<p dir="ltr">The increasing consumption of fresh produce such as cantaloupes, watermelons, lettuce, and cucumbers has been linked to multiple foodborne outbreaks, highlighting the urgency of implementing effective measures to prevent bacterial contamination, colonization, and internalization. This study evaluates various antimicrobial chemical washing solutions to reduce foodborne pathogens and improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. The research investigates the impact of netting density on cantaloupe rind surfaces and assesses the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (FAC), peracetic acid (PAA), and chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, and <i>Salmonella </i>Typhimurium. Results suggest that higher netting densities decreased the efficacy of these treatments, with smooth rind cantaloupes showing the highest bacterial reduction when treated with PAA and FAC. Further investigations into the inline application of antimicrobial washing solutions under commercial packing house conditions revealed that combining ClO₂ and PAA significantly reduced pathogen loads on cantaloupes and watermelons without adversely affecting their sensory qualities. Additionally, the study assessed the effectiveness of PAA, FAC, and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) on fresh cucumbers, broccoli, and lettuce under conditions that emulate commercial retail facilities. The treatments achieved significant log reductions in aerobic mesophilic bacteria and common pathogens, highlighting the critical role of these solutions in preventing cross-contamination during postharvest handling. Finally, the research also examined the internalization of foodborne pathogens in lettuce and cucumber plants, revealing high recovery rates of <i>E.</i><i> </i><i>coli </i>O157:O157H7 and <i>S.</i><i> </i>Typhimurium from contaminated seeds, soil, leaves, and blossoms. These findings highlight the potential for pathogen colonization and persistence in fresh produce, indicating the need for preventative agricultural practices and microbial control measures throughout the cultivation and handling processes. Together, these studies suggest that integrating effective antimicrobial washing solutions with proper storage conditions and good agricultural practices is essential for enhancing fresh produce's microbial safety and shelf-life, thereby reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses.</p>

Vaspin is a serine protease inhibitor that protects against adipose tissueinflammation and insulin resistance, two key drivers of adipocyte dysfunc-tion and metabolic disorders in obesity. Inhibition of target proteases suchas KLK7 has been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity,while vaspin binding to cell surface GRP78 has been linked to reducedobesity-induced ER stress and insulin resistance in the liver. However, themolecular mechanisms by which vaspin directly affects cellular processes inadipocytes remain unknown. Using fluorescently labeled vaspin, we foundthat vaspin is rapidly internalized by mouse and human adipocytes, but lessefficiently by endothelial, kidney, liver, and neuronal cells. Internalizationoccurs by active, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which is dependent on vas-pin binding to the LRP1 receptor, rather than GRP78 as previously thought.This was demonstrated by competition experiments and RNAi-mediatedknock-down in adipocytes and by rescuing vaspin internalization in LRP1-deficient Pea13 cells after transfection with a functional LRP1 minireceptor.Vaspin internalization is further increased in mature adipocytes after insulin-stimulated translocation of LRP1. Although vaspin has nanomolar affinityfor LRP1 clusters II-IV, binding to cell surface heparan sulfates is requiredfor efficient LRP1-mediated internalization. Native, but not cleaved vaspin,and also vaspin polymers are efficiently endocytosed, and ultimately targetedfor lysosomal degradation. Our study provides mechanistic insight into theuptake and degradation of vaspin in adipocytes, thereby broadening ourunderstanding of its functional repertoire. We hypothesize the vaspin-LRP1axis to be an important mediator of vaspin effects not only in adipose tissuebut also in other LRP1-expressing cells.

The objective of this study is to examine how some preschool teachers working with recycling materials in Reggio Emilia inspired preschools. The study questions are "Why do educators in Reggio Emilia inspire preschools to use recycling materials in their preschools?" And "What is the purpose of educators with recycling materials?"   This research was done in the form of qualified interviews with five pre-school teachers and a studio carving. The qualified interviews were done in three kindergartens located in the same unit in a town outside Stockholm. These kindergartens are inspired by the Reggio Emilia philosophy and they use the recycling materials in its operations.   The study is based on theories Vygotskijs both socio-cultural perspective and internalizing and Reggio Emilia philosophy. Vygotskijs point out that children learn through interaction with others. Reggio Emilia philosophy is based on a democratic thought, a deep respect for children and a believer in the ability of children to explore the world.   Data collection for the study were analyzed and reported after dividing it into different categories. The categories are under the heading of "Educators knowledge of the Reggio Emilia philosophy," "The compelling perspectives of Reggio Emilia," "Educators awareness of recycling materials," "Educators approach to recycling materials" and "Responsive educators". Findings show that all the participating preschool teachers are aware of what the term means recycling materials. They also have a full understanding of how they should relate to recycling materials and they have an underlying purpose to reuse materials in their operations.

Depuis un peu plus de dix ans, les règles de la responsabilité pénale en matière de crime de guerre ont connu d'importants changements en droits français et congolais. Les États affichent une certaine frilosité face à la réglementation internationale du crime de guerre. En effet, la mise en conformité des règles nationales aux instruments internationaux a entraîné dans les législations de ces Etats, comme dans certaines d'autres d'ailleurs, deux démarches successives : l'internalisation des notions du crime et du criminel de guerre ainsi que l'externalisation des structures et mécanismes d'établissement de la responsabilité. D'abord, le crime international de guerre est redéfini selon l'entendement et dans les concepts usuels internes des législations des Etats. Il est de ce fait, tantôt partiellement correctionnalisé et en conséquence soumis au régime juridique de tout autre crime ou délit interne, en l'occurrence les règles de la prescription. Tantôt, bien que conservant sa nature d'infraction internationale, ce crime se trouve consacré dans une législation militaire sans en préciser les faits constitutifs et sanctions applicables à l'auteur avéré. Ensuite, le criminel de guerre n'est plus que la personne physique. Lorsqu'il est établi qu'une personne physique a agi pour le compte de l'être moral, peu importe que celle-là soit le préposé de jure ou de facto de celui-ci, la législation française en vigueur punit aussi bien l'exécutant capable de discernement que le bénéficiaire, à l'exception de l'Etat. C'est vers cette solution que tend le droit pénal congolais dans son processus de réforme. / For a little over a decade, the rules of criminal responsibility for war crimes have been major changes under French and Congolese. States show a certain reluctance to face the international regulation of war crime. Indeed, the compliance of national rules with international instruments resulted in the legislation of these states, as in some others besides, two successive steps: the internalization of notions of crime and war criminal and outsourcing structures and mechanisms for establishing accountability. First, the international crime of war is redefined according to the understanding and the usual concepts of internal laws of the States. It is therefore sometimes partially correctionnalisé and therefore subject to the law of any other crime or misdemeanor domestic, namely the rules of prescription. Sometimes, though retaining its character as an international offense, this crime is enshrined in legislation military without specifying the facts constituting and penalties proved to the author.

Streptococcus mutans é considerado um agente etiológico primário da cárie dentária e um importante agente etiológico da endocardite infecciosa. O microrganismo pode ser classificado em quatro sorotipos (c, e, f e k), sendo o sorotipo c o mais comumente prevalente na população. S. mutans também pode acessar a corrente sanguínea e colonizar células endoteliais das artérias coronárias, através de sua ligação e posterior invasão. O gene cnm, codificador de uma proteína de ligação ao colágeno encontrado em algumas cepas de S. mutans pode ser relacionado com sua virulência. Objetivos: (1) formação de biofilmes em superfícies tratadas com colagénio e a expressão de genes a formação de biofilme chave spaP e brpA, (2) aderência (30 min e 2 h) , invasão (5h) e persistência (24h) em células endoteliais e (3) desmineralização da dentina. Tanto os experimentos de formação de biofilme dependente de colágeno quanto os de aderência, invasão e persistência em células primárias Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells foram realizadas utilizando cepas de S. mutans UA159 (sorotipo c), B14 (sorotipo e), OM50E (sorotipo e), LM7 (sorotipo e), OMZ175 (sorotipo f), NCTC 11060 (sorotipo f) e os isolados clínicos deste estudo 7,1 (sorotipo c), C2A4 (sorotipo e) e 61 (sorotipo k). Mutantes deletérios do gene cnm foram construídas em todas as cepas cnm positivas, exceto para C2A4. Cepas OMZ175 e 61 e seus respectivos mutantes também foram empregados para avaliar a expressão de genes spaP e brpA por PCR em Tempo Real e a desmineralização da dentina através de Tomografia de Coerência Óptica (OCT). Os dados mostraram que o gene cnm é significativo para a formação de biofilme em superfícies tratadas com colágeno e invasão de células endoteliais, mas não apresenta influência na adesão celular. A maior parte das cepas cnm positivas foram capazes de persistir intra-celular 24h. O modelo de cárie experimental não foi capaz de demonstrar a importância do gene cnm na desmineralização da dentina. O gene cnm foi necessário para o desenvolvimento de biofilme de e invasão do microrganismo à células endoteliais, mas não para a adesão às HCAEC. / Streptococcus mutans is considered a primary etiological agent of dental caries and an important etiological agent of infectious endocarditis. It can be classified into four serotypes (c, e, f and k), which serotype c is the most commonly prevalent in the population. The recent breakthrough that the cnm gene, which encodes a collagen binding protein found in some S. mutans strains, has set off new studies on this species, such as biofilm formation and bacteria-cell interactions. Aims: (1) biofilm formation on collagen-treated surfaces and the expression of biofilm formation key genes spaP and brpA; (2) adhesion (30 min and 2h), invasion (5h) and persistence (24h) in endothelial cells and (3) dentin demineralization. Experiments on collagen-dependent biofilm formation, and adhesion, invasion and persistence in HCAEC cells (primary Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells) were performed using S. mutans strains UA159 (serotype c), B14 (serotype e), OM50E (serotype e), LM7 (serotype e), OMZ175 (serotype f), NCTC 11060 (serotype f) and the clinical isolates of this study 7.1 (serotype c), C2A4 (serotype e) and 61 (serotype k). Mutants cnm were constructed in all strains presenting the gene, except for C2A4. Strains OMZ175 and 61 and their respective mutants were also employed to evaluate both the expression of spaP and brpA genes by PCR Real Time and the dentin demineralization through Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). One hundred forty four clinical isolates of S. mutans were collected from 47 patients. Our data have shown that the cnm gene is significant for both biofilm formation on collagen-treated surfaces and invasion of endothelial cells, but it has no influence in cell adhesion. In addition, most of the cnm positive strains were able to persist up to 24h intracellularly. Likewise, the model of experimental caries was not able to demonstrate the importance of cnm in dentin demineralization. Thus, gene cnm is required for S. mutans on collagen-dependent biofilm formation and invasion of endothelial cells, but it was not required for adhesion to HCAEC.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho avalia o impacto da interiorizaÃÃo do Instituto Federal de EducaÃÃo, CiÃncia e Tecnologia do MaranhÃo (IFMA) no desempenho escolar do Ensino Fundamental nos municÃpios contemplados com a implantaÃÃo. SÃo escassos os estudos que abordam a influÃncia da presenÃa dos Institutos Federais como incentivos à melhoria do Ensino Fundamental, especialmente em regiÃes pobres como o estado do MaranhÃo. Os dados utilizados foram as notas do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento da EducaÃÃo BÃsica (IDEB), extraÃdas do portal do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais AnÃsio Teixeira (INEP) nos anos de 2005 a 2013. Utilizamos o mÃtodo de Controle SintÃtico desenvolvido por Abadie, Dimond e Hainmuller (2010), obtendo um contrafactual na construÃÃo da trajetÃria das notas do IDEB tendo os referidos municÃpios com IFMA. As evidÃncias empÃricas apontam que a expansÃo teve um efeito positivo nas notas do IDEB. / This study evaluates the impact of internalization of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of MaranhÃo (IFMA) in academic achievement of elementary school in the municipalities covered with deployment. There are few studies on the influence of the presence of the Federal Institutes as incentives for improvement of primary education, especially in poor regions such as the state of MaranhÃo. The data used were the notes of the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB), extracted from the National Institute of Educational Studies Teixeira portal (INEP) in 2005 to 2013. We use the Synthetic Control method developed by Abadie, Dimond and Hainmuller (2010), getting a counterfactual in the construction of the trajectory of IDEB notes since those municipalities with IFMA. Empirical evidence suggests that the expansion had a positive effect on IDEB notes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Gazzotti.pdf: 726857 bytes, checksum: 552e95047193d878de61b71b29a33b33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-28 / This paper is based on Vygotsky s (1930-33-35/1984) studies concerning education and its role upon human development. It aims to critically understand conflicts resolution with children from bilingual education contexts and how it may enable them to act collaboratively. This research is underpinned by the concepts of higher mental functions internalization (VYGOTSKY, 1930/1984), zone of proximal development (VYGOTSKY, 1933-35/1984 and NEWMAN & HOLZMAN, 2002) and infant oral argumentation (LEITÃO & BANKS-LEITE, 2006; PONTECORVO, 2005; FARIA, 2004 and OLIVEIRA, 2006), once it uses reflection and argumentation as tools to conflict resolution, contributing to children s higher mental functions development and resulting in the attainment of autonomy. The data collection was made from daily video records of children s school time within one school year thus enabling the recording of conflicts that normally take place throughout children s interaction and also the chronological evaluation of the participants development and improvement. In the interpretation and analysis section, the bilingual educators language mediation is highlighted as well as how they make it possible for the infants to develop collaborative actions, who, by the end of one year, are capable of using argumentative tools for communicating and acting collaboratively in both languages with almost no interference from the teacher. This research is inserted in the social-historical-cultural perspective (VYGOTSKY 1933-35/1984, LEONTIEV 1977- 1978, BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV 1929/2010 and BAKHTIN, 1981), once it points out the importance of the environment and the social, historical and cultural contexts influence on children s psychological development, especially by the time they begin to speak and master language as a way of interacting in the world. According to Vygotsky: the moment of major significance in the course of intellectual development which generates to the solely human forms of practical and abstract intelligence, happens when speaking and practical activity, so far two completely different development lines, converge (VYGOTSKY, 1930/1984: 11). Once the transformation of individuals as well as their social situation by the use of linguistic instruments is one of the major concerns of this paper, it is inserted in the field of Applied Linguistics (LIBERALI, 2006) in a critic paradigm (PENNYCOOK, 2004). It is a critical collaboration research (MAGALHÃES, 2009), in which the method is simultaneously a pre-requisite and a product, the tool and the result of the study (VYGOTSKY, 1978:65) and aims at analyzing and criticizing the context of action with the goal of transforming it collaboratively with its participants / Este trabalho baseia-se nas reflexões de Vygotsky (1930-33-35/1984) sobre educação e seu papel no desenvolvimento humano. Seu objetivo é compreender criticamente o trabalho com resolução de conflitos em contextos de educação infantil bilíngue e como ele pode promover ações colaborativas. Os conceitos de internalização das funções psicológicas superiores (VYGOTSKY, 1930/1984), zona de desenvolvimento proximal (VYGOTSKY, 1933-35/1984 e NEWMAN & HOLZMAN, 2002) e argumentação oral infantil (LEITÃO & BANKS-LEITE, 2006; PONTECORVO, 2005, FARIA, 2004 e OLIVEIRA, 2006) fundamentam este trabalho, que utiliza a reflexão e argumentação como ferramenta para a resolução dos conflitos, colaborando no desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores das crianças e resultando na obtenção da autonomia. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de filmagens diárias de momentos escolares de crianças de em média 2 anos de idade durante um ano letivo, possibilitando assim a gravação dos conflitos ocorridos entre elas durante este período e a avaliação progressiva do desempenho e progresso dos participantes. Na interpretação e análise, evidencia-se o papel mediador da linguagem utilizada pelas educadoras bilíngues e a maneira como suas ações propiciam o desenvolvimento de ações colaborativas em seus alunos, que, ao fim de um ano de trabalho, já conseguem utilizar algumas formas argumentativas e agir colaborativamente na resolução independente de seus conflitos, utilizando duas línguas. Esta pesquisa está inserida na perspectiva sócio-histórico-cultural (VYGOTSKY 1933-35/1984, LEONTIEV 1977-1978, BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV 1929/2010 e BAKHTIN 1981), uma vez que ressalta a importância do ambiente e a influência dos contextos sócio, histórico e cultural no desenvolvimento humano, em especial no desenvolvimento psicológico infantil no momento em que as crianças começam a falar e a dominar a linguagem como forma de interação com o mundo. Tendo como uma de suas preocupações centrais a transformação dos indivíduos e da situação na qual se encontram por meio do uso de instrumentos linguísticos, este trabalho se insere no campo da Linguística Aplicada (LIBERALI, 2006), dentro do paradigma crítico (PENNYCOOK, 2004). Trata-se de uma pesquisa crítica de colaboração (MAGALHÃES, 2009), na qual o método é simultaneamente um pré requisito e um produto, o instrumento e o resultado do estudo... (VYGOTSKY, 1978:65) e visa à análise e crítica do contexto de ação com o objetivo de transformálo colaborativamente com seus participantes

Neste estudo investigamos de que forma os alunos do Ensino Médio, participantes de um grupo de pré-iniciação científica, podem se apropriar das ferramentas necessárias à elaboração de artigos de divulgação científica. Nesse processo, tentamos visualizar como se deu a internalização dos conceitos e a absorção da linguagem científica e entender as possíveis aproximações com a educação científica, especificamente no aspecto da produção escrita de artigos. Para estudar esse processo, desenvolvemos uma seqüência de atividades para que pudessem construir o conhecimento e, ao mesmo tempo, transmiti-lo por meio da escrita de artigos. Também utilizamos questionários para conhecê-los melhor e exibimos um filme para que os estudantes pudessem entender os modos como a divulgação científica aparecia na mídia. Para responder à nossa questão, foram utilizados como dados potenciais os artigos escritos individualmente pelos estudantes no decorrer de um ano. A análise dos dados revelou um tímido domínio das ferramentas culturais, porém sem apropriação das mesmas, já que nossos alunos somente reproduziram o que lhes foi passado. / In this study we investigated how high school students, who participated to a group of scientific initiation program, might borrow some tools that are considered relevant to write science communication texts. In this process we tried to comprehend how internalization of concepts and scientific language happened and understand how the approximation to the scientific education was possible in relation to the writing of articles mainly. We developed a series of activities to study this process in a way that they might help to build the knowledge and transmit it simultaneously using articles written by them. Also, we used some questionnaires in order to know better our group and their colleagues opinions and we showed a movie to them in order to they could recognize the scientific communication on the media. In order to answer our research problem, written articles which were done by our group were used as potential data during the study. The data analysis revealed us a little domain of cultural tools and no borrowing to them. It probably happened due to our students reproduced the instructions received during the study only.

Les peptides vecteurs riches en Arginine (Arg) ont la faculté de transporter des molécules à travers les membranes cellulaires, d'une manière récepteur- et énergie indépendante, sans toxicité envers la cellule et présentent ainsi un fort potentiel pour la libération de molécules thérapeutiques ou diagnostiques. La compréhension du mécanisme d'internalisation cellulaire et de l'interaction membranaire de ces peptides vecteurs est donc primordiale pour leur développement pharmaceutique. Dans cette étude, deux peptide svecteurs riches en Arg et dérivés de la pénétratine ont été étudiés : les peptides RW16(RRWRRWWRRWWRRWRR) et RW9 (RRWWRRWRR). Dans un premier temps,l'analyse biophysique complète de l'interaction peptide/lipide (P/L) a été réalisée pour le peptide RW16 et une interaction favorisée en présence de lipides anioniques a été révélée.Dans un second temps, des peptides dérivés de RW9 ont été synthétisés dans lesquels chaque tryptophane a été systématiquement remplacé par une phenylalanine. L'internalisation cellulaire et les interactions P/L de RW9 ont été étudiées, et l'importance de la position et du nombre de tryptophane dans la séquence peptidique a été mise en évidence. / Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are able to efficiently transport cargos acrosscell membranes in a receptor- and energy-independent manner, without being cytotoxic to cells and thus present a great potential in drug delivery and diagnosis. The understanding of the cellular internalization and membrane interaction mechanisms is thus fundamental for their pharmaceutical development. In this study, two Arginine-rich CPPs derived from penetratin have been investigated: the peptides RW16 (RRWRRWWRRWWRRWRR) andRW9 (RRWWRRWRR). Firstly, a complete biophysical study of the peptide/lipid (P/L)interactions of RW16 has been accomplished and a preferential interaction for anionic lipids was demonstrated. Secondly, peptides derived from RW9 have been synthesized where tryptophan residues have been systematically replaced by phenylalanine. Cellular internalization and P/L interactions have been characterized, and the importance of the number and position of tryptophan has been highlighted.

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have examined the development of body image among people, especially girls and young women. Many factors have been associated with the development of body image dissatisfaction. Especially important are exposure to mass media and its relationship with three theoretical constructs: Awareness of a thin ideal, internalization of a thin ideal, and perceived pressures to be thin. Extending existing research, this study examined through experimentation the relationships among exposure to American media content and the awareness and internalization of the American norms and expectations for thinness, pressures to adopt these norms, and Trinidadian female adolescents' body image satisfaction. Based on previous findings, this study hypothesized that the three risk factors in the development of body image disturbance (awareness, internalization and pressures) would mediate the relationship between American media exposure and body image satisfaction among Trinidadian female adolescents. The results indicated that American media exposure and all three risk factors had statistically significant relationships with Trinidadian female adolescents' body image satisfaction. The more hours Trinidadian female adolescents spent watching American sitcoms, the less satisfied they are with their body image. An increase in American media exposure also resulted in the increase in the adolescents' awareness and internalization of the American norms and expectations for thinness, as well as the pressures to adopt those norms and expectations. Results also revealed that the three risk factors in the development of body image disturbance (awareness, internalization and pressures) were negatively correlated with body image satisfaction among Trinidadian female adolescents. Taken as a whole, the study supported the sociocultural model for the development of body image dissatisfaction.