在傳統運輸下，基於風險分割，保險產生重疊，增加消費者的負擔，貨櫃運輸興起， 保險重疊益形惡化，再者，新式貨櫃運輸配合以傳統保險制度，勢必發生困擾。在貨 櫃化貨物日趨普遍之際，尋求一套新的保險制度，消除保險重疊敝端和所遭到的困擾 ，使戶對戶貨櫃運輸理想得以實現，實有其必要。 何謂貨櫃運輸？何以其會成為世界潮流？貨櫃貨物何以仍需保險？此類基本問題，本 論文於第二章有述。貨物保險和運送人責任有著極密切關係，貨櫃運輸運送人的責任 成為第三章的內容，除現行國際統一運送公約外，尚提及滿堡規則，聯運單據統一規 則以及國際貨品聯合運送公約草案。第四章討論貨櫃運輸在現行保險制度下所遭遇的 困擾。第五章試擬一保險制度，以適應戶對戶貨櫃運輸，其目的在一併解決前述敝端 與困擾，使貨櫃運輸之優越經濟效能得以發揮，最後於第六章作一結論，並提出建議 。本論文全一冊，包括緒論共分六章十八節，約八萬字。

全文分五章。 第一章、緒論：略述究動機、目的、方式，與困難，並簡短摘要全文。 第二章、機變性基本模型（Basic Stochastic Model）：以封閉經濟體系為對象， 研究在不確定情況下，如何配置生產因素，與決定產出及所得分配。 首先納契約觀念於傳統模型內，研究因素所有主如何在效用極大化條件 下，決定勞動量與資本配置？是否具有經濟效率？ 其次分析風險變動對生產因素配置，及對產出與與所得分配之影響。 最後，探討風險變動對生產因素相業價格，商品相業價格，以及因素密集程度的衝 擊。 第三章、不確定情況之貿易利益：研究開放經濟體系下，不確定性因素（如生產或 貿易條件）對一國貿易利益的影響。 先定義貿易利益，次討論不確定情況時；貿易利益如何產生與分配。 第四章、傳統貿易利並與契約貿易利益：從不同型式的不確定性因素，分析比較有 契約的貿易利益與傳統「無契約）的貿易利益，孰要？孰劣？ 第五章、結論與建議：說明本文研究心得及缺失，並提出可能改進的地方。 #2810644

本文分為五章。 第一章、敘述本文的研究動機、目的及範圍，除了說明研究本文的主要動機外，並 指出如何擇取樣本及資料。 第二章、介紹貿易部門在一般均衡中所扮演的角色，並說明貿易障礙因素有那此？ 影響貿易流量的因素有那些？最後，我們將過去學者有關這方面的研究，作簡單的 介紹。 第三章、最主要是依照六十個國家吸，分別採用機率模型及還歸模型求得台灣對外 之「正常」負易流量，作為政府當局入散海外市場的指標，並對該二模型作一評估 。 第四章、我們進一步探討不同商品對距離效果的感受程度是否相同，並利用虛擬變 數--工業化變數，探討其對不同類商品的影響程度如何。 第五章、我們對本文的實證分析，作一簡單的摘要，並檢討本文研究方法上的缺朱 ，俾後人作更進一步的改進。 #2810647

隨著浮動匯率的普遍採用，目前台幣主要釘住限元，因此雖然台幣業美元的匯率不 變，但只要其他幣別對美元之匯率變動，新台幣業外價值事實上也跟著變動，本文 主要目的在於利用各種模型計算台幣的有效匯率，並加以比較。 有夜率一般作為目標變據（例如貿易量）最後變動的部分指標，因此可用為本國產 品在世界市場競爭力的衡量，故本文交導入韓國有效匯率的計算以與台灣在此構而 競爭力的比較。本文架構為： 第一章、導論 第二章、有效匯率的理論模型 第一節、有效匯率的起源 第二節、理想權數的有效匯率模型 第三節、適合開發中國家或小國的有效匯率模型 第三章、台灣有效匯率的計算 第一節、雙邊貿易權數所計算出的EER及其解釋 第二節、多邊貿易權數所計算出的EER及其解釋 第三節、適合台灣模型所計算出的EER及與前兩節的EER之比較 第四章、韓國有效匯率之計算 第一節、適合韓國的模型所計算出的EER及其解釋 第二節、以有效匯率為構面，分析台、韓競爭能力 第五章、結論 #2810649

台灣於一九五三年開始實施經濟逼設計劃，推動工業化並拓展商品出口。國民所得 帳支出面，出口部份已超出百分之五十以上，究竟出口在台灣經濟成長中扮演何種 角色對國民所得成長有何影響，此乃本文主要探討目的。全文共五章內容概述於後 ： 第一章、導論 第二章、出口擴張與國民所得成長 第一節、開發中國家出口擴張與成長理論：作理論探討。 第二節、出口導向成長實證方法檢討：檢討過去採用實證方法的缺陷。 第三節、模型分析構架：本文將採吸收能力法來分析。 第四節、實證結果：分析台灣自一九五三至一九七八年間，出口在成長過程中，所 產生的吸收能力效果。 第三章、出口收入不穩定性與國民所得成長。 第一節、開發中國家出口擴張與成長理論：作理論探討。 第二節、出口導向成長實證方法檢討：檢討過去採用實證方法的缺陷。 第三節、模型分析構架：本文將採吸收能力法來分析。 第四節、證結果：分析台灣自一九五三至一九七八年間，出口在成長過程中，所產 生的吸收能力效果。 第三章、出口收入不穩性與國民所得成長 第一節、開發中國家出口不穩定性的導因與效果。 第二節、不穩定性測度方法的選擇：選擇較適當方法。 第三節、出口收入不穩定性的□常所得假說模型。 第四章、台灣出口收入不穩定性的實證 第一節、出口收入不穩性的導因：分析那此因素造成台灣的出口收入在短期間產生 波動現象。 第二節、價格數量與出口收入不穩定性：比較價格與數量不穩定性在出口收入在短 期間產生波動現象。 第二節、價格數量與出口收入不穩定性：比較價格與數量不穩定性在口收入穩定性 中的影響程度，並分析影響台灣出口收入不穩定性，係來自國內的供給面，或來自 國外的需求面。 第三節、出口收入不穩定性對國民所得成長的效果：逐次普析出口收入不穩定性， 對資本形成、儲蓄、消費、出口成長與國民所得成長的效果。 第五章、結論與建議。 #2810646

United States legislations have allowed U.S. companies to integrate with the economies of other countries allowing U.S. companies to outsource manufacturing and services abroad and take advantage of lower input cost because of cheap and skilled labor - an opportunity cost choice. In the global economy employment in the United States seems to be influenced simultaneously by variables such as outsourcing, international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and immigration. The shift in our economic and labor structure due to outsourcing will impact many different groups of people, mainly the next generation entering the labor market. The goal of this thesis is to examine the effects of outsourcing, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Trade on the U.S. labor market. It reveals that as an effect of outsourcing jobs have shifted to the emerging markets for cost and capability sourcing, but in response to the uproar on U.S. jobs being lost as businesses move abroad there seems more of job complementarily than substitution between parent and foreign affiliates. Also, companies are integrating vertically and that outsourcing is integral to a company’s success in the global economy. Furthermore FDI in the U.S. is not growing as rapidly as it is in Asia and many other parts of the world, when FDI is shown to positively affect a country’s economy. The U.S. because of the imbalance in international trade runs a huge trade deficit, which again takes a toll on the U.S. economy and employment. As the U.S. parent companies account for large shares of the overall U.S. economy, and foreign affiliates are also significant contributors to the U.S. economy there should be legislations that support multinationals to remain competitive in the global market as they contribute to strengthen the U.S. economy.

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] Following the 1987 report by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the genuine saving has come to play a key role in the context of sustainable development, and the World Bank regularly publishes numbers for genuine saving on a national basis. However, these numbers are typically calculated as if the tax system is non-distortionary. This paper presents an analogue to genuine saving in a second best economy, where the government raises revenue by means of distortionary taxation. We show how the social cost of public debt, which depends on the marginal excess burden, ought to be reflected in the genuine saving. We also illustrate by presenting calculations for Greece, Japan, Portugal, U.K., U.S. and OECD average, showing that the numbers published by the World Bank are likely to be biased and may even give incorrect information as to whether the economy is locally sustainable. Paper [II] This paper examines the relationships among per capita CO2 emissions, per capita GDP and international trade based on panel data spanning the period 1960-2008 for 150 countries. A distinction is also made between OECD and Non-OECD countries to capture the differences of this relationship between developed and developing economies. We apply panel unit root and cointegration tests, and estimate a panel error correction model. The results from the error correction model suggest that there are long-term relationships between the variables for the whole sample and for Non-OECD countries. Finally, Granger causality tests show that there is bi-directional short-term causality between per capita GDP and international trade for the whole sample and between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions for OECD countries. Paper [III] Fundamental questions in economics are why some regions are richer than others, why their growth rates differ, whether their growth rates tend to converge, and what key factors contribute to explain economic growth. This paper deals with the average income growth, net migration, and changes in unemployment rates at the municipal level in Sweden. The aim is to explore in depth the effects of possible underlying determinants with a particular focus on local policy variables. The analysis is based on a three-equation model. Our results show, among other things, that increases in the local public expenditure and income taxe rate have negative effects on subsequent income income growth. In addition, the results show conditional convergence, i.e. that the average income among the municipal residents tends to grow more rapidly in relatively poor local jurisdictions than in initially “richer” jurisdictions, conditional on the other explanatory variables. Paper [IV] This paper explores the relationship between income growth and income inequality using data at the municipal level in Sweden for the period 1992-2007. We estimate a fixed effects panel data growth model, where the within-municipality income inequality is one of the explanatory variables. Different inequality measures (Gini coefficient, top income shares, and measures of inequality in the lower and upper part of the income distribution) are examined. We find a positive and significant relationship between income growth and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient and top income shares, respectively. In addition, while inequality in the upper part of the income distribution is positively associated with the income growth rate, inequality in the lower part of the income distribution seems to be negatively related to the income growth. Our findings also suggest that increased income inequality enhances growth more in municipalities with a high level of average income than in municipalities with a low level of average income.

With the growth of international trade many researchers are questioning the effects on the environment by emissions embodied in international trade flows. The embodied emissions in the import (EEI) and export of Sweden are relatively unexplored despite being a trade-dependent country. However, a few earlier studies indicate that the largest share of embodied CO2 in the international trade of Sweden is in the import from China. This thesis evaluates Sweden’s EEI from China during the years 1995-2009 by using an input-output analysis with the emissions in bilateral trade approach. Different from existing studies, the sector distributions of the EEI are outlined with high transparency and the driving factors for the change in EEI are identified by using a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Results shows that the EEI increased significantly from 1995-2009 and that the main increase occurred during 2002-2007. The import of electrical and optical equipment, textile products and renting of machinery and equipment contributed to the largest share of the EEI. The EEI induced from the total import were mainly generated from electricity, gas and water supply and other heavy industries. Results from the SDA showed that the scale effect from increased imports from especially heavy industries had a large influence on the growth in embodied CO2 emissions. The service sectors contributed to the second largest share of the increase in the EEI due to scale and structural effects. The technical effect, on the contrary, was markedly offsetting the increase of embodied CO2 emissions both for heavy and light industries.

La présente étude offre un panorama sur les interactions et les liens qui existent entre la volatilité des taux de change et les échanges internationaux. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de présenter théoriquement cette relation, puis d’examiner empiriquement l’existence de cette relation de causalité entre le commerce international et la variabilité des taux de change. La littérature portant sur la question se considère dans l'ensemble comme contradictoire et supporte plusieurs controverses qui ne nous permettent pas de conclure clairement quant à la relation en question. Nous essayerons de pousser ces recherches un peu plus loin en réexaminant cette évidence pour le canada et en offrant une investigation empirique sur l’existence éventuelle d'un impact significatif de la volatilité sur les flux désagrégées des exportations sectoriels du canada vers son partenaire, les États-Unis. Nous y examinons la réponse empirique de 5 secteurs d’exportations canadiennes aux variations du taux de change réel effectif entre le canada et les États- Unis. Toutefois, nos résultats obtenus ne nous permettent pas de conclure quant à la significativité relative d’un impact de volatilité de taux de change sur les exportations sectoriels désagrégées destinées aux États-Unis. Dans l’ensemble, même si on admet que les signe des coefficients estimés de la variable de risque dans chaque secteur est négatif, nous arrivons à la conclusion que la volatilité ne semble pas avoir un impact statistiquement significatif sur le volume réelle des exportations du Canada vers les États-Unis. / This study provides an overview on the interactions and linkages between the volatility of exchange rates and international trade. The objective of this work is to present this relationship theoretically and examine, empirically the existence of this causal relationship between international trade and exchange rate variability. The literature on the subject considers himself across as contradictory and supports several controversies that do not allow the clear conclusion about the relationship in question. We try to push this research a step further by reviewing the evidence for Canada and providing an empirical investigation on the possible existence of a significant impact of volatility on sectoral disaggregated flows of Canadian exports to its trading partner, the United States. We empirically examine the response of five sectors of Canadian exports to changes in real effective exchange rate between Canada and the United States. However, our results do not allow us to conclude about the significance of an impact on volatility of exchange rates on disaggregated sectoral exports to United States. Overall, even if we admit that the sign of the estimated coefficients of the exchange risk variable in each sector is negative, we reach the conclusion that the volatility does not seem to have a statistically significant impact on the real volume of exports from Canada to the United States.

The subject of my thesis is the regulation of international trade in endangered species. An excessive trade in endangered species is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss on the Earth. The biodiversity loss constitutes a serious worldwide problem and threatens the stability of all the ecosystems. It is becoming more urgent by the fact that the speed of species extinction or at least their inclusion in the lists of endangered species is getting faster. Especially an illegal trade in endangered species is considered one of the largest and the most profitable. I have chosen this topic with the aim to show legal methods and ways of the regulation of the excessive exploitation of wildlife. The question of the regulation of the international trade is examined from the international perspective, the perspective of the European Union law and as well from the czech law perspective. A considerable stress is put on the description and explanation of the operation of the international trade regulation system regarding that an effective slowdown of the biodiversity loss phenomenon or its stop can be only possible by the international cooperation of the countries. The remaining levels of the regulation must be in compliance with the international level of the regulation. The thesis is consisted of six...