"1998"--T.p. / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Mathematics, Physics, Computing and Electronics, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. / Introduction -- A Michelson interferometer for measurement of piezoelectric coefficients -- The piezoelectric coefficient of gallium arsenide -- Extensional piezoelectric coefficients of gallium nitrides and aluminium nitride -- Shear piezoelectric coefficients of gallium nitride and aluminium nitride -- Electrostriction in gallium nitride, aluminium nitride and gallium arsenide -- Summary and prognosis. / The present work represents the first use of the interferometric technique for determining the magnitude and sign of the piezoelectric coefficients of III-V compound semiconductors, in particular gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), and aluminium nitride (AIN). The interferometer arrangement used in the present work was a Michelson interferometer, with the capability of achieving a resolution of 10⁻¹³ m. -- The samples used were of two types. The first were commercial wafers, with single crystal orientation. Both GaAs and GaN were obtained in this form. The second type of sample was polycrystalline thin films, grown in the semiconductor research laboratories at Macquarie University. GaN and AIN samples of this type were obtained. -- The d₁₄ coefficient of GaAs was measured by first measuring the d₃₃ value of a [111] oriented sample. This was then transformed to give the d₁₄ coefficient of the usual [001] oriented crystal. The value obtained for d₁₄ was (-2.7 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹. This compares well with the most recent reported measurements of -2.69 pmV⁻¹. The significance of the measurement is that this represents the first time this coefficient has been measured using the inverse piezoelectric effect. -- For AIN and GaN samples, the present work also represents the first time their piezoelectric coefficients have been measured by interferometry. For GaN, this work presents the first reported measurements of the piezoelectric coefficients, and some of these results have recently been published by the (Muensit and Guy, 1998). The d₃₃ and d₃₁ coefficients for GaN were found to be (3.4 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹ and (-1.7 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹ respectively. Since these values were measured on a single crystal wafer and have been corrected for substrate clamping, the values should be a good measure of the true piezoelectric coefficients for bulk GaN. -- For AIN, the d₃₃ and d₃₁ coefficients were found to be (5.1 ± 0.2) pmV⁻¹, and (-2.6 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹ respectively. Since these figures are measured on a polycrystalline sample it is quite probable that the values for bulk AIN would be somewhat higher. / The piezoelectric measurements indicate that the positive c axis in the nitride films points away from the substrate. The piezoelectric measurements provide a simple means for identifying the positive c axis direction. -- The interferometric technique has also been used to measure the shear piezoelectric coefficient d₁₅ for AIN and GaN. This work represents the first application of this technique to measure this particular coefficient. The d₁₅ coefficients for AIN and GaN were found to be (-3.6 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹ and (-3.1 ± 0.1) pmV⁻¹ respectively. The value for AIN agrees reasonably well with the only reported value available in the literature of -4.08 pmV⁻¹. The value of this coefficient for GaN has not been measured. -- Some initial investigations into the phenomenon of electrostriction in the compound semiconductors were also performed. It appears that these materials have both a piezoelectric response and a significant electrostrictive response. For the polycrystalline GaN and AIN, the values of the M₃₃ coefficients are of the order of 10⁻¹⁸ m²V⁻². The commercial single crystal GaN and GaAs wafers display an asymmetric response which cannot be explained. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Various pagings ill

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the design and construction of a two-element digital correlation interferometer operating at 1.42 GHz. This instrument consists of two 92cm off set-parabolic reflectors arranged in an east-west baseline, with a maximum length of 24m. The reflectors are out-fi tted with helical beam antennas as primary feeds, and are further equipped with low-noise front-ends. A wideband dual-conversion superheterodyne receiver processes the astronomical signals before digitisation. The receiver is implemented as far as possible using a ffordable off -the-shelf technologies. The cross-correlation between the two antenna signals is measured using a 256MHz bandwidth digital FX correlator, and is implemented on a Reconfi gurable Open Architecture for Computing Hardware (ROACH) board. The preliminary observations made with this interferometer, suggests that it is possible to detect the sun, and some other much weaker sources such as Taurus A. The design of an interferometer in general is presented, from the formulation of the underlying instrumental requirements, to making meridian drift scan observations. The interferometer developed may serve as a demonstrator for other engineering students to gain a working knowledge of radio interferometry, which should prove invaluable when addressing the challenges the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is faced with. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die ontwerp en konstruksie van 'n twee-element digitale korrelasie interferometer wat by 1.42 GHz ontvang beskryf. Die instrument bestaan uit twee 92 cm afsetparaboliese re ektorantennas met 'n oos-wes basislyn, met maksimum lengte 24 m. Heliese antennas word gebruik as primêre voer vir die reflektors, en verder maak die voorent gebruik van laeruis versterkers . Die wyeband superheterodineontvanger verwerk die astronomiese seine in twee stappe voordat dit digitaliseer word. Bekostigbare kommersiëele komponente word gebruik in die vervaardiging van die ontvanger. Die kruiskorrelasie tussen die twee antenna seine word digitaal gemeet deur 'n FX korreleerder met 'n 256MHz bandwydte op 'n ROACH bord. Die resultate toon aan dat dit moontlik is om die son waar te neem, sowel as sommige ander swakker bronne, soos Taurus A. Al die kwessies insluitende die instrumentale vereistes betrokke by die ontwerp van 'n interferometer word bespreek. Verder word die gebruik van interferometers om meridiaan meetings te doen bespreek. Die interferometer dien as 'n praktiese demonstrasie van radio interferometrie vir ingenieurstudente. Hierdie demonstrasie is voordelig vir studente om die uitdagings van die SKA te bestudeer.

No Brasil o numero de pacientes deficientes orais ainda é crescente, o edentulismo é caracterizado como uma condição evitável em que um ser humano tem perda completa dos dentes, que, segundo a organização mundial da saúde, surge em a consequência de um sistema de saúde deficiente que afeta a saúde geral da população, bem como a sua qualidade de vida. Com objetivo de tratar esta deficiência surgem os implantes dentários, uma das modalidades mais praticadas na atualidade em ciências médicas, com uma taxa de sobrevida de 95% a longo prazo em estudos publicados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio de interferometria ótica 3D as superfícies de união de implantes Hexágono externo e seu pilar protético universal de quatro marcas vendidas no mercado nacional, quanto seus parâmetros de lisura Sa (rugosidade média) e mensurar metricamente o nível de adaptação entre o pilar protético e implantes utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram escolhidas quatro marcas de implantes do tipo hexágono externo e quatro pilares protéticos do tipo universal para próteses cimentadas de quatro diferentes fabricantes disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, para cada amostra implante ou pilar protético foram feita 06 medições para estabelecer uma média de rugosidade das superfícies sob os parâmetros de rugosidade Sa, Ssk e Sku, na sequência unidas e realizadas 06 medições em MEV para avaliar a qualidade do gap. Após a avaliação, os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA, teste t (0,05) e regressão linear dos dados. Onde descarta-se a hipótese igualdade entre as marcas com 95% de confiança para os parâmetros Sa e Gap, porém o teste “t”dois fatores revelam igualdade entre as marcas 01 e 02 para o valor de Sa e Gap nos implantes e igualdade entre as marcas 01 e 03 dos valores Sa dos pilares protéticos. / In Brazil the number of oral deficient patients is still increasing, edentulismo is characterized as an avoidable condition in which a human being has complete loss of teeth, which, according to the world health organization, arises in the consequence of a poor health system Which affects the general health of the population, as well as their quality of life. In order to treat this deficiency, dental implants arise, one of the most practiced modalities in the medical sciences today, with a 95% long-term survival rate in published studies. The objective of this work was to evaluate the external bonding surfaces of the external Hexagon implants and its universal prosthetic pillar of four brands sold in the Brazilian market through its 3D optical interferometry, as well as its smoothness parameters (mean roughness) and to measure the adaptation level Between the prosthetic abutment and implants using scanning electron microscopy. Four brands of external hexagon type implants and four universal type prosthetic abutments were selected for cemented prostheses from four different manufacturers available in the Brazilian market. For each implant sample or prosthetic abutment, measurements were made to establish a roughness mean of the surfaces under Roughness parameters Sa, Ssk and Sku, in the sequence joined and performed 06 MEV measurements to evaluate the quality of the gap. After the evaluation, the data were submitted to ANOVA, t test (0.05) and linear regression of the data. Where the hypothesis equality between the brands with 95% confidence for the Sa and Gap parameters is discarded, but the "t" test two factors reveals equality between the 01 and 02 marks for the value of Sa and Gap in the implants and equality between Marks 01 and 03 of the values Sa of the prosthetic abutments.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental de um sistema de controle não linear baseado em estrutura variável e modos deslizantes desenvolvido para interferômetro de dois feixes. O sistema proposto apresenta alta precisão, robustez e, além disso, é simples e de baixo custo, aumentando a capacidade de medição para diferentes aplicações de sensores interferométricos. Comparado a outras técnicas de controle aplicadas a interferometria óptica, esta técnica apresenta importantes vantagens e leva em consideração a característica não linear do interferometro, aumentando seu poder de medição. Consequentemente, um circuito de reset não é necessário, o interferometro pode trabalhar em ambientes com grandes perturbações, a montagem e ajuste dos parâmetros é mais simples (fácil implementação), com simples configuração e custo efetivo, atingindo alta robustez e acurácia. Comparado as técnicas de demodulação baseado no espectro do sinal (J1..J4), o sistema proposto tem faixa dinâmica e resolução maiores, podendo medir atraso no tempo e operar com formas de onda arbitrárias. Além disso, aperfeiçoa os métodos de demodulação temporais aumentando a precisão para sinais de baixa amplitude, mantendo a condição de quadratura (ponto máximo de sensibilidade) e, portanto, elimina o efeito do desvanecimento do sinal, mesmo diante de grandes perturbações ao redor do sistema como, vibrações, variações de temperatura e correntes de ar. A estabilidade do sistema linearizado foi estudada atr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents the theoretical and experimental study of a nonlinear control system designed for two beam optical interferometry based on variable structure and sliding modes. The proposed system presents high accuracy, robustness and, furthermore, is simple and low cost, increasing the measurement capability for different applications of interferometric sensors. Compared with other control techniques applied in optical interferometry, this control technique presents important features and takes in account the nonlinear characteristic of the interferometer, increasing its measurement capability. Consequently, a reset circuit is not necessary, the interferometer can work in harsh environments, the assembly and adjustment of the parameters is simpler (easy implementation), with simple setup and the effective cost, achieving high robustness and accuracy. Regarding demodulation techniques based on signal spectrum (J1..J4), the proposed system has a higher dynamic range, resolution, can measure time delay and operate with arbitrary signal waveforms. Also, it improves the temporal demodulation methods increasing the accuracy for small amplitude signals, maintaining the quadrature condition (maximum point of sensitivity) and, therefore, eliminates the effect of signal fading, even under strong external disturbances around the interferometer setup such as vibration, temperature variation and air current flow. The stability of the linearized system was studied through the Lyapunov... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe aborde les aspects méthodologiques liés au traitement temps-fréquence des signaux issus d'un radar FMCW (à onde continue modulée en fréquence) dans le contexte de la mesure des déplacements fins. Le second axe est dédié à la conception et à la validation d'une chaîne de traitement des images RSO (radar à synthèse d'ouverture) satellitaire. Lorsqu'un maillage 3D de la structure envisagée est disponible, les traitements proposés sont validés par l'intercomparaison avec les techniques conventionnelles d'auscultation des grands ouvrages d'art.D'une part, nous étudions la correction de la non-linéarité d'un radar FMCW en bande X, à courte portée, conçu pour la mesure des déplacements millimétriques. La caractéristique de commande non linéaire de l'oscillateur à large bande, entraine une perte de résolution à la réception. Afin de pallier cet inconvénient, nous avons développé deux méthodes basées sur le ré-échantillonnage temporel (time warping) dans le cas des signaux à large bande non-stationnaires. La première approche estime la loi de fréquence instantanée non linéaire à l'aide de la fonction d'ambiguïté d'ordre supérieur, tandis que la deuxième approche exploite la mesure de concentration spectrale du signal de battement dans un algorithme d'autofocus radial.D'autre part, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique général pour la détection et le pistage des centres de diffusion dans les images RSO pour la surveillance des grands ouvrages d'art. La méthode est basée sur la ré-focalisation de chaque image radar sur le maillage 3D de l'infrastructure étudiée afin d'identifier les diffuseurs pertinents par tomographie 4D (distance – azimut – élévation – vitesse de déformation). L'algorithme de ré-focalisation est parfaitement compatible avec les images RSO acquises dans les différents modes (« stripmap », « spotlight » et « sliding spotlight ») : dé-focalisation en azimut suivie par rétroprojection modifiée (conditionnée par la structure temps-fréquence du signal) sur l'ensemble donné des points. Dans la pile d'images ré-focalisées, les centres de diffusion sont détectés par tomographie 4D : test de conformité à l'hypothèse d'élévation zéro dans le plan élévation – vitesse de déformation. La vitesse moyenne correspond au maximum à l'élévation zéro, tandis que la série temporelle des déplacements est obtenue par double différence de phase des amplitudes complexes pour chaque diffuseur pertinent.Nous présentons également les campagnes in situ effectuées au barrage de Puylaurent (et glissement de Chastel) : les relevés GPS, topographiques et LIDAR sol employées au calcul des maillages 3D. La comparaison entre les déplacements mesurés in situ et les résultats obtenus par l'exploitation conjointe de la télédétection RSO satellitaires et les maillages 3D valident la chaîne de traitement proposée. / The thesis is composed of two research axis. The first one consists in proposing time-frequency signal processing tools for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars used for displacements measurements, while the second one consists in designing a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing methodology for infrastructure monitoring when an external point cloud of the envisaged structure is available. In the first part of the thesis, we propose our solutions to the nonlinearity problem of an X-band FMCW radar designed for millimetric displacement measurements of short-range targets. The nonlinear tuning curve of the voltage controlled oscillator from the transceiver can cause a dramatic resolution degradation for wideband sweeps. To mitigate this shortcoming, we have developed two time warping-based methods adapted to wideband nonlinearities: one estimates the nonlinear terms using the high order ambiguity function, while the other is an autofocus approach which exploits the spectral concentration of the beat signal. Onwards, as the core of the thesis, we propose a novel method for scattering centers detection and tracking in spaceborne SAR images adapted to infrastructure monitoring applications. The method is based on refocusing each SAR image on a provided 3D point cloud of the envisaged infrastructure and identifying the reliable scatterers to be monitored by means of four dimensional (4D) tomography. The refocusing algorithm is compatible with stripmap, spotlight and sliding spotlight SAR images and consists of an azimuth defocusing followed by a modified back-projection algorithm on the given set of points which exploits the time-frequency structure of the defocused azimuth signal. The scattering centers of the refocused image are detected in the 4D tomography framework by testing if the main response is at zero elevation in the local elevation-velocity spectral distribution. The mean displacement velocity is estimated from the peak response on the zero elevation axis, while the displacements time series for detected single scatterers is computed as double phase difference of complex amplitudes.Finally, we present the measurement campaigns carried out on the Puylaurent water-dam and the Chastel landslide using GPS measurements, topographic surveys and laser scans to generate the point clouds of the two structures. The comparison between in-situ data and the results obtained by combining TerraSAR-X data with the generated point clouds validate the developed SAR signal processing chain. / Teza cuprinde două axe principale de cercetare. Prima axă abordează aspecte metodologice de prelucraretimp-frecvenţă a semnalelor furnizate de radare cu emisie continuă şi modulaţie de frecvenţă (FMCW)în contextul măsurării deplasărilor milimetrice. În cadrul celei de-a doua axe, este proiectată şi validatăo metodă de prelucrare a imaginilor satelitare SAR (radar cu apertură sintetică) ce este destinatămonitorizării infrastructurii critice şi care se bazează pe existenţa unui model 3D al structurii respective.În prima parte a tezei, sunt investigate soluţii de corecţie a neliniarităţii unui radar FMCW în bandaX destinat măsurării deplasărilor milimetrice. Caracteristica de comandă neliniară a oscilatorului debandă largă determină o degradare a rezoluţiei în distanţă. Pentru a rezolva acest inconvenient, au fostelaborate două metode de corecţie a neliniarităţii, adaptate pentru semnale de bandă largă, ce se bazeazăpe conceptul de reeşantionare neuniformă sau deformare a axei temporare. Prima abordare estimeazăparametrii neliniarităţii utilizând funcţii de ambiguitate de ordin superior, iar cea de-a doua exploateazăo măsură de concentraţie spectrală a semnalului de bătăi într-un algoritm de autofocalizare în distanţă.În a doua parte a lucrării, este propusă o metodologie generală de detecţie şi monitorizare a centrilorde împrăştiere în imagini SAR în scopul monitorizării elementelor de infrastructură critică. Metoda sebazează pe refocalizarea fiecărei imagini radar pe un model 3D al structurii investigate în scopul identificăriicentrilor de împrăştiere pertinenţi (ţinte fiabile ce pot fi monitorizate în timp) cu ajutorul tomografiei SAR4D (distanţă-azimut-elevaţie-viteză de deplasare). Algoritmul de refocalizare este compatibil cu imaginiSAR achiziţionate în moduri diferite (« stripmap », « spotlight » şi « sliding spotlight ») şi constă într-odefocalizare în azimut urmată de o retroproiecţie modificată (condiţionată de structura timp-frecvenţă asemnalului) pe modelul 3D al structurii. Ţintele sunt identificate în stiva de imagini refocalizate cu ajutorultomografiei 4D prin efectuarea unui test de conformitate cu ipoteza că centrii de împrăştiere pertinenţivor avea elevaţie zero în planul local elevaţie-viteză. Viteza medie de deformare corespunde maximuluide pe axa de elevaţie nulă, iar seria temporară a deplasărilor se obţine printr-o dublă diferenţă de fază aamplitudinilor complexe corespunzătoare ţintelor identificate.În final sunt prezentate campaniile de măsurători pe teren efectuate la un baraj şi o alunecare de terendin regiunea Puylaurent (Franţa) destinate obţinerii modelului 3D al celor două elemente de infrastructurăprin măsurători GPS, topografice şi LIDAR. Comparaţia între deformările măsurate pe teren şi rezultateleobţinute prin combinarea imaginilor SAR cu modelele 3D au permis validarea metodologiei propuse.

Dans le contexte d’une population vieillissante il est primordial de développer des outils de diagnostic cliniques précis, fiables, peu coûteux et faciles à mettre en place. Durant cette thèse j’ai en particulier cherché à réaliser une cartographie dynamique des vaisseaux sanguins dans le but de permettre de détecter à la fois des cancers et des maladies cardiovasculaires, deux des maladies les plus mortelles. Pour avoir un diagnostic efficace on se doit d’imager en profondeur avec une résolution spatiale et temporelle la meilleure possible. Dans le chapitre 0 j’explique les enjeux de l’imagerie médicale sur la micro-vascularisation en analysant les avantages et inconvénients de plusieurs types d’imageries médicales. Dans le chapitre 1 je développe en détail l’imagerie photo-acoustique, qui s’est avérée être la plus appropriée à notre application. Elle a l’avantage d’avoir un contraste optique et une résolution acoustique. J’utilise en particulier la photo-acoustique fréquentielle qui est peu onéreuse et peu encombrante, donc facilement intégrable dans le monde hospitalier par rapport à une imagerie photo-acoustique « classique ». Je valide cette partie sur des résultats expérimentaux in-vivo sur des oreilles de souris. Dans le chapitre 2 j’ai cherché à détecter le signal photo-acoustique de façon optique qui a pour avantage d’être sans contact donc sans souci d’encombrement entre « excitation optique » et « détection acoustique ». Je développe le traitement du signal nécessaire pour détecter une onde acoustique, i.e. des vibrations, à l’aide d’un interféromètre. Puis je présente dans le chapitre 3 un interféromètre particulier développé au laboratoire : le Laser Optical Feedback Imaging (LOFI). Il permet de s’affranchir du bruit du détecteur donc il permet de détecter des vibrations de petites amplitudes même sur des surfaces peu réfléchissantes comme la peau et cela même à faible puissance par respect des normes médicales. Dans le chapitre 4 je valide la détection du signal photo-acoustique avec notre détection optique. Enfin dans le chapitre 5 je montre à travers des simulations une technique d’imagerie innovante plein champ qui permettrait de détecter plus rapidement un signal photo-acoustique riche spectralement. / In the context of an aging population, it is essential to develop clinical diagnostic tools that are accurate, reliable, inexpensive and easy to implement. During this thesis I particularly sought to perform a dynamic mapping of blood vessels in order to detect both cancers and cardiovascular diseases, two of the most deadly diseases. In order to have an effective diagnosis, it is necessary to image in depth with the best possible spatial and temporal resolution. In chapter 0 I explain the challenges of medical imaging on micro-vascularization by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of several types of medical imaging. In chapter 1 I develop in detail the photo-acoustic imaging, which proved to be the most appropriate for our application. It has the advantage of optical contrast and acoustic resolution. In particular, I use frequency photo-acoustics, which is inexpensive and space-saving, and can therefore be easily integrated in the hospital world compared to "traditional" photo-acoustic imaging. I validate this part on in-vivo experimental results on mouse ears. In chapter 2 I tried to detect the photo-acoustic signal in an optical way which has the advantage of being contactless and therefore without any problem of clutter between "optical excitation" and "acoustic detection". I develop the signal processing necessary to detect an acoustic wave, i.e. vibrations, using an interferometer. Then I present in chapter 3 a particular interferometer developed in the laboratory: the Laser Optical Feedback Imaging (LOFI). This interferometer allows to be limited to photon noise even with a low intensity thus it makes it possible to detect vibrations of small amplitudes even on surfaces with a low reflecting index like the skin in accordance with medical standards. In chapter 4 I validate the detection of the photo-acoustic signal with our optical detection. Finally in chapter 5 I show with simulations an innovative full field imaging technique that would allow faster detection of a spectrally rich photo-acoustic signal.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la déformabilité des renforts à bases de fibres de lin lors de leur mise en forme, au cours du procédé RTM (Resin Tranfer Molding), notamment lorsque les formes considérées sont complexes. La compréhension des défauts et mécanismes de déformations de ces renforts est alors nécessaire. S’appuyant sur un banc d’essai d’emboutissage spécifique, une caractérisation globale (défauts de mise en forme) et locale (déformations des mèches par méthode optique) des préformes a été réalisée, pour différents paramètres procédés (pressions serre-flan et orientation du renfort) et matériaux (architecture). De cette étude, un défaut spécifique lors de la mise en forme a été mis en évidence : le bouclage, sous la forme de flambement hors plan des mèches. Afin de contribuer à sa compréhension, peu décrite dans la littérature, un banc de caractérisation, indépendamment du procédé, a été conçu pour reproduire le phénomène dans le plan et identifier les différents mécanismes à l’origine de ce défaut. Une méthode interférométrique pour quantifier ce phénomène est proposée et une étude paramétrique est réalisée (tensions appliquées, angle de courbure, orientation, architecture du renfort). Au sein du renfort, le comportement des mèches présente de fortes non-linéarités en tension. Un modèle macroscopique par éléments finis est proposé afin de mettre en avant l’importance de ces non-linéarités sur les résultats numérique issus de l’opération de formage. Une étude de sensibilité sous différentes conditions procédés de ces non-linéarités est également apportée. / This study concerns the manufacturing process of composite material from woven flax reinforcement and specifically the preforming stage of the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process, with complex geometries. During the process several deformation modes take place and several defects may appear and it is therefore important to understand the mechanisms controlling their appearance. A specific sheet forming bench has been used to characterise the formed shapes at the macroscopic scale (global defects) as well as at the mesoscopic scale (tow strains). Various process parameters (blank holder pressures and reinforcement orientation) and the local tensile strains were measured using an optical method. From the observed defects, the tow buckling, out of plane bending of tows, was particularly investigated as this one is not very much described in the litterature. An experimental setup independent of the forming process was designed to specifically study this defect and to quantify the key parameters controlling its appearance. An interferometric method was proposed to measure the size of the buckles with accuracy and a parametric study (applied tensions, bending angles, orientation and architecture of the reinforcement) has been completed. Within the reinforcement, the tensile behaviour of tows presents strong non-linearities. A finite elements model at the macroscopic scale is proposed to highlight the impact of these non-linearities on the forming modeling results. A sensitivity study under several process conditions has been realized.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-27 / Objetivo: Avaliar os métodos biométricos do olho humano em pacientes portadores de catarata e com indicação de implante de lente intra-ocular. Métodos: Oitenta e quatro pacientes com média de idade de 58,82 ± 10,03 anos foram submetidos às biometrias óptica e ultra-sônica (imersão e contato) em ambos os olhos (n = 168). Os dados do comprimento axial, profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e curvatura da córnea foram analisados. Foi avaliada a diferença das médias de cada método biométrico usado e a concordância foi investigada pela análise gráfica intra-individual de Bland-Altman de um método em relação ao outro. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para as médias do comprimento axial (P=0,245), profundidade da câmara anterior (P=0,073), espessura do cristalino (P=0,8794) e profundidade da câmara vítrea (P=0,7640) entre os métodos usados. A diferença das médias da curvatura da córnea entre o IOLMaster® e o ceratômetro manual OM-4® foi estatisticamente significante (P<0,0001). Apesar da boa reprodutibilidade dos resultados, os gráficos de Bland- Altman mostraram algumas medidas fora dos limites de concordância estabelecidos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Houve menor concordância das medidas ceratométricas na comparação entre o IOLMaster® e o ceratômetro OM- 4®. Conclusões: Não houve diferença das médias dos métodos biométricos usados nesse estudo, exceto a curvatura da córnea que apresentou uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre as médias apresentadas. Os métodos demonstraram boa concordância, entretanto algumas medidas se apresentaram discordantes e podem ocasionar erros no cálculo do poder dióptrico da lente intraocular. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Cette thèse présente des travaux de recherche de métrologie en ligne de faisceaux de rayons X dans les installations synchrotrons. Deux approches principales ont été étudiées pour extraire la phase d'un front d'onde X : les méthodes utilisant des réseaux optiques et celles utilisant l'effet speckle dans le domaine X. L'interféromètre à réseaux X est l'outil le plus répandu résentatif de la première catégorie. Ses performances et son potentiel furent étudiés dans diverses situations de métrologie en ligne. Les méthodes utilisant le speckle X sont des techniques originales développées au cours de ce projet. Elles utilisent des membranes faites de petits grains diffusants, dont seule la distribution statistique est connue, pour permettre la modulation du front d'onde. Les différentes techniques furent déployées expérimentalement sur les lignes de lumière BM05 de l'ESRF et B16 de Diamond Light Source. Leurs implémentations servirent à la caractérisation de différents composants optiques utilisés pour manipuler les faisceaux synchrotron X et à l'étude de la faisabilité de micro imagerie par contraste de phase avec les sus citées techniques. / This thesis presents research and development work on synchrotron X-ray at-wavelength metrology methods. Two approaches for measuring the phase of an X-ray wavefront were studied: the grating-based and the speckle-based methods. The X-ray grating interferometer is the most widespread technique representative of the first category. Its performance and potential in various situations encountered in at-wavelength metrology was investigated. Speckle methods are X-ray phase sensing techniques newly developed during this thesis project. They make use of membranes with small statistical features to modulate the beam wavefront. The different methods were deployed experimentally at the beamlines BM05 of the ESRF and B16 of the Diamond Light Source. Their implementation permitted the characterization of various kinds of optical elements used to manipulate synchrotron X-ray beamsas well as the feasibility study of micro phase contrast imaging using the two methods described above.

L'observation d'exoplanètes et plus généralement de l'environnement proche de jeunes étoiles représente une double difficulté observationnelle : la faible séparation angulaire entre l'étoile et la planète (ou son environnement tel qu'un disque protoplanétaire) et le contraste de flux. L'une des techniques permettant de surmonter ces difficultés est l'interférométrie en frange noire. Deux télescopes pointent un système étoile planète/disque et les pupilles sont recombinées de telle manière que les photons issus de l'étoile interfèrent destructivement alors que ceux issus de la planète/disque interfèrent constructivement. Les contraintes instrumentales sont très fortes pour garantir une extinction suffisante de l'étoile, tant en terme de différence de marche optique (de l'ordre du nanomètre) que d'équilibre photométrique (4% minimum pour obtenir un taux d'extinction de 40dB). La bande L (3.4 - 4.1μm) est adaptée à l'observation de matière froide, car le rapport de flux entre la planète (ou poussière stellaire) et son étoile présente un minimum de l'ordre de 10−4 après 3μm, ce qui rend la bande L particulièrement attractive pour ce genre d'observations. Parce que les silicates et le verre ne permettent pas de construire des guides atteignant la bande L, il n'existe pas aujourd'hui d'instrument mature fonctionnant dans cette bande en optique intégrée. En effet, les contraintes instrumentales concernant l'interférométrie annulante peuvent être relaxées en utilisant un interféromètre intégré monomode, grâce au filtrage modal. Un instrument interférométrique intégré en bande L serait donc le bienvenu, mais cela nécessite un effort technologique de développement pour mettre au point une méthode de production de guides monomodes en bande L ainsi que de recombineurs intégrés. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à développer de tels guides d'onde ainsi que des recombineurs permettant d'obtenir un taux d'extinction de 10−4 sur la bande L. Le matériau choisi est le Niobate de Lithium (LiNbO3) dont la transparence en infrarouge moyen en fait un parfait candidat. Nous avons utilisé deux méthodes pour fabriquer les guides : l'échange protonique et la diffusion de Titane. Cette dernière méthode permet de guider les deux polarisations T E et T M . Comme le Niobate de Lithium est électro-optique, nous avons aussi travaillé à piloter le retard de phase entre les voies interférométriques de manière intégrée, sans pièce mécanique mobile, en appliquant un champ électrique au niveau du guide via des électrodes "on chip". L'effet électro-optique nous permet non seulement de faire varier la différence de marche entre les voies mais aussi de régler l'équilibre photométrique, ouvrant la voie à la réalisation d'un interféromètre intégré complet, léger, compact et robuste. J'ai donc cherché à caractériser et optimiser l'efficacité électro-optique du système afin d'obtenir une tension de commande inférieure à 15V. Le résultat est un interféromètre de type Y présentant deux Mach-Zehnders en entrée pour le réglage des photométries et offrant un taux d'extinction de 33dB en lumière monochromatique à 3.39μm. Le pilotage électro-optique étant très rapide (> MHz), il devient alors possible de compenser les perturbations de phase induites par l'atmosphère (1kHz) en temps réel. Nous avons ainsi travaillé à construire un démonstrateur qui permet de compenser des retards de phases de l'ordre du kHz sans pièce mobile, garantissant, à 3.39μm, une différence de marche de l'ordre de 3nm. Nous avons aussi réalisé des coupleurs directionnels dont le taux de couplage peut être modulé via une tension de commande. L'application directe de cette technologie est un composant interférométrique 2TABCD ou 3TAC dont les défauts (déséquilibre des coupleurs) peuvent être corrigés par calibration. / The observation of exoplanets and more generally of the close environment of young stars represents an observational double difficulty : the small angular separation between the star and the planet (or its environment such as a protoplanetary disk) and contrast flux. One technique to overcome these difficulties is the nulling interferometry. Two telescopes target a star planet/disk system and the pupils are recombined in such a way that the photons from the star cause destructive interference while those from the planet/disk cause constructive interference. Instrumental constraints are very strong to ensure sufficient extinction of the star, both in terms of optical path difference (of the order of nanometers) than photometric balance (4% for a minimum extinction ratio 40dB). L-band (3.4-4.1μm) is adapted to the observation of cold matter, because the flux ratio between the planet (or star dust) and the star presents a minimum of 10−4 order after 3μm, making the L-band particularly attractive for such observations. Because silicates and glass are not suitable to build guides reaching the L-band, there is currently no mature instrument in this band in integrated optics. Indeed, instrumental constraints on nulling interferometry can be relaxed by using a single-mode interferometer integrated, thanks to modal filtering. An interferometric instrument integrated L-band would be more than welcome, but needs a technology development effort to develop a method of producing L-band single-mode guides as well as integrated beam combiners. My PhD work was to develop such single mode waveguides as well as beam combiners in order to ob- tain an extinction ratio of 10−4 in the L-band. The selected material is lithium niobate (LiNbO3), the mid-infrared transparency makes it a perfect candidate. We used two methods to make the guides : proton exchange and Titanium diffusion. This latter allows to guide both TE and TM polarizations. As Lithium Niobate is electro-optic, we also worked to internally control the phase delay between channels without mobile mechanical part, applying an electric field at the guide via electrodes "on chip". The electro-optical effect allows us to not only vary the optical path delay between channels but also to settle the photometric balance, paving the way towards the realization of an integrated complete interferometer, lightweight, compact and robust. I therefore sought to characterize and optimize the electro-optical efficiency of the system to obtain a command voltage lower than 15V. The result is a "Y" interferometer presenting two Mach-Zehnders as input for photometric adjustment and offering an extinction ratio of 33dB in monochromatic light (3.39μm). Because the electro-optical drive is very fast (> MHz), it becomes possible to compensate for the phase perturbations induced by the atmosphere (1kHz) in real time. We have worked to build a demonstrator which compensates phase delays of the order of kHz without mechanical mobile part and which guarantees, at 3.39μm, an optical path delay around 3nm. We also realized directional couplers whose coupling ratio can be adjusted via a control voltage. The direct application of this technology is an interferometric component 2TABCD or 3TAC whose defects (unbalanced couplers) can be electrically corrected by calibration.