O setor brasileiro de celulose é um importante pilar da economia nacional. Só em 2010 a exportação de celulose trouxe para o País US$ 4,7 bilhões. Dada a sua importância, este setor já foi alvo de vários estudos de competitividade. No entanto, a mudança no cenário concorrencial global, marcada pela entrada de novos agentes, requer uma avaliação da posição competitiva do Brasil frente aos concorrentes emergentes. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os novos players, descrever a dinâmica concorrencial nos principais mercados, propor ferramentas adequadas para avaliar os resultados dos países exportadores de celulose de fibra curta, e explicar as razões de liderança entre os países exportadores. A fim de mensurar os resultados dos países fornecedores, foi empregada uma função de subcusto translog restrita para obtenção da elasticidade de substituição entre as polpas de fibra curta dos principais países exportadores. Para essa análise foram considerados, separadamente, os mercados americano e chinês. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados levando-se em conta aspectos técnicos da polpas de fibra curta, com foco na morfologia das fibras, e também o histórico de formação dos setores de celulose no Brasil, na Indonésia (fornecedor emergente, principal fornecedor de celulose de fibra curta para a China) e no Canadá (fornecedor tradicional de celulose, principal concorrente do Brasil nos Estados Unidos). Foram também avaliadas as barreiras de mercado à polpa indonésia a partir do testemunho de funcionários e dirigentes de fábricas de papel na América do Norte, Europa e Ásia. As observações feitas sobre a organização setorial e tecnológica dos concorrentes foram comparadas aos modelos correntes de catch up tecnológico a fim de se identificar comportamentos que contribuam para a extensão da teoria nesta área. Os resultados do trabalho indicam que a competitividade brasileira no setor de celulose se apoia na produtividade florestal, resultado da acumulação de competências tecnológicas relacionadas ao eucalipto. Isso garante a competitividade brasileira frente aos concorrentes tradicionais. Frente à polpa indonésia, que vem acumulando competências tecnológicas relacionadas à acácia, a polpa brasileira é competitiva hoje. A manutenção da competitividade da polpa brasileira frente à indonésia no futuro dependerá da intensidade de investimentos em inovação feitos por ambos os países. / Pulp industry is a mainstay of Brazilian economy. In 2010, Brazilian pulp exports totaled US$ 4.7 billion. Given its importance, this industry has been the focus of several studies on competitiveness. However, the change in the competitive global scenario, marked by the entry of new players, requires an assessment of Brazil\'s competitive position towards emerging competitors. In this context, this work aimed to identify new players, to describe the dynamics of competition in key markets, to propose appropriate tools to assess the performance of hardwood pulp exporting countries, and explain the reasons for leadership among the exporting countries. In order to measure the supplier countries results, a restricted translog subcost function was applied to obtain the elasticity of substitution between hardwood pulp from the main exporters. This analysis was performed for both the U.S. and Chinese markets. Results were evaluated considering technical features of hardwood pulp, especially fiber morphology, and also a historic appraisal of pulp industry establishment in Brazil, Indonesia (emerging supplier, main hardwood pulp supplier to China) and in Canada (traditional pulp supplier, Brazil\'s main competitor in the U.S.). Market barriers to the entry of Indonesian pulp were also assessed based on the personal testimony of employees and executives of paper mills in North America, Europe and Asia. Observations on the competitors industry and technology setup were compared to current models of technological catch up in order to identify behaviors or patterns that contribute to the extension of the theory in this area. The results of this study indicate that the competitiveness of the Brazilian pulp industry is based on forest productivity, which result from the accumulation of technological capabilities related to eucalyptus. This ensures Brazilian competitiveness against traditional competitors. Compared to the Indonesian pulp industry, which has been accumulating technological capabilities related to acacia, the Brazilian pulp is currently competitive. Maintaining the competitiveness of Brazilian pulp against the Indonesian in the future will depend on the intensity of innovation investments made by both countries.

This thesis concentrates on the examination of the effectiveness of development assistance and its comparison to the effectiveness of the integration of developing countries into foreign trade. The main aim of this study is to determine, whether the effectiveness of development assistance could be increased through closer interconnection with trade support. Consequently, the possibilities of the Czech Export Bank's participation in such arrangements are examined. The dependence of gross domestic product, gross national income per capita and life expectancy at birth on the amounts of development aid received and on the openness of development economies is measured by Pearson's coefficient of correlation and subsequently compared. All indicators were obtained from the databases of the OECD and the WB. The results showed a much more positive connection between openness and the factors examined than they did for the correlation between the amounts of the development aid received and the same indicators. The investigation in the Czech Export Bank revealed various opinions, it certified, however, that a closer connection between development assistance and the business sphere can be advisable. The support of the integration of developing economies into international trade was proven to be effective in a long run and the resources of development assistance should be used to establish the necessary technological and theoretical background to make it happen.

This thesis analyses the effects of international terrorism on economic and political field and illustrates them using a variety of case studies. Chapter one deals with a theoretical framework of international terrorism. Chapter two focuses on impact of international terrorism on economy, with emphasis on international trade and tourism. Chapter three is aimed to examine political responses to international terrorism and its consequences. Chapter four presents a case study about 9/11 attacks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisca Grostein.pdf: 807662 bytes, checksum: 32cf7dd3db9db28443c6c5a6e1bd8953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-13 / Exploring the international market is becoming more intensive in the countries reality, in general, and in the Brazilian reality scene, in particular. The companies need to enlarge and diversify its markets in order to reduce political and economic risks that, in the last years, have been devastating many countries, including Brazil. However, it is not an easy task for the company to start or increase its work in the international market. Among other requirements, it demands human resources ready to f ace challenges, overcoming them successfully. Even with the changes in the laboral relations that occurred in the past decade, there are people who can find a source of pleasure, pride, social recognition and identity in their work. And it is precisely in this context that the present research studied the trader career, one of the professionals that act in the international trade universe, and aim to understand the origin, evolution, the personal gains and looses and this career future perspectives. Methodologically, this research was based on qualitative method of cientific research involving Brazilian traders that acted or still act in many export companies in Brazil. Data was fathered through deep interviews according a semistructured interview guide that aimed to explore the evolution of these traders career. Data gathered were treated according the Analysis of Narrative methodology. As major results, it was found that the one who chooses this career gets personal gains which, maybe, any other career couldn t provide. On the other hand, the trader is faced to either professional and personal challenges that must be well managed. / A exploração do mercado internacional tem se tornado cada vez mais intensa na realidade dos países, de modo geral, e na realidade brasileira, em particular. As empresas necessitam ampliar e diversificar seu mercado consumidor com vistas a diluir riscos políticos e econômicos que, nos últimos anos, vêm assolando diversos países, inclusive o Brasil. No entanto, iniciar ou aumentar a sua atuação no mercado externo não é tarefa fácil para a empresa. Exige, entre outros requisitos, recursos humanos em condições de enfrentar desafios, superando-os com sucesso. Mesmo com as mudanças nas relações de trabalho ocorridas desde a última década, há pessoas que encontram no trabalho fonte de prazer, orgulho, reconhecimento social e identidade. É exatamente neste contexto que este trabalho estudou a carreira de trader, um dos profissionais que atuam no universo do comércio internacional tendo como objetivo compreender a origem, a evolução, os ganhos e perdas em termos pessoais e as perspectivas futuras desta carreira. Em termos metodológicos, este estudo se apoiou no método qualitativo de pesquisa científica envolvendo traders brasileiros que atuam ou atuaram em diversas empresas exportadoras, no Brasil. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas em profundidade obedecendo a um roteiro semi-estruturado que buscou explorar a trajetória da carreira desses traders. Os dados assim obtidos foram tratados seguindo-se a metodologia da Análise de Narrativa. Como resultados principais, detectou-se que o indivíduo que opta por esta carreira obtém ganhos pessoais que, talvez, nenhuma outra carreira proporcione. Por outro lado, ele se defronta não só com desafios profissionais como também, com inúmeros desafios de ordem pessoal com os quais ele tem que conviver e administrar.

Este trabalho versa sobre a boa-fé na nova lex mercatoria, sob a premissa de sua utilidade como princípio geral para seu ordenamento jurídico. A boa-fé, objetiva e aplicável desde as tratativas até a fase pós-contratual, deve ser entendida como meio de reforço da autonomia da vontade e do pacta sunt servanda, assegurando a consecução da finalidade e do espírito (princípio da materialidade) do contrato, a partir da expectativa legítima ou razoável das partes e do respeito à alocação de riscos ajustadas pelas partes na celebração do contrato. A compreensão da boa-fé deve ser construída a partir da identificação de suas três funções (interpretação, integração e, em caráter excepcionalíssimo) e da criação e implementação dos deveres acessórios. / The thesis debates good faith in the new lex mercatoria, based on its utility as a general principle for such legal system. The good faith, objectively understood and applicable during the whole contractual cyclem, from negotiation to post-contractual phase, shall be construed as a means of securing the sanctity of contracts, thus ensuring the achievement of the purpose and spirit (principle of materiality) of the contract, from the perspective of the legitimate or reasonable expectation of the parties and protection of the allocation of risks set forth by the parties when entering into the contract. The understanding of good faith has to be stem from the identification of its three functions (interpretation, integration, and, only in most exceptional cases, correction) and the creation and implementation of accessory duties.

A research report submitted to graduate School of Social Sciences of University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master International Relations in Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg February 2017 / Manufacturing and International trade are key concept between advanced and developing countries for growth. However, developing countries on the path of industrialization are perceived to have a gloomy future regarding their trade patterns and strategies because these countries are schizophrenic about the liberalization of the trade policy to protect their industry. The purpose of this research report is to analyze this fogginess on the path of newly industrialized countries by observing the similarities and differences between Turkey and South Africa export patterns and strategies. The study covers South African and Turkey export conducted only in 2015. Both countries’ patterns and strategies are analyzed with data based descriptive statistic embodied by the author. We use various indexes from the literature and develop some original indexes as our own contributions. We classified the export commodities based on: (1) Natural Resource, (2) Low-Tech Manufacturing, (3) High-Tech Manufacturing. / MT2018

Excessive usage of wildlife is the second most common cause of species decline on our planet, and thus one of the direct threats to biodiversity. Since biodiversity has a virtually existential significance for the well-being of people, it needs to be cared for in order to slow down its decline. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate legal regulations at the international, EU, and Czech level, to present the instruments and institutes used to regulate the trade in CITES specimens, and to propose solutions for potential problems. Where deemed necessary or appropriate, a comparison of international legal regulations with EU and Czech legislation is made. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters that are further internally subdivided into subchapters. The first chapter deals with the importance of trade in endangered species of fauna and flora in relation to the loss of biodiversity. The second chapter provides an overview of the legal regulation governing trade in endangered species at different levels (international, EU, and Czech). The third chapter introduces the individual bodies responsible for the implementation of the Convention CITES (or Regulation No. 338/97) at international, EU, and Czech level. The Czech national authorities are classified according to the Act no. 100/2004 by the...

Está dissertação apresenta uma análise dos mecanismos por trás do equilíbrio entre demanda e oferta por mão de obra qualificada no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. São estimados os impactos de choques exógenos ao mercado de trabalho como: (i) abertura comercial chinesa, (ii) política recente de valorização do salário mínimo e (iii) aumento da oferta de mão de obra qualificada sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores de diferentes níveis educacionais - também conhecidos como prêmio da educação. Como estratégia metodológica, os dados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, foram agrupados para cada uma das 530 microrregiões brasileiras tornando possível a eliminação de possíveis vieses causados por fatores intrínsecos a cada uma das microrregiões. Além disso, também foram utilizados os dados de comércio internacional - entre Brasil/China e China/demais países - disponíveis na base da UN Comtrade. As importações e exportações foram agrupadas em setores e os respectivos choques distribuídos entre as microrregiões do país proporcionalmente à porcentagem da mão de obra de cada setor empregada no local. Os resultados encontrados mostram que, ao contrário do sendo comum, o boom comercial chinês não foi um dos principais determinantes da melhora recente da distribuição salarial no Brasil. Os modelos estimados apontaram para efeitos significativos do salário mínimo sobre o diferencial dos trabalhadores semiqualificados e do aumento da oferta de trabalhadores com ensino superior sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores qualificados. / This thesis presents an analysis of the mechanisms behind the balance between supply and demand for skilled labor in the Brazilian labor market. Its estimated impacts of exogenous shocks to the labor market as: (i) Chinese trade boom, (ii) minimum wage valorization policy and (iii) the increase in skilled labor supply. As a methodological strategy, data from Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 were grouped for each of the 530 Brazilian micro-regions making it possible to eliminate biases caused by intrinsic factors of each of the micro-regions. Furthermore, the UN Comtrade international trade data were also used. Imports and exports were grouped into sectors and their shock distributed among the country\'s micro-regions in proportion to the percentage of the workforce employed in each sector in region. The results show that the China\'s trade boom is not a major determinant of the recent improvement of the wage distribution in Brazil. The estimated models pointed to significant effects of the minimum wage on the differential of semi-skilled workers and the increased supply of workers with higher education on the wage gap of skilled workers

Hoy en día, los desarrollos tecnológicos están vinculados a la vida diaria de cada persona, reducen las distancias entre la gente y contribuyen a que los procesos empresariales sean más efectivos. El rubro con mayor impacto ha sido el comercio, las transacciones electrónicas han tomado protagonismo en todo el mundo, convirtiéndose en una alternativa viable, con diversas herramientas, capaz de atender las necesidades de clientes. Por ello, muchas empresas han decidido incorporar al comercio electrónico en el desarrollo de sus actividades, pueden obtener beneficios tales como la reducción de costos fijos, competitividad, captación de clientes, entre otros. En el Perú el comercio electrónico se ha venido desarrollando lentamente y de manera focalizada en grandes empresas, creando la falsa idea que es necesario invertir mucho dinero para incorporarlo en las actividades comerciales, lo que ha generado desconfianza y rechazo a los usuarios por temor a ser estafados. El objetivo principal de la tesis es determinar los principales factores del uso del E-commerce en las Mypes del sector textil - confecciones en el Emporio de Gamarra. Nos enfocamos en Gamarra por ser principal punto de actividad económica en el Perú. Actualmente, muchas entidades como la Cámara de Comercio de Gamarra contribuyen con la promoción y competitividad de Gamarra, mediante el soporte de un equipo de profesionales innovadores, cuyo principal aporte es la explotación de tecnologías de la información y comunicación, con el objetivo de promover a las empresas y/o usuarios a utilizar herramientas como el E-commerce, para poder expandir o incrementar ventas. / Nowadays, technological developments are linked to the daily life of each person, reduce the distances between people and contribute to making business processes more effective. The area with the greatest impact has been commerce, electronic transactions have taken center stage throughout the world, becoming a viable alternative, with various tools, capable of meeting the needs of customers. Therefore, many companies have decided to incorporate electronic commerce in the development of their activities, can obtain benefits such as the reduction of fixed costs, competitiveness, customer acquisition, among others. In Peru, electronic commerce has been developing slowly and focused on large companies, creating the false idea that it is necessary to invest a lot of money to incorporate it into commercial activities, which has generated distrust and rejection of users for fear of being scammed. The main objective of the thesis is to determine the main factors of the use of E-commerce in the Mypes of the textile sector - confections in the Emporium of Gamarra. We focus on Gamarra as the main point of economic activity in Peru. Currently, many entities such as the Chamber of Commerce of Gamarra contribute to the promotion and competitiveness of Gamarra, through the support of a team of innovative professionals, whose main contribution is the exploitation of information and communication technologies, with the aim of promoting Companies and / or users to use tools such as E-commerce, to expand or increase sales. / Tesis

Considering 91 countries with seaports, this study conducted an empirical inquiry into the broader economic contribution of seaborne trade, from a port infrastructure quality and logistics performance perspective. Investment in quality improvement of port infrastructure and its contribution to economy are often questioned by politicians, investors and general public. A structural equation model (SEM) is used to provide empirical evidence of significant economic impacts of port infrastructure quality and logistics performance. Furthermore, analysis of a multi-group SEM is performed by dividing countries into developed and developing economy groups. The results reveal that it is vital for developing countries to continuously improve the quality of port infrastructure as it contributes to better logistics performance, leading to higher seaborne trade, yielding higher economic growth. However, this association weakens as the developing countries become richer.