This thesis examines the law on international commercial arbitration in England, Japan and Russia with a view to identify those areas for which harmonisation is of the greatest practical importance. This study is a timely one, since the Arbitration Act 1996 came into effect on 1st January 1997 in England. In Japan, the Committee of Arbitration formed by Japanese experts on arbitration prepared the Draft Text of the Law of Arbitration in 1989, and preparation for amendment based on the UNCITRAL Model Law is under way. In Russia, the Law on International Commercial Arbitration was established based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on 7th July 1993. A comparative study is made of the rules of international private law relating to arbitration, especially issues on international jurisdiction. Despite of recent development of unification of law on arbitration such as the 1958 New York Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law, there are few rules in this area. This study goes some way towards filling this gap in the legal framework. The classification of an arbitration agreement and its influences upon international private law and law on arbitration are also considered. The issue of classification has been argued by many commentators usually to attempt to clarify the general characteristics of arbitration. However, it is the classification of an arbitration agreement that has practical significance. The classification of an arbitration agreement affects, directly or indirectly, not only the international private law but also law on arbitration. Its effects extend to the law applicable to an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the capacity of a person to enter into an arbitration agreement, the principle of separability of an arbitration agreement, assignment of an arbitration agreement, the principle of Kompetentz-Kompetentz, and the stay of court proceedings on the basis of the existence of an arbitration agreement. Finally, this comparative study is used as a basis to put forward models for harmonisation in the interpretation of law on arbitration.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The deregulation and the following restructuring of the South African fruit industry in 1996 had a significant influence on the decision-making environment that participants in the industry were used to. As new exporters entered the industry many new market opportunities arose. However at this same period in time export-earnings from the most important traditional markets came under pressure. A drastic increase in the supply of fresh apples from other Southern Hemisphere countries like Chile as well as a highly fragmented South African marketing structure are believed to be the most important reasons for the decline in exportearnings. The aim of this study is to focus on the international competitiveness of the South African apple industry in comparison to the competitiveness of the Chilean industry, with specific reference to the competition between the two countries on the European market for fresh apples. The study is introduced by a historical view as well as a glance at recent realities within the South African as well as the Chilean apple industry. Aspects that have lead to the growth and development regarding production as well as exports within both industries will be indicated. Historical international trade performance of both industries is discussed as international trade performance is a prerequisite for international competitiveness. Theoretical principles of competitiveness and competitive advantage is given with specific focus on the most recent theoretical viewpoints concerning competitive advantage and the reaching thereof The work of Michael Porter (1990) is used as a starting point in order to construct a framework with which the national competitive advantage of a specific industry, with a specific nation, can be explained. According to Porter ( 1990) national competitive advantage can be defined as the specific characteristics of a nation's national circumstances that enables a specific industry within that nation to create and maintain competitive advantages. National competitive advantage a measured according to four so-called broad determinants of national competitive advantage, namely industry structure, strategy and competition (first determinant), factor conditions, related and supporting industries and demand conditions as the forth determinant. A number of more recent definitions and describing literature on competitive advantage is used in order to expand Porter's so-called "diamond-analyses" for specific use to analyze an industry that produces a perishable product. An important prerequisite concerning the analyzing of competitiveness, is the presence of a relative or comparative component. Industry specific technical literature is used in order to make comparative descriptions within the above mentioned framework. This framework (expanded Porter-model) is used in order to compare the Chilean apple industry with the South African industry on the basis ofthe four broad determinants of national competitive advantage. In this way a complex description of the varied national and international industry environments within which the two industries operate, is done. It is very clear that international exposure on production as well as on marketing level together with excellent natural resources is the most important contributors to the national competitive advantage of the Chilean apple industry. The exceptional natural resources and very good weather conditions for growing apples together with growers' exposure to consumer demands are important contributors to the production of high quality fruit. Marketers and exporters show valuable market-discipline and they have easy access to relevant market information. These aspects strengthen the competitiveness of the Chilean apple industry. If the South African apple industry want to be competitive in future, it is absolutely essential that scarce resources such as soil and water is well-managed and conserved. International exposure and technological innovation on production level is also very important. Market information will have to be more easily accessible and exporters will have to show significant market discipline. It is also important that there will not be any uncertainties as far as property rights is concerned, as this will scare investors. It is of utmost importance that the South African government will work towards creating a home base that will have a positive effect on the obtaining and the maintaining of national competitive advantage. This study give participants within the South African apple industry a thorough description of the varied decision-making environments to which the Chilean and the South African apple producer is subjected to. Differences within this decision-making environments is emphasized and there is an indication of what the direct influence of this differences have on the South African industry. Possible future changes concerning the various macroenvironments of the two industries is analyzed and an indication is given on how these changes will influence the obtaining and maintaining of national competitive advantage in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die deregulering en die gevolglike herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugtebedryf in 1996 het die besluitnemingsomgewing vir alle deelhouers binne die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugtebedryf drasties verander. Die toetrede van verskeie nuwe uitvoerders het beteken dat nuwe bemarkings-geleenthede benut kon word, maar ongelukkig het uitvoerverdienste op die tradisioneel belangrike markte op dieselfde tydstip onder groot druk gekom. 'n Dramatiese toename in die voorsiening van vars appels vanuit ander Suidelike-Halfrond-lande, soos Chili, tesame met 'n gefragmenteerde Suid-Afrikaanse bemarkings-opset word as die belangrikste redes vir die dating in uitvoerverdienste aangevoer. In hierdie ondersoek word daar gefokus op die internasionale mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf relatief tot die mededingendheid van die Chileense bedryf, met spesifieke verwysing na die mededinging tussen die twee lande in die Europese mark vir vars appels. Die studie word ingelei deur 'n geskiedkundige oorsig sowel as 'n blik op huidige realiteite binne die Suid-Afrikaanse- sowel as die Chileense appelbedrywe. Die verloop van gebeure wat tot die groei en ontwikkeling ten opsigte van produksie sowel as uitvoere binne beide bedrywe gelei het, word aangedui. Die bereiking van intemasionale handelsukses word as voorvereiste vir intemasionale mededingendheid aangevoer. Geskiedkundige intemasionale handelsprestasie van beide bedrywe word dus ook uiteengesit. 'n Uiteensetting van teoretiese grondbeginsels van mededingendheid en mededingende voordele word aangebied met die fokus op die jongste teoretiese sienings betreffende mededingende voordeel en die bereiking daarvan. Die werk van Micheal Porter (1990) word as vertrekpunt gebruik ten einde 'n raamwerk te konstrueer waarmee die nasionale mededingende voordeel van 'n bepaalde bedryf, gesetel binne 'n bepaalde nasie, omskryf kan word. Volgens Porter (1990) word nasionale mededingende voordeel omskryf as die bepaalde karaktertrekke van 'n nasie se nasionale omstandighede wat spesifieke bedrywe binne daardie nasie in staat stel om mededingende voordele te skep en te behou. Nasionale mededingende voordeel word gemeet aan die hand van vier sogenaamde bree determinante van nasionale mededingende voordeel, naamlik bedryfstruktuur, bedryfstrategie en bedryfskompetisie (wat gesamentlik die eerste determinant vorm), faktorkondisies, verwante en ondersteunende industriee asook vraagtoestande. Hierdie vier determinante omskryf die totale omgewing (home base) waarbinne 'n bepaalde bedryf opereer. Verskeie meer onlangse definisies en beskrywende literatuur betreffende mededingende voordeel is aangewend om Porter (1990) se sogenaamde "diamant-analise" uit te brei en meer toepaslik te maak op 'n bedryf wat 'n bederfbare kommoditeit produseer. 'n Belangrike voorvereiste betreffende die analisering van mededingendheid, is die teenwoordigheid van 'n relatiewe of vergelykende komponent. Bedryfspesifieke tegniese literatuur is dus verder aangewend ten einde vergelykende beskrywings binne die genoemde raamwerk te doen. Die raamwerk (uitgebreide Portermodel) is gebruik ten einde die Chileense appelbedryf met die Suid-Mrikaanse appelbedryf te vergelyk aan die hand van elk van die genoemde determinante van nasionale mededingende voordeel. Op hierdie wyse is 'n komplekse beskrywing van die onderskeie nasionale en internasionale bedryfsomgewings (home bases) waarbinne die twee bedrywe opereer, verkry. Omvattende internasionale blootstelling op produksie- maar veral op bemarkingsvlak tesame met uiters gunstige klimatologiese toestande en baie goeie natuurlike hulpbronne, blyk die belangrikste aspekte te wees wat hydra tot nasionale mededingende voordeel van die Chileense appelbedryf. Die gunstige klimatologiese toestande en die kwaliteit van die natuurlike hulpbronne tesame met die feit dat produsente die verbruikersbehoeftes van die verskillende wereldmarkte ken, dra by tot die produksie van goeie kwaliteit vrugte. Die vaardigheid en hoe vlak van intemasionale blootstelling waaroor bemarkers/uitvoerders beskik, tesame met die toepassing van markdissipline, is verdere aspekte wat die mededingendheid van die Chileense bedryf versterk. Indien die Suid-Afrikaanse appelbedryf in die toekoms steeds mededingend wil wees en nuwe nasionale mededingende voordeel wil skep en handhaaf, is dit van kardinale belang dat beskikbare, skaars hulpbronne soos water en grond oordeelkundig bestuur en aangewend moet word. Intemasionale blootstelling en tegnologiese innovasie met betrekking tot produksie is van kardinale belang. Dit is verder belangrik dat mark-inligting meer toeganklik sal word en dat uitvoerders die nodige markdissipline sal toepas en handhaaf. Dit is belangrik dat onsekerheid betreffende eiendomsreg vermy sal word omdat dit kan lei tot beleggerswantroue. Dit is van kardinale belang dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering sal streef daarna om 'n home base te skep wat positiefbydra tot die bereiking en handhawing van nasionale mededingende voordeel. Die studie bied dus aan deelhouers binne die Suid-Amerikaanse appelbedryf 'n omvattende beskrywing van die onderskeie besluitnemingsomgewings waaraan die Chileense sowel as die Suid-Mrikaanse appelprodusent blootgestel ts. Verskille binne hierdie besluitnemingsomgewings word uitgelig en daar word aangetoon wat die direkte invloed van hierdie verskille op die mededingendheid van die Suid-Mrikaanse bedryf mag wees. Moontlike toekomstige veranderinge betreffende die onderskeie makro-omgewings van die twee bedrywe word ondersoek en daar word aangedui hoe hierdie veranderinge die bereiking en handhawing van nasionale mededingende voordeel in die toekoms sal belnvloed.

在一般關稅理論中，最適關稅之稅率是由t=1 之公式來決定，* 表示外國對於出口財 之供給彈性，而當貿易均衡時，外國出口財之供給也就是本國進口財之需求，所以外 國出口財之供給彈性就是本國進口財之需求彈性。於是，最適關稅率也就是可由本國 進口財之需求彈性來決定，很明顯地可以看出，以此公式來課徵關稅，並不含賦稅公 平之原則，因為對彈性低之必需品，關稅率高，對於彈性大之奢侈品，關稅率反較低 ，因此稅源多來自低所得之大眾，本文之研究是在將最適關稅之公式加以修正，導入 所得分配之變數，使t=i-1 •βi •EYi ，因此，最適關稅率之高低，不但視進口品 之需求彈性Yyi 還須考慮到所得分配情形βi ，以及每個人對於進口品之個別進口量 EYi （如果y 財為進口財），如此，最適關稅之課征，將不但能使社會福利增加，而 且可使所得分配趨於更公平、更合理。 本文大致分為四章：第一章研究目的；第二章研究方法；第三章最適關稅之新修正； 第四章考慮外部效果之下之最適關稅。

本論文壹冊，計約三萬餘字，全文共分三章九節。 第一章 緒論，本章略述研究動機與目的、研究方法與限制以及全文之結構。 第二章 浮動匯率之一般檢討，本章包括四節 第一節 浮動匯率之意義與類型 第二節 實施浮動匯率之利益 (一)得以運用獨立的貨幣與財政政策追求國內經濟目標 (二)免於直接管制 (三)阻遏投機風潮 第三節 實施浮動匯率之問題 (一)不穩定的資本移勉 (二)不確定之風險 (三)通貨膨脹之傾向 (四)以匯率變動平衡國際收支效果之問題 第四節 結論 第三章 台灣實施浮動匯率之研究 第一節 實施技術之考慮 第二節 基本原則之考慮 第三節 市場調節機能之考慮 第四節 遠期外匯市場 第五節 結論

本論文共分為七章，約五萬言。第一章緒論；第二章談到製造業在中、日、韓、星、 港經濟成長中所扮演的角色；第三章強調「固定市場佔有率」的理論基礎及應用解釋 上所應遵循的原則第四章就實證的結果作詳盡的分析。第五章估計各國製造業輸出之 所得與價格彈性，並從供給面來比較各國之出口價格競爭能力。第六章探討各國製造 業輸出之展望。最後一章謹就研究的結果，提出個人粗淺的意見。 本文係採取比較研究的實證分析法，其對象為日本、韓國、香港和新加坡，主要目的 是想利用時間序列的縱斷面剖析，來了解本諸國近十年來製造業產品輸出擴張的實質 內容。

本文旨在建立一個總體經濟模型，以探討在固定匯率制度及浮動匯率制度之下，當 必須從國外進口的消費品、原料、資本財等價格上漲時，一個類似台灣的小型開放 經濟之實質國民所得、國內產品價格、一般物價水準等將會如何變動。同時，探討 預期物價上漲的心理將會如何影響這些經濟變數。 本文分四章。第一章為緒論；第二章為模型說明；第三章為輸入性脹脹分析；第四 章為結論。 #2810643

本論文分為六章，茲扼要說明如下： 第一章、導論 第一節、研究問題 第二節、銀行經營多國化的模型 第三節、研究方法及設計 第二章、國際導向的經營目標 第一節、銀行經營國際化的趨勢 第二節、銀行內部資源的衡量 第三節、內在的限制因素 第四節、外在的經濟因素--母國的促成因素及限制因素 第三章、國際導向的策略規劃 第一節、銀行經營多國化的組織設計 第二節、外在的經濟因素--地主國的促成因素及限制因素 第三節、進入目標市場的交替選擇決策 第四節、海外發展方式的比較 第四章、資源的移轉與組合 第一節、母國資源的移轉及主國資源的運用 第二節、國際金融市場資金的移轉 第三節、資金成本的衡量 第四節、銀行經營多國化的資產配置 第五章、銀行海外機構的競爭能力 第一節、海外機構的拓展市場策略 第二節、統一調配的運用 第三節、溝通缺口的防治 第六章、結論與建議 #2810648

本論文計一冊，共約五萬餘言，全文分五章，各章之主要內容如下： 第一章 緒論。說明國際貨幣制度之演進，及最近改革之初步完成─IMF 協定條文第 二次修正，本文之研究動機、目的、範圍及方法，亦於文中一併說明。 第二章 第二次修正之沿革及背景。說明第二次修正之沿革，並探討一九七○年代國 際貨幣改革之背景，及其失敗的原因；此外，對於達成第二次修正之各次會議的主要 內容，亦於文中加以討論。 第三章 匯率制度之新修正。於本章中分別說明第二次修正後所實施的匯率制度，及 基金對於匯率政策之監督與指導原則，並就新平價制度與舊協定下之平價制度，作比 較分析。 第四章 國際準備資產之新修正。旨在說明第二次修正建立SDR 本位制之目的與其困 難所在，以及黃金非貨幣化的問題。 第五章 結論。綜論第二次修正之改革重點及其展望。

本論文分為六章，內容簡要說明如下： 第一章、「緒論」分三節，第一節研究目的與動機，第二節研究範圍，第三節研究 方法與限制。 第二章、「信用狀卜款方式」分五節討論，第一節概說，第二節有關信用狀動要性 質，第三節信用狀之分類，第四節使用信用狀付款應注意事項，第五節我國歷年使 用信用狀情況之分析。 第三章、「託收付款方法」分六節討論，第一節概說，第二節託收之種類及其適用 範圍，第三節有託收重要性質，第四節託收方式付款應注意事項，第五節託收與輸 保險，第六節我國歷年使用託收情況之分析。 第四章、「其他付款方式」分五節加以討論，第一節概說，第二節預付制付款方式 ：包括訂貨付現與紅條款狀兩類，第三節現付制付款方式：包括交單付現與交貨付 兩類，第四節近付制付款方式：包括專戶記帳、寄售與分期付款三大類，第五節則 就我國歷年使用上述各類付款方式之情況加以分析。 第五章、「各國對外貿易之主要付款方式」分三節討論，第一節概要，節二節國家 別之付款方式，第三節產品別之付款方式。 第六章、結論與建議」則分四個方向來進行研究、一就買方之立場而言，二就賣方 之立場，三就擴展貿易之立場，四建議政府應採取之配合措施、政策。 #2810637

本論文共分五章。 第一章、緒論：說明研究動機、目的及方法。自民國六十年以還，台灣對外貿易除 六十三年外，都呈現大幅順差，國際收支發生盈餘，因而國際準備累積增加。準備 累積過多，引起貨幣供給量激增，影響國內經濟穩定。國際收支不圾衡得採雙各種 調整政策，或賀國際準備融通之。台灣的國際準備累積過多，形成資源浪費。那麼 ，以保有多小為最適宜，及至今年二月施機動匯率後，是否仍須保有國際準備賀急 ，故萌發本文研究的動機。目的在找尋上述的答案。本文係就理論上探討，並引台 灣的實際資料分析佐證之。 第二章、外部不圾衡時之調整政策：分四舟：第一節前言，介紹外部不均街的性質 及肇因；第二、三節討論轉換政策及所得變動政；第四節嘗試建立總體經濟模型下 的調整政策--財政、貨幣及匯率等政策。 第三章、最適國際準備理論及其評介：分四節：第一節探討國際準備需求的動機； 第二節判紹傳統地最適準備理論--比率分析法與迴歸分析法；節三節介紹隨機最適 準備理論--有Hcllcr與Koi-chi-Kozuo的模型；第四節對最適國際準備理論加以評 介。 第四章、外部不均衡時的調整成本與最適國際準備水準：分三節：第一節就不同政 策下探討外部鈽均衡的調整成本。第二節試算台灣外部不均衡的調整成本與最適國 際準備額。第三節比較台灣實際國際準備額與最適國際準備額。 第五章、一九七三年率制度變更後對國際準備需求的影響：分三節：節一節討論從 固定到浮動匯率制度各國對國際準備需求的變動。第二節分析台灣實施機動匯率後 國際準備變動情形。第三節結論。 #2810639