies. To produce quality pharmaceuticals, distributed manufacturing platforms should integrate digital design, novel unit operations, and process analytical technology (PAT) tools for quality monitoring and control. In this dissertation, a process design and development framework is proposed and implemented for a small-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing platform: MiniPharm.</p> <p>Various approaches to process design are detailed in this dissertation, which include heuristic-based and digital or simulation-based design. For heuristic-based design, the knowledge of the researchers was utilized to provide unit operation evaluation and screening of process alternatives. In cases when unit operations were highly complex, digital or simulation-based design was utilized to conduct sensitivity analyses and simulation-based design of experiments. With the implementation of simulation-based design, material and time needs were reduced while gaining knowledge about the system. The integration of various unit operations comes with increased understanding of start-up dynamics and operational constraints. What was found to be the most successful approach was the combination of heuristics and digital design to combine researcher knowledge and experience with the information gained from process modeling and simulation to create process alternatives that utilized system dynamics to reach desired process outcomes. </p> <p>Additionally, MiniPharm was used for process model development at the small-scale. Various software packages have been made commercially available that focus on production scale; however, models for small-scale operations are not typically implemented in these packages. Models for unit operations were fit with collected experimental data to estimate model parameters for small-scale synthesis, liquid-liquid extraction, and crystallization unit operations. The models were implemented to better capture the heat and mass transfer of the milli-fluidic scale platform, which consist of unit operations housed within microchannels. MATLAB was utilized for estimation of parameters such as kinetic rate constants and overall mass transfer coefficients. These parameters were used for design space determination and process disturbance simulation. The exploration of the impact of various process parameters on quality attributes helps researchers gain a deeper understanding about the manufacturing process and helps to demonstrate how to control the process. </p> <p>An important aspect of MiniPharm is the process development progress that has been demonstrated. With the construction of a modular and reconfigurable platform, various process alternatives can now be experimentally validated. The integration of unit operations operated at a decreased scale makes MiniPharm an example of process intensification. The implementation of integrated unit operations decreases handling time of intermediates and reduces the overall footprint for manufacturing. Designed to allow for increased flexibility of operation, perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) tubing was used for synthesis and purification. With PFA tubing clean in place procedures can be implemented using continuous solvent flow or the low cost, PFA tubing can be replaced. The modular nature of the platform also allows for the investigation of individual unit operations for performance evaluation. </p> <p>Finally, a novel continuous solvent switch distillation unit operation was designed and constructed along with customized reactor and crystallizers for process alternative screening for the synthesis and purification of two compounds: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and Lomustine. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a low-value, high volume allergy medication commonly found in Benadryl and Lomustine is a high-value, low volume cancer medication used to treat glioblastoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma. The production of the compounds demonstrated the flexibility of the manufacturing platform to produce both a generic and a specialty medication. A versatile platform is needed for distributed manufacturing because of quickly changing supply chain needs. Overall, this dissertation successfully demonstrates the process design, development, and simulation for small-scale manufacturing.</p>
340

Net Positive Water

Ma, Billy January 2013 (has links)
‘Net Positive Water’ explores the capability of domestic architecture to combat the developing urban water problem. Urban intensification is contributing to the volatility of urban waters and the breakdown of the urban water cycle. Inhabitant water misuse and overconsumption is overwhelming aging municipal utilities, resulting in the decay of urban water quality. LEEDTM and The Living Building Challenge are recognized Green Building Guidelines prescribing sustainable site and building water standards. Case Studies of domestic Green Building projects will showcase water conservation to enable domestic water renewal. Net Zero Water Guidelines based on the Green Building Guidelines outline Potable and Non-Potable water use to achieve a sustainable volume of water demand at 70 litres per capita per day. Sustainable water practices are encouraged by utilizing domestic building systems to increase water value and water awareness. Time-of-Use and Choice-of-Use exposure for household water related tasks establish water savings through the use of best-performing water fixtures and appliances. Net Positive Water Guidelines will establish On-site and Building standards for sustainable harvesting and storage of water resources. Clean and Dirty water management will prescribe Passive design and Active mechanical processes to maintain best-available water quality in the urban domestic environment. Net Positive Water building typology will integrate urban inhabitation as a functional component of the urban water cycle to use, reuse, and renew water resources. The method will be tested using a Mid-rise Pilot project to deploy the necessary Passive and Active mechanisms to generate Net Positive Water quality through Net Zero Water sustainable water use. The pilot project is situated in Waterfront Toronto - The Lower Don Lands development to harness regional interests for water renewal and environmental revitalization.

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