L’endocytose est le processus qui permet l’entrée, dans la cellule, de portions de la membraneplasmique ainsi que du milieu extracellulaire et des substances qu’il contient. Ces dernièresannées, plusieurs mécanismes d’endocytose ont été identifiés, mais la voie médiée par la clathrine(CME) reste la mieux caractérisée à l’heure actuelle. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommesintéressés à Alix, une protéine adaptatrice qui s’associe avec de nombreux partenaires de la voieendolysosomale mais dont le rôle dans l’endocytose reste encore peu connu. Ce travail derecherche a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le rôle d’Alix dans l’endocytose, grâcenotamment à l’utilisation de fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris (MEF) ko pour laprotéines Alix. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré que l’endocytose indépendante de laclathrine (CIE) est inhibée dans les cellules ko Alix, alors que la CME demeure intacte. En effet,l’internalisation de plusieurs cargos empruntant la CIE est affectée par la déplétion d’Alix alorsque des cargos entrant par CME sont endocytés normalement dans les cellules ko Alix. La CIEpeut être restaurée par l’expression d’Alix sauvage dans les MEF ko Alix, mais pas par un mutantd’Alix incapable d’interagir avec les endophilines A, protéines qui ont récemment été décritescomme contrôlant une voie CIE. De plus, la déplétion de l’endophiline A2 dans les MEF ko Alixn’a aucun effet sur la CIE. Nos résultats indiquent donc qu’Alix et les endophilines A agissent deconcert dans le contrôle de la CIE. Enfin, en accord avec une inhibition de la CIE, nous montronsque la migration des MEF ko Alix (qui dépend notamment de la CIE de l’intégrine ß1) estralentie et que la signalisation induite par l’IL2R, un cargo CIE, est perturbée. Ces donnéesdémontrent donc pour la première fois que la protéine Alix, en partenariat avec les endophilines,contrôle spécifiquement la CIE et que l’inhibition de cette fonction d’Alix affecte la physiologiecellulaire. / Endocytosis is the process permitting entry to the cell of portions of membrane as well as ofextracellular milieu and the substances it contains. In recent years, several endocytic mechanismshave been identified but clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the best characterised so far. Inthe present work, we have been interested in Alix, an adaptator protein which associates withnumerous partners involved in the endolysosomal pathway, although its exact role in endocytosisremains poorly understood. The goal of this research was to better understand Alix role inendocytosis using Alix ko Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs). Using this model, we showthat Clathrin Independent Endocytosis (CIE) is impaired in these cells while Clathrin MediatedEndocytosis (CME) is unaffected. Indeed, CIE cargo internalization is disrupted by Alixdepletion while CME cargoes are endocytosed normally in Alix ko cells. CIE in Alix ko MEFscan be restored by wild-type Alix expression but not by an Alix mutant deleted of its interactionsite with endophilin A, proteins recently identified as involved in the control of a CIE. Moreover,endophilin A2 depletion has no effect in Alix ko MEFs. Our results thus indicate that Alix andendophilin A2 act together in the control of CIE. Finally, in agreement with a role of Alix in CIEinhibition, we show that Alix ko MEF migration (depending on CIE of ß-integrin) is slower andthat IL2R- (a CIE cargo) induced signalling is impaired in the absence of Alix. Our resultsdemonstrate, for the first time, that Alix, together with endophilins, specifically controls CIE andthat inhibition of this function of Alix affects cell physiology.

Esta tese é composta por cinco estudos que tiveram como objetivo geral investigar a exposição à violência direta (ser a vítima) e indireta (ser testemunha) e suas relações com bem-estar subjetivo e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em adolescentes de escolas públicas da cidade de Porto Alegre - RS. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre exposição à violência na adolescência e suas relações com saúde mental. O segundo capítulo é um estudo de adaptação e validação da Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse para Adolescentes (EDAE-A). O terceiro capítulo, estudo empírico, teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de exposição de adolescentes à violência direta e indireta e sua associação com idade, sexo, reprovação escolar e configuração familiar. Já o quarto estudo, também empírico, investigou as relações entre exposição à violência direta e indireta, bem-estar subjetivo e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Por fim, o quinto capítulo apresenta o relato da experiência de devolução dos dados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo discutir violências(s) cotidianas. Participaram 426 adolescentes de escolas públicas, de 12 a 18 anos, que responderam a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e aos instrumentos Triagem de Exposição à Violência de Crianças na Comunidade, Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse para Adolescentes (EDAE-A), Escala de Afetos Positivos (AP) e Afetos Negativos (AN) e a Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Adolescentes (EMSVA). Análises descritivas e inferenciais foram realizadas. Os resultados desta tese indicaram a alta prevalência de exposição direta e indireta dos adolescentes à violência e a associação com sintomas internalizantes. A adaptação e validação do instrumento EDAE-A possibilitaram a avaliação conjunta das variáveis depressão, ansiedade e estresse, demonstrando boas propriedades psicométricas. A construção do Índice de Bem-Estar Subjetivo, englobando a satisfação de vida e afetos positivos e negativos, deve ser mais bem explorada em pesquisas futuras. Finalmente, a intervenção focal realizada com os adolescentes demonstrou o quanto a violência é naturalizada no contexto escolar, indicando a necessidade de trabalhos preventivos e interventivos para essa população. Limitações e sugestões para novos estudos são descritas. / This thesis is comprised of five studies that had as main objective to investigate the exposure to direct violence (being victim) and indirect (being witness) and their relationship with subjective well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in adolescents from public schools of the city of Porto Alegre - RS. The first chapter presents a systematic review of literature on exposure to violence in adolescence and its relationship with mental health. The second chapter is a study of adaptation and validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Adolescents (DASS-A). The third chapter (a empirical study) aimed to investigate the prevalence of adolescent exposure to direct and indirect violence and its association with age, sex, school failure and family configuration. The fourth study (which is also empirical) investigated the relationship between exposure to direct and indirect violence, subjective well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Finally, the fifth chapter presents a report about the experience of informing the participants about the results of the research with the aim of discussing violence(s) in the daily life. The participants were 426 adolescents from public schools, 12-18 years old, who responded the sociodemographic form and the following instruments Screening of Exposure to Violence of Children in the Community; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Adolescents (DASS-A); Positive Affects (PA) and Negative Affects (NA) and the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (MLSSA). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. The results of this thesis indicated a high prevalence of direct and indirect exposure of adolescents to violence and the association with internalizing symptoms. The adaptation and validation of instrument DASS-A allowed the joint assessment of the variables depression, anxiety and stress, demonstrating good psychometric properties. The construction of the Subjective Well-being Index, encompassing life satisfaction besides positive and negative affects, should be further explored in future research. Finally, the focal intervention realized with the adolescents demonstrated how much the violence is naturalized in the school context, indicating the necessity of preventive and interventional actions for this population. Limitations and suggestions for further research are described.

Self-determination theory posits, through an organismic perspective of human development, that all humans are inherently curious to assimilate new information and all naturally behave for their psychological growth. Central to this natural tendency is the determinant role of the social environment in maintaining or hindering this inherent function of the self. Humans thus develop, through their life, motivational patterns that can be characterized as being either internalized or not. For SDT, this natural process of integrating one’s motives, values, and belief in the self can be observed through the internalization continuum of self-determination. The self-determination continuum describes the behavioral regulation of individuals and can be broke down in two large dimensions: autonomous vs controlled motivation. When applied to the educational context, the theory would say that students who invest themselves in their academic activities for more internalized and autonomous reasons will be more likely to experience positive educational outcomes (e.g., achievement, perseverance, deeper learning, well-being, and lower dropout intentions). However, recent meta-analyses revealed a small positive association between explicit self-evaluation of autonomous motivation (AM) and academic achievement (r ≈ .177; Cerasoli, Nicklin, & Ford, 2014; Richardson, Abraham, & Bond, 2012; Taylor et al., 2014). In those studies, the internalization dimensions have been mainly measured through self-report methodology, and even if those measures are valid and reliable they should only be interpreted as the accessible declared self-knowledge one individual has about his own motivational dispositions. As such, this thesis embarks on the premise that those explicit self-evaluations mainly tap into the reflective/conscious side on the human brain and that taking a dual-process perspective over the integration process could alleviate our understanding of human motivation. This thesis also acknowledges, as in most dual-process theories, the determinant role of working memory capacity (WMC) in the interplay between the explicit/reflective/controlled and implicit/impulsive/automatic processes. The ability to control and direct attention, as measured by WMC, is an important individual differences that can explain why some dual-process effect might be working for some individuals but not for the other (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004). In this dissertation, my hypotheses were anchored in SDT and inspired by the implicit social cognition approach. Accordingly, I aimed at exploring the internalization process of university students in the educational context. To that end, I proposed three original studies described in three different articles. In Article 1, I first developed a lexical decision task of implicit AM based on the preliminary work of Burton, Lydon, D'Alessandro, and Koestner (2006). I hypothesized that explicit and implicit AM should interact in a synergistic manner in the prediction of subsequent academic achievement. Moreover, this synergistic effect should depend on the WMC of the students, as the integrative process is likely to be cognitively challenging. A sample of 272 university students were recruited and participated in a lab study (INSPIRE lab). Results of moderated regression analysis revealed that explicit AM was a significant predictor of semester GPA, but only for students with high level of implicit AM, and average to high levels of WMC. This prediction was double the size of past meta-analyses estimate (β = .445), thus demonstrating that incorporating a dual-process perspective of AM enable a more precise account of internalization. In Article 2, I extended the lexical decision task with additional stimuli, replicated the effect of Article 1 with Bayesian estimation and tested a reciprocal hypothesis between academic AM and achievement. I hypothesized that the past academic achievements of students are likely to influence the development of AM for university studies. Again in the INSPIRE lab, 258 undergraduate students participated in this study. Results of a mediational model revealed a significant reciprocal effect of past academic achievement, explicit AM and subsequent academic achievement at university. Moreover, results from study 1 were included as informative prior in the Bayesian analysis of study 2. A moderated-moderation mediation model was tested and revealed a significant synergistic effect between explicit and implicit AM, thus replicating the effect found in study 1. This effect was also moderated by WMC, once again replicating the results of study 1, by demonstrating that sufficient WMC is needed for the synergistic effect of AM to be operant. Lastly, in Article 3 I developed an in-lab learning situation to evaluate if dispositions of AM could be activated outside of the students’ awareness and enable explicitly declared AM to be predictive of subsequent learning performance (math and verbal components). The beneficial effect of explicit AM on subsequent learning performance was only observed for the students who were subliminally primed with AM words. This experimental study thus stressed on the importance of the environment in shaping individuals’ behavior, even when that environment is unconsciously perceived. The findings of this experimental study were thus repositioned in a person x environment interpretation, as opposed to study 1 and 2 which were framed in a person x person interpretation. Of particular interest, contrary to studies 1 and 2, only students with low to average levels of WMC seemed to benefit from the situational priming of AM words. Students with lower levels of WMC can thus benefit from implicit situational cues of AM, as the results demonstrate that it can activate the synergistic effect of AM and ultimately help them perform better on the exam. Overall, this thesis has provided empirical evidence for adopting a dual-process perspective of AM combining motivation and cognitive research in the prediction of academic achievement.

Esta tese é composta por cinco estudos que tiveram como objetivo geral investigar a exposição à violência direta (ser a vítima) e indireta (ser testemunha) e suas relações com bem-estar subjetivo e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em adolescentes de escolas públicas da cidade de Porto Alegre - RS. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre exposição à violência na adolescência e suas relações com saúde mental. O segundo capítulo é um estudo de adaptação e validação da Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse para Adolescentes (EDAE-A). O terceiro capítulo, estudo empírico, teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de exposição de adolescentes à violência direta e indireta e sua associação com idade, sexo, reprovação escolar e configuração familiar. Já o quarto estudo, também empírico, investigou as relações entre exposição à violência direta e indireta, bem-estar subjetivo e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Por fim, o quinto capítulo apresenta o relato da experiência de devolução dos dados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo discutir violências(s) cotidianas. Participaram 426 adolescentes de escolas públicas, de 12 a 18 anos, que responderam a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e aos instrumentos Triagem de Exposição à Violência de Crianças na Comunidade, Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse para Adolescentes (EDAE-A), Escala de Afetos Positivos (AP) e Afetos Negativos (AN) e a Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Adolescentes (EMSVA). Análises descritivas e inferenciais foram realizadas. Os resultados desta tese indicaram a alta prevalência de exposição direta e indireta dos adolescentes à violência e a associação com sintomas internalizantes. A adaptação e validação do instrumento EDAE-A possibilitaram a avaliação conjunta das variáveis depressão, ansiedade e estresse, demonstrando boas propriedades psicométricas. A construção do Índice de Bem-Estar Subjetivo, englobando a satisfação de vida e afetos positivos e negativos, deve ser mais bem explorada em pesquisas futuras. Finalmente, a intervenção focal realizada com os adolescentes demonstrou o quanto a violência é naturalizada no contexto escolar, indicando a necessidade de trabalhos preventivos e interventivos para essa população. Limitações e sugestões para novos estudos são descritas. / This thesis is comprised of five studies that had as main objective to investigate the exposure to direct violence (being victim) and indirect (being witness) and their relationship with subjective well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in adolescents from public schools of the city of Porto Alegre - RS. The first chapter presents a systematic review of literature on exposure to violence in adolescence and its relationship with mental health. The second chapter is a study of adaptation and validation of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Adolescents (DASS-A). The third chapter (a empirical study) aimed to investigate the prevalence of adolescent exposure to direct and indirect violence and its association with age, sex, school failure and family configuration. The fourth study (which is also empirical) investigated the relationship between exposure to direct and indirect violence, subjective well-being and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Finally, the fifth chapter presents a report about the experience of informing the participants about the results of the research with the aim of discussing violence(s) in the daily life. The participants were 426 adolescents from public schools, 12-18 years old, who responded the sociodemographic form and the following instruments Screening of Exposure to Violence of Children in the Community; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Adolescents (DASS-A); Positive Affects (PA) and Negative Affects (NA) and the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (MLSSA). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. The results of this thesis indicated a high prevalence of direct and indirect exposure of adolescents to violence and the association with internalizing symptoms. The adaptation and validation of instrument DASS-A allowed the joint assessment of the variables depression, anxiety and stress, demonstrating good psychometric properties. The construction of the Subjective Well-being Index, encompassing life satisfaction besides positive and negative affects, should be further explored in future research. Finally, the focal intervention realized with the adolescents demonstrated how much the violence is naturalized in the school context, indicating the necessity of preventive and interventional actions for this population. Limitations and suggestions for further research are described.

v anglickém jazyce Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Student: Bc. Jakub Gajdoš Supervisor: Mgr. Pavel Bárta, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Radiolabeling of ramucirumab followed with the study of its internalization in vitro. The process of angiogenesis ensures the formation of the bloodstream at the site of its increased need. Therefore, it is not surprising that angiogenesis is often included in the tumor production process, because it provides the tumor cells nutrition supply and metabolite removal. The targeting of angiogenesis has become a key topic of some scientific research. The process of tumor blood supply formation provides a family of vascular endothelial factors (VEGFs) and their respective receptors, which have become the target of the angiogenesis attenuation in a cancer treatment. One of many therapeutics is the monoclonal antibody ramucirumab targeted against VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR-2). Radioactive labeling of ramucirumab with a suitable radionuclide could bring benefits in either radiotherapy or radiodiagnostics. The aim of this diploma thesis was the indirect radioactive labeling of monoclonal antibody ramucirumab using 99m Tc as radiodiagnostic nuclide via the chelation agent succinimidyl-6-...

This study explores how changes in skin tone surveillance predicted by: (a) skin tone satisfaction, (b) preference for lighter skin tone, (c) internalization of cultural standards of attractiveness, and (d) use of skin-lightening products among Asian Indian women. Exploratory analyses with demographic variables such as age, education, and marital status were also examined. Cross-cultural issues in conducting research with Asian Indian women using U.S. American standardized measures of skin tone related variables were explored. Participants were 169 Asian Indian women over the age of 18 from New Delhi, Mumbai, and other major cities in India and proficiency in English. The data were collected via an Internet-based survey with measures including the Skin Tone Specific Surveillance Subscale of the Objectification Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS, McKinley & Hyde, 1996); the Skin Color Satisfaction Scale (SCSS, Bond & Cash, 1992); Internalization subscale from the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire -3 (SATAQ-3, Thompson, van den Berg, Gurada, & Heinberg, 2004), and a questionnaire about skin tone preference and use of skin lightening products (Hamed, Tayyem, Nimer, & Alkhatib, 2010). Results of the study indicate that an increase in skin tone surveillance was significantly predicted by decreasing skin tone satisfaction, increased preference for lighter skin tone, internalization of cultural standards of beauty and increased use of skin lightening products among the participants. Implications of this study include illuminating the role of skin tone related attitudes and beliefs among Asian Indian women in the persistence of objectification experiences among Asian Indian women to advance feminist scholarship on objectification.

This thesis deals with the municipal infrastructure and its connected externalities in municipalities Lásenice, Lodhéřov and Stráž nad Nežárkou. Infrastructure in municipalities is a factor of their development. Municipalities are therefore generally trying to improve infrastructure and to internalize the externalities, which are connected with the infrastructure. It is because it leads to the development of municipality.

O objetivo da tese é investigar a constituição da interioridade a partir de uma abordagem externalista. Os processos pelos quais o autoconhecimento é constituído são considerados como estando associados ao desenvolvimento da perspectiva da primeira pessoa. Adotar uma perspectiva de primeira pessoa é tornar-se capaz de fazer referência a si mesmo e conhecer seus próprios estados mentais e corporais. A autoconsciência e o autoconhecimento foram tradicionalmente subsumidos à idéia de Descartes da autoridade da primeira pessoa. Segundo a tese cartesiana, teríamos acesso privilegiado e não-empírico aos nossos estados mentais que se expressaria por meio de um conhecimento. A tese central do externalismo afirma, ao contrário, que o conteúdo dos estados mentais é constituído, em parte, pelas relações com o ambiente. A adoção da tese externalista coloca em dúvida a suposição cartesiana de que temos acesso privilegiado aos conteúdos de nossos pensamentos, restringindo, assim, a autoridade da primeira pessoa. O externalismo perceptivo de Davidson, por exemplo, oferece uma solução ternária eu-intérprete-mundo para as origens do autoconhecimento. A tese de Davidson é apresentada como reconciliando o autoconhecimento e as idéias centrais do externalismo. São apresentados dois modelos da gênese externa do eu:1) os modelos ecológicos que propõem um desenvolvimento do sentido de eu como uma função das interações do eu com o ambiente; 2) o modelo psicológico de Winnicott que propõe a emergência do sentido de eu a partir de uma relação ternária entre o eu, os outros e os objetos transicionais. Defendemos a tese de que o modelo psicológico de Winnicott é o mais adequado para descrever a conceitualização epistemológica de Davidson das origens externalistas do autoconhecimento. / The aim of the thesis is to investigate the formation of interiority from an externalist approach. The processes by which the self is constituted are considered to be associated with the development of the first-person perspective. Adopt a first-person perspective is to become able to refer to yourself and know your own mental and bodily states. Self-awareness and self-knowledge were traditionally subsumed under the idea of Descartes first person authority. According to the Cartesian view, we would have preferred and non-empirical to our mental states that would be expressed by a knowledge access. The central thesis of externalism asserts, instead, that the content of mental states consists in part by relationships with the environment. The adoption of the externalist thesis calls into question the Cartesian assumption that we have privileged access to the contents of our thoughts, thus restricting the authority of the first person. The perceptual externalism Davidson, for example, offers a ternary I-interpreter-world solution to the origins of self. Davidson's thesis is presented as reconciling the self and the central ideas of externalism. Are presented two models of external genesis of I: 1) ecological models that propose a development of a sense of self as a due to interactions between the self and the environment; 2) the psychological model Winnicott proposes that the emergence of the sense of self from a ternary relationship between the self, others and the transitional objects. We defend the thesis that the psychological model of Winnicott is most suitable for describing the epistemological conceptualization of the origins Davidson externalist self-knowledge.

Este trabalho investigou o processo de emergência de inglês em crianças de dezoito meses a três anos de idade em ambiente escolar de imersão através de uma pesquisa etnográfica. Em escola internacional, esse grupo de sete crianças (cinco brasileiros e dois sino-brasileiros), observado entre fevereiro e junho de 2008, deu os primeiros passos para a internalização da língua adicional através da interação dialógica entre seus professores e coetâneos, principalmente no momento da roda. Neste contexto, buscamos entender melhor os conceitos vygotskianos de atividades inter- e intramentais e a importância da convivência social para a internalização de conhecimento. Consideramos a relevância do gesto como primeira forma de expressão extraverbal da criança. Para analisarmos melhor a interação dialógica entre os integrantes da sala de aula, procuramos beneficiar-nos da área de estudos linguísticos, especificamente o conceito discursivo de tutela reflexiva e linguística proposto por Bitar (2002) e como a interação em pares, aplicada à realidade da criança pequena, pode proporcionar a apropriação e a internalização da linguagem. Pesquisamos sobre a importância da brincadeira livre para os desenvolvimentos linguístico e cognitivo da criança, através de estudos de Brougère (1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2005) e Kishimoto (1994, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2007). Esta pesquisa de abordagem interdisciplinar busca benefícios das áreas da Teoria Sociocultural, da Linguística Pragmática e da Educação. Após uma análise dos dados coletados, a roda mostrou-se um momento que proporcionou uma vivência positiva no contínuo plurilíngue de emergência em inglês pelas crianças, mas ainda era totalmente dirigido pelo professor. Ao final do trabalho, propomos um momento prévio de livre exploração pela criança que sirva para a criação de uma roda mais participativa, ou seja, uma roda social, a favor de proporcionar uma vivência mais completa pela criança pequena na língua adicional. / This study investigated the emergency process of English by eighteen-month-old to three-year-old children in an immersive school environment through ethnographic research. In an international school, this group of seven children (five Brazilian and two Chinese-Brazilian), observed from February to June 2008, gave the first steps towards the internalization of an additional language through a dialogic interaction among teachers and colleagues, meanly during circle time. In this context, we attempted a better understanding of the Vygotskian concepts of inter and intramental activities and the importance of social contact for knowledge internalization. We considered the relevance of gestures as the first childs extraverbal expression. To better analyze the dialogic interaction among the classroom participants, we benefited from the linguistic studies, specifically the discursive concept of reflexive and linguistic tutelage proposed by Bitar (2002) and how the interaction in pairs, applying it to the young child, may enhance language learning. We researched the importance of free play for the linguistic and cognitive development of the child, through Brougéres (1993; 1995; 1999; 2000; 2004; 2005) and Kishimotos (1994; 1996; 1998; 2001; 2007) studies. This research adopts an interdisciplinary approach since it gathers benefits from Sociocultural Theory, Pragmatic Linguistics and Education. After the collected data analysis, circle time seemed to be a moment that promoted a positive experience along the emergency continuum in English by the children but it was still a guided moment by the teacher. By the end of this paper, we suggest a previous moment of free exploration by the child, that would help create a more dynamic circle time concerning participation, in other words, a social circle time, in favor of providing a deeper childs experience in the additional language.

O objetivo da tese é investigar a constituição da interioridade a partir de uma abordagem externalista. Os processos pelos quais o autoconhecimento é constituído são considerados como estando associados ao desenvolvimento da perspectiva da primeira pessoa. Adotar uma perspectiva de primeira pessoa é tornar-se capaz de fazer referência a si mesmo e conhecer seus próprios estados mentais e corporais. A autoconsciência e o autoconhecimento foram tradicionalmente subsumidos à idéia de Descartes da autoridade da primeira pessoa. Segundo a tese cartesiana, teríamos acesso privilegiado e não-empírico aos nossos estados mentais que se expressaria por meio de um conhecimento. A tese central do externalismo afirma, ao contrário, que o conteúdo dos estados mentais é constituído, em parte, pelas relações com o ambiente. A adoção da tese externalista coloca em dúvida a suposição cartesiana de que temos acesso privilegiado aos conteúdos de nossos pensamentos, restringindo, assim, a autoridade da primeira pessoa. O externalismo perceptivo de Davidson, por exemplo, oferece uma solução ternária eu-intérprete-mundo para as origens do autoconhecimento. A tese de Davidson é apresentada como reconciliando o autoconhecimento e as idéias centrais do externalismo. São apresentados dois modelos da gênese externa do eu:1) os modelos ecológicos que propõem um desenvolvimento do sentido de eu como uma função das interações do eu com o ambiente; 2) o modelo psicológico de Winnicott que propõe a emergência do sentido de eu a partir de uma relação ternária entre o eu, os outros e os objetos transicionais. Defendemos a tese de que o modelo psicológico de Winnicott é o mais adequado para descrever a conceitualização epistemológica de Davidson das origens externalistas do autoconhecimento. / The aim of the thesis is to investigate the formation of interiority from an externalist approach. The processes by which the self is constituted are considered to be associated with the development of the first-person perspective. Adopt a first-person perspective is to become able to refer to yourself and know your own mental and bodily states. Self-awareness and self-knowledge were traditionally subsumed under the idea of Descartes first person authority. According to the Cartesian view, we would have preferred and non-empirical to our mental states that would be expressed by a knowledge access. The central thesis of externalism asserts, instead, that the content of mental states consists in part by relationships with the environment. The adoption of the externalist thesis calls into question the Cartesian assumption that we have privileged access to the contents of our thoughts, thus restricting the authority of the first person. The perceptual externalism Davidson, for example, offers a ternary I-interpreter-world solution to the origins of self. Davidson's thesis is presented as reconciling the self and the central ideas of externalism. Are presented two models of external genesis of I: 1) ecological models that propose a development of a sense of self as a due to interactions between the self and the environment; 2) the psychological model Winnicott proposes that the emergence of the sense of self from a ternary relationship between the self, others and the transitional objects. We defend the thesis that the psychological model of Winnicott is most suitable for describing the epistemological conceptualization of the origins Davidson externalist self-knowledge.