Pourquoi certains dispositifs participatifs brésiliens réunissent-ils principalement des acteurs habituellement peu participants ? Cette thèse s'attache à analyser une participation « improbable » à partir de l'étude des conférences municipales des femmes de Recife et de Londrina. A la différence des analyses « institutionnelles » qui placent le design des dispositifs en facteur explicatif des pratiques de participation, notre approche vise à mettre en évidence leur ancrage social et l'intrication entre le jeu social et le « jeu participatif ». L'hypothèse développée est que la mobilisation des déshéritées dans les conférences des femmes dépend principalement des enjeux propres à l'espace des quartiers populaires et, plus précisément, des luttes pour la représentation en leur sein. Cette thèse repose sur la combinaison de plusieurs niveaux d'analyse : une approche micro-sociologique d'abord, centrée sur les trajectoires et les pratiques de participation des habitantes et une approche méso-sociologique ensuite, visant à rendre compte de l'émergence de la démocratie participative au Brésil. Ces deux niveaux permettent de montrer que la participation des plus démunis aux dispositifs participatifs est le résultat d'une histoire singulière, au cours de laquelle la notion de participation a été associée à un territoire, les quartiers populaires, et des dynamiques individuelles et collectives de construction de leurs porte-parole légitimes / Why do several Brazilian participatory institutions gather people who usually do not participate? This thesis attempts to analyse an “improbable” participation through the case of women's municipal conferences in Recife and Londrina. Although several studies highlight the role of participatory institutions designs to explain why people participate, I argue that it is the intricacy between social and participatory games which explains this mobilization. My main hypothesis is that poor women's participation depends on issues specific to popular districts and more precisely on the competition for representation in those territories.This doctoral research combines two levels of analysis: a microlevel approach, first, based on the study of women's trajectory and their practices of participation; a mesolevel approach, then, which aims at analyzing the emergence of participatory democracy in Brazil. These two levels of analysis show that poor women participation is the result of a singular history, during which the category participation has been linked to a territory, the popular districts, as well as individuals and collective dynamics of construction of legitimate spokespersons within them

My thesis "Properties and applications of low degree surfaces" deals mainly with properties of two quadrics. We introduce so called canonical forms of two quadrics and classification of intersection curve of two quadrics. There are used index and signature sequence to obtain classification of intersection curve of two quadrics. These sequence can determine the number of component of the intersection curve, their algebraic degrees and singularities. Our work also contains many examples with pictures. One part of the thesis also presents possible application of intersection curve of two quadrics in practice. This thesis also contains an enclosed CD, with the thesis in an electronic form and the source files of all pictures in the thesis.

The four chapters of this diploma thesis introduce a survey of the basic intersection types of solids, the focus being placed on the intersection of two pyramid and prisma solids, acting as a counterweight to most textbooks' interest in intersection of curved surfaces. The first chapter provides a detailed, wide-ranging insight into the issue of the solid and line intersection. The conclusion part of the thesis provides the reader with a brief commentary on the used literature. The work is supplemented with figures and example solutions. In the appendix part are found pre-drawn assignments. The enclosed CD contains complementary materials such as step by step solutions and 3D models created in the GeoGebra software along with drawn problems found especially in upper secondary school geometry textbooks and curriculum.

In this thesis, we consider the trajectory planning of an autonomous vehicle to cross an intersection within a given time interval. The vehicle communicates its sensordata to a central coordinator which then computes the trajectory for the given time horizon and sends it back to the vehicle. We consider a realistic scenario in which the communication links are unreliable, the evolution of the state has noise (e.g., due to the model simplification and environmental disturbances), and the observationis noisy (e.g., due to noisy sensing and/or delayed information). The intersection crossing is modeled as a chance constraint problem and the stochastic noise evolution is restricted by a terminal constraint. The communication impairments are modeled as packet drop probabilities and Kalman estimation techniques are used for predicting the states in the presence of state and observation noises. A robust sub-optimalsolution is obtained using convex optimization methods which ensures that the intersection is crossed by the vehicle in the given time interval with very low chance of failure.

Um dos problemas que vêm sendo discutidos pela comunidade cartográfica brasileira é a atualização de documentos cartográficos, gerando estudos que procuram alternativas confiáveis, rápidas e econômicas para esta atividade. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica rápida e econômica de atualização cartográfica, onde a premissa básica será a utilização de um estereopar híbrido, composto por uma fotografia aérea 23 x 23 cm (que foi utilizada no mapeamento existente) digitalizada matricialmente, e por uma imagem aérea digital recente obtida com uma câmara digital. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta discussões e resultados sobre a visualização estereoscópica do estereopar híbrido, quando utilizada para a detecção das alterações, e a extração das feições identificadas, completando assim o processo de atualização cartográfica. Esta estratégia de combinação de fontes diferentes de dados, para a formação de modelos estereoscópicos, pode acelerar o processo de revisão e atualização cartográfica reduzindo os custos e obtendo resultados satisfatórios. / Updating of cartographic documents have been discussed by the Brazilian cartographic community, generating studies that look for reliable, fast and economical alternatives for this activity. This work presents a fast and economical methodological proposal for cartographic updating, in which the basic approach is the use of a hybrid stereo-pair, composed by a 23 x 23 cm scanned aerial photography (that was used in the existing mapping), and by a recent digital aerial image, acquired by a digital camera. Besides that, discussions and results on the stereoscopic visualization of the hybrid stereo-pair are presented, focusing on change detection and extraction of the identified features, aiming cartographic updating. This strategy of combinating different sources of data, for stereoscopic models reconstruction can speed up the revision process and cartographic updating, reducing the costs and obtaining reliable results.

In some roundabouts, just relying on the "right of way" regulations results in long queues forming along the approaches. This usually happens when a roundabout suffers from unbalanced flow patterns (one or two of the approaches convey much heavier traffic compared to the others). There is an idea that signalization of roundabouts can be useful as a countermeasure for such a problem, especially during peak hours. In that case, signal operation can come in many forms, including full-time control, part-time control, or metering. One problem that seems to be facing engineers when signalizing roundabouts is lacking a general set of patterns or guidelines to choose an appropriate form of signalization and apply it efficiently in different situations. There is also a need for a comprehensive review over the available literature concerning signalization of roundabouts. In this thesis, a review of literature regarding signalization of roundabouts is carried out. Moreover, a roundabout in Stavanger with unbalanced traffic flows is studied in order to find an appropriate signalization scenario which can improve the traffic situation. The network is modeled and simulated in AIMSUN.

Esta pesquisa propõe um método que compara o desempenho de interseções através de quatro medidas: número de conflitos de tráfego, capacidade integral de processamento, atraso e espera média e custo de construção. O método foi aplicado a um grupo de seis interseções, três configurações alternativas e três variações do conceito trevo vazado, conceito básico adotado na grande maioria das interseções em nível de rodovias rurais brasileiras. Em paralelo, desenvolveu-se um método de conflitos baseado no conceito de conflito equivalente. O programa INTEGRATION foi utilizado no cálculo da capacidade integral de processamento e atraso e espera média. É apresentada uma planilha simplificada de custo de construção para obtenção dos orçamentos das interseções. Uma comparação de desempenhos é realizada para uma condição particular de capacidade de tráfego. Como o método permite a parametrização, ele pode também ser utilizado para avaliar outras condições operacionais. Conclui-se que, para as condições operacionais avaliadas, as configurações do tipo trevo vazado tem desempenho inferior a duas alternativas investigadas na pesquisa, a rotatória e a rotatória alongada com entrelaçamento. / This research proposes a method to compare road intersection performances through four measures: number of traffic conflicts, processing integral capacity, average delay and waiting time and construction cost. The method was applied to a group of six intersections, three alternative configurations of intersections and three variations of the \"trevo vazado\" concept, which is usual basic concept for projects of Brazilian road intersection. At the same time, a traffic conflict method, based on equivalent conflict concept, was developed. The INTEGRATION software was used to calculate the processing integral capacity and the average delays and waiting times. A simple construction cost table for estimating the construction cost of the intersections is presented. A performance comparison of the various intersection configurations is also presented for a particular level of processing capacity. As the method permits parametrization, it can be used to evaluate other operational conditions. It is concluded that, for the evaluated operational conditions, the configurations of the \"trevo vazado\" have an inferior performance than the roundabout and the along roundabout.

Um dos problemas que vêm sendo discutidos pela comunidade cartográfica brasileira é a atualização de documentos cartográficos, gerando estudos que procuram alternativas confiáveis, rápidas e econômicas para esta atividade. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica rápida e econômica de atualização cartográfica, onde a premissa básica será a utilização de um estereopar híbrido, composto por uma fotografia aérea 23 x 23 cm (que foi utilizada no mapeamento existente) digitalizada matricialmente, e por uma imagem aérea digital recente obtida com uma câmara digital. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta discussões e resultados sobre a visualização estereoscópica do estereopar híbrido, quando utilizada para a detecção das alterações, e a extração das feições identificadas, completando assim o processo de atualização cartográfica. Esta estratégia de combinação de fontes diferentes de dados, para a formação de modelos estereoscópicos, pode acelerar o processo de revisão e atualização cartográfica reduzindo os custos e obtendo resultados satisfatórios. / Updating of cartographic documents have been discussed by the Brazilian cartographic community, generating studies that look for reliable, fast and economical alternatives for this activity. This work presents a fast and economical methodological proposal for cartographic updating, in which the basic approach is the use of a hybrid stereo-pair, composed by a 23 x 23 cm scanned aerial photography (that was used in the existing mapping), and by a recent digital aerial image, acquired by a digital camera. Besides that, discussions and results on the stereoscopic visualization of the hybrid stereo-pair are presented, focusing on change detection and extraction of the identified features, aiming cartographic updating. This strategy of combinating different sources of data, for stereoscopic models reconstruction can speed up the revision process and cartographic updating, reducing the costs and obtaining reliable results.

Esta pesquisa propõe um método que compara o desempenho de interseções através de quatro medidas: número de conflitos de tráfego, capacidade integral de processamento, atraso e espera média e custo de construção. O método foi aplicado a um grupo de seis interseções, três configurações alternativas e três variações do conceito trevo vazado, conceito básico adotado na grande maioria das interseções em nível de rodovias rurais brasileiras. Em paralelo, desenvolveu-se um método de conflitos baseado no conceito de conflito equivalente. O programa INTEGRATION foi utilizado no cálculo da capacidade integral de processamento e atraso e espera média. É apresentada uma planilha simplificada de custo de construção para obtenção dos orçamentos das interseções. Uma comparação de desempenhos é realizada para uma condição particular de capacidade de tráfego. Como o método permite a parametrização, ele pode também ser utilizado para avaliar outras condições operacionais. Conclui-se que, para as condições operacionais avaliadas, as configurações do tipo trevo vazado tem desempenho inferior a duas alternativas investigadas na pesquisa, a rotatória e a rotatória alongada com entrelaçamento. / This research proposes a method to compare road intersection performances through four measures: number of traffic conflicts, processing integral capacity, average delay and waiting time and construction cost. The method was applied to a group of six intersections, three alternative configurations of intersections and three variations of the \"trevo vazado\" concept, which is usual basic concept for projects of Brazilian road intersection. At the same time, a traffic conflict method, based on equivalent conflict concept, was developed. The INTEGRATION software was used to calculate the processing integral capacity and the average delays and waiting times. A simple construction cost table for estimating the construction cost of the intersections is presented. A performance comparison of the various intersection configurations is also presented for a particular level of processing capacity. As the method permits parametrization, it can be used to evaluate other operational conditions. It is concluded that, for the evaluated operational conditions, the configurations of the \"trevo vazado\" have an inferior performance than the roundabout and the along roundabout.

Approval voting is an election method in which voters may cast votes for as many candidates as they desire. This can be modeled mathematically by associating to each voter an approval region: a set of potential candidates they approve. In this thesis we add another level of approval somewhere in between complete approval and complete disapproval. More than one level of approval may be a better model for a real-life voter's complex decision making. We provide a new definition for intersection that supports multiple levels of approval. The case of pairwise intersection is studied, and the level of agreement among voters is studied under restrictions on the relative size of each voter's preferences. We derive upper and lower bounds for the percentage of agreement based on the percentage of intersection.