Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur professionella inom kvinnojouren förklarar mäns våld mot kvinnor i parrelationer. Studien är baserad på semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med åtta anställda vid kvinnojourer belägna i olika delar av landet. Frågorna fokuserade på orsaker till att varför kvinnor stannar kvar i ett våldsamt förhållande samt de bakomliggande orsakerna till våld. Personalens svar har diskuterats mot bakgrund av befintlig forskning och teorier om mäns våld mot kvinnor. Vid analys av det empiriska materialet framkom fyra teman, nämligen 1) förklaringar till våldet, 2) normalisering / internalisering, 3) brist på socialt stöd och 4) brytpunkt. Resultaten visar att skälen till att kvinnor stannar kvar i våldsamma relationer, enligt personalen, kan vara både normaliseringen av våld och bristen på socialt stöd. Därtill kan patriarkala samhällsstrukturer som främjar en missuppfattad bild av maskuliniteten vara orsak bakom våld. En ökad kunskap hos berörda myndigheter samt tillhandahållandet av information till utsatta kvinnor tycks vara nödvändigt för att hindra förekomst av kvinnors utsatthet i en parrelation. / The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of how Women's Aid Centre staff explain men's violence against women in intimate relationships. The study is based on semi-structured telephone interviews with eight staff in Women's Aid Centre in different parts of the country. Questions focused on the reasons for women to remain in a violent relationship and the underlying causes of violence. The staff’s answers are discussed in the light of existing research and theories on men's violence against women. When analyzing the empirical material four themes emerged, namely 1) explanations for the violence, 2) normalization / internalization, 3) lack of social support and 4) breaking point. The results show that, according to the staff, the reasons why women remain in violent relationships are to be found both in the normalization of violence and in the lack of social support. The patriarchal structures of society that promote a misunderstood image of masculinity are mentioned as a cause of violence. Increased knowledge among the relevant authorities and the information provision on vulnerable women is necessary to prevent the presence of women's vulnerability in a relationship.

The internalization of external costs is a prioritized task of the European Union, aiming for an implementation until 2020. This study wants to provide an estimate of the expected reactions of the freight traffic market in Germany. For this purpose, the earnings from and expenses for the traffic system in Germany including external costs are analyzed to obtain a valid financial balance for each means of transport. In case of missing cost coverage, adequate internalization measures are defined to counteract the different causes of external costs. With this data, a computational model is created to assess the resulting effects on modal shift, traffic avoidance and efficiency gains in the transport market. Using prices of transport services, average transport distances and attributes of the means of transport and the transported goods, a detailed estimation of the expected market reactions is given. The results are then evaluated considering both risks and chances for the transport market as well as the national economy. Consequently, advice for politics and research is presented to facilitate the execution of the chosen internalization measures. Eventually, a SWOT analysis is conducted to judge the validity of the found results.

Objective: Adolescents with binge-eating disorder (BED) are suffering from weight teasing and, as found in adults with BED, are likely to internalize weight bias. Weight teasing by mothers accounts for psychopathology in overweight, but sources of stigmatization are largely unknown in BED. This study sought to address familial weight bias in adolescents with overweight and BED by examining adolescents’ perceived parental weight teasing and weight bias internalization in relation to their eating disorder psychopathology and maternal stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs. Method: Adolescents with overweight and BED (BED; n = 40) were compared to a socio-demographically matched group with overweight only (OW) and a normal-weight control group (NW; each n = 25). They filled out the Perception of Teasing Scale, with parents as the source of teasing, the Weight Bias Internalization Scale and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. Their mothers filled out the Attitudes Toward and Beliefs about Obese Persons Scales. Results: Significantly higher perceived parental weight teasing and weight bias internalization were found in BED compared to OW and NW. Maternal stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs did not differ between groups and were not correlated with adolescents’ perceptions of being stigmatized. Perceived parental weight teasing predicted adolescents’ eating disorder psychopathology, however, this association was fully mediated by weight bias internalization. Discussion: These results indicate that adolescents with overweight and BED perceive weight teasing in their own families. As we found no significant association between adolescents’ perceptions of being stigmatized and maternal stigmatizing attitudes, future research should examine weight-related parent-child interaction or implicit measures of stigmatizing attitudes.

Sexual violence against women is a broad and serious problem all over the world, but South Africa is one of the countries that stand out with their high statistics, where women are mostly targeted and exposed to this violation. At the same time, there are many women’s and human right’s organisations in South Africa working to address sexual violence and support survivors and fighting for equality between men and women. In this study, five organisations have been interviewed, whereof four of them are working with religious leaders as an approach to fights sexual violence. The result and analysis suggest the importance of both women’s and human rights organisations as norm entrepreneurs, as well as the importance of religious leaders as local actors to facilitate the work of internalizing gender equality and fight sexual violence. The mentoring and support from organisations and the work with religious leaders have shown positive progress in several areas of their work to localize and internalize gender equality. However, the organisations are facing limitations in their work with religious leaders which might limit the progress of localization and internalization.

Eating disorders (EDs) cause irreversible physical damage, including organ failure and death. Although EDs receive considerable attention, the number of affected young women who seek help remains low. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the sociocultural and socioenvironmental factors influencing ED development from the perspective of young women, and to explore why the rate of EDs continues to rise in this population. The sociocultural model served as a guide for the study. Ten young women 18-24 years old from Southwest Ohio participated in in-depth, semi structured, face-to-face interviews. Data coding and analysis revealed recurring themes, with findings indicating that family relationships and social media were major factors influencing young women's perceptions of personal image and attractiveness. Participants described that social media's negative portrayal of beauty leads to internalization of the thin-ideal, leading to body dissatisfaction, with subsequent negative dieting behaviors that increase the risk for eating disorder development. Family relationships were described as the main source of positive support to neutralize these external negative forces by creating environments where these young women are accepted. A combination of media, availability of fast food, and society's portrayal of beauty, had significant influences on ED development by creating "constant internal struggles" on body image, good food choices and acceptance in society. The study impacts social change by adding new information for public health program developers and policy makers that may be used to introduce ED programs in local schools that will empower these young women to seek help without fear of stigma or alienation.

The female gothic as a genre, with its emergence in the 19th century, has a history of critiquing women’s place in the domestic sphere by showcasing the horrors of the home. When The Haunting of Hill House by Shirley Jackson was first published in 1959, it did so with both this historical genre background, as well as with a resurgence of traditional gender roles as an ideal. With the help of this context, this paper will do a queer reading of Jackson’s novel, highlighting the main character Eleanor’s queer longing for her friend Theodora. It will furthermore take into consideration Eleanor’s gender and the restrictions put on it during the time, especially concerning heteronormativity. To closer examine the relation between Eleanor and her desires, Hill House as a force will be analyzed. Although previous scholars have differing conclusions regarding Hill House, the most common one is Hill House as a patriarchal presence. However, Eleanor is also shown to be merging with Hill House during the narrative. To be able to combine these readings, as well as a queer reading, Sandra Lee Bartky’s reworking of Michel Foucault’s theories of internalization and self-surveillance will be used. This results in a queer reading of the novel where Hill House reflects Eleanor’s patriarchal internalization and acts as a self-surveilling force, disciplining her queer desires and finally resulting in her suicide. Ultimately, this essay argues that the character of Eleanor in The Haunting of Hill House has internalized patriarchal oppression and acts out disciplinary acts onto her own gender and sexuality through Hill House itself, which results in an overall textual critique of heteronormative ideals.

Specifically addressing cell surface molecules on cancer cells facilitates targeted cancer therapies that offer the potential to selectively destroy malignant cells, while sparing healthy tissue. Thus, undesired side-effects in tumor patients are highly reduced. Peptide-binding receptors are frequently overexpressed on cancer cells and therefore promising targets for selective tumor therapy. In this review, peptide-binding receptors for anti-cancer drug delivery are summarized with a focus on peptide ligands as delivery agents. In the first part, some of the most studied peptide-binding receptors are presented, and the ghrelin receptor and the Y1 receptor are introduced as more recent targets for cancer therapy. Furthermore, nonpeptidic small molecules for receptor targeting on cancer cells are outlined. In the second part, peptide conjugates for the delivery of therapeutic cargos in cancer therapy are described. The essential properties of receptor-targeting peptides are specified, and recent developments in the fields of classical peptide-drug conjugates with toxic agents, radiolabeled peptides for radionuclide therapy, and boronated peptides for boron neutron capture therapy are presented.

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To achieve brand success and develop a competitive advantage through consistently delivering brand experiences to customers, the roles of employees in service organizations are critical. Specifically, it is necessary that service employees are capable and motivated to transform a brand promise into brand reality. Although service organizations have widely adopted internal branding initiatives to engender employees' pro-brand attitude and behavior, how employees perceive such organizational effort to inform their brand-consistent attitude and behavioral outcomes has remained unclear. Drawing upon Job Characteristics Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Organismic Integration Theory, it is suggested that the attainment of employees' pro-brand attitude and behavior requires a joint effort from both the organization and employees. Organizations need to establish a brand climate through internal branding practices that enhance employees' perceived encouragement and support of the coveted brand performance. Based on this brand climate, employees are likely to internalize the brand enabling them to obtain necessary brand knowledge and skills, understand the relevance of the brand to their roles, as well as perceive a fit between their values and the values of the brand. As such, employees are more likely to develop positive brand attitudes and behaviors, including endorsing the brand, staying with the brand, and exhibiting brand-consistent behaviors (i.e., employee brand equity). The brand climate to brand internalization to employee brand equity model conceptualized in this dissertation was assessed with two empirical studies. Study 1 utilized a sample of current employees in service-related industries and Study 2 served as a strict replication study with a sample of current hotel employees. Additional moderation effects based on employees' individual traits including proactive personality and intrinsic motivation were also examined in Study 2. The results from both studies provide strong support for the conceptual model. Brand climate is shown to have a significant impact on all employee brand internalization factors. That is, when employees perceive that the organization is supportive and encouraging with respect to employees' brand performance, they are more likely to transform such perception into their brand understanding, including perceiving appropriate brand knowledge, self-brand relevance, and congruence between the brand values and their own value systems. In addition, it was found that when employees perceive a high level of relevance between their roles and the brand success, as well as congruence between the brand's values and their personal values, they are more likely to develop positive brand attitudes and behaviors, including endorsing the brand, staying with the brand, and exhibiting brand-consistent behaviors (i.e., employee brand equity). Further, it is suggested that employee proactive personality has a positive impact on the relationship between brand climate and employee brand value congruence, while employee intrinsic motivation to work has a negative impact on the relationship between employee perceived brand relevance and employee brand equity. This dissertation significantly advances the current internal brand management literature and contributes to theory development with respect to examining and validating employee brand internalization. This dissertation also provides practical implications to help justify and guide service organizations' investment in internal branding. In addition, this dissertation demonstrates that a brand-aligned workforce can be selected and cultivated through a brand climate that affords employees' internalization of the brand. / Tourism and Sport