This thesis focuses on the reading of fiction written by contemporary French women authors, namely Julia Kristeva, Marie Darrieussecq and Monique Wittig, establishing the reader as an active and engaged actor in meaning creation. The reader enters into dialogue with the text, the author, the narrator(s) and the characters, carving out an imaginative readerly space in fiction. The main aim of this thesis is to examine how this space comes into being, and what tools are needed for its exploration. Concepts from three main theoretical fields are used to set the parameters for this readerly space: reception studies, intertextuality, and theories of the other. As was observed by Elizabeth Fallaize, reception studies and women’s writing have not been meaningfully combined. This thesis responds to this gap in research, simultaneously expanding our interpretations of the texts by looking at the multitude of intertextual links that can be established, and at the way reading influences our relations to the other. The Introduction examines the above-mentioned three theoretical areas, alongside elements such as the tasks of the reader, the materiality of the book, and the impact of reading groups. Chapter One examines two of Kristeva’s most recent works of fiction — Meurtre à Byzance and Thérèse mon amour — studying the mise en abyme of reading and writing, the issues that can arise from extensive intertextual links and autobiographical projections, and introducing concepts such as the reading Carmel and the text as Trojan Horse. Chapter Two explores the Darrieussecq-ien aesthetic universe, starting with a consideration of the four different types of intertextuality identified in Darrieussecq’s fiction. Darrieussecq’s work with language is analysed, before introducing the concept of the fiction of honesty. The fiction of honesty allows us to explore the relationship of trust between the reader and the narrator, while an analysis of the inscriptions of time offers a better understanding of the chronologies of the reading process. Chapter Three investigates Wittig’s works, focusing on her linguistic innovations, rewriting of myths and foundational stories, extensive use of sensorial writing, and links established between fiction and socio-political activism. Chapter Four considers the media reception of the three authors, introducing resources that are not easily accessible to Anglophone audiences. The Conclusion offers an overview of the findings of this thesis, before opening onto further avenues for research.

The development of the video game industry and the increasing popularity of the medium as a form of entertainment have led to significant developments in the discipline of game studies and a growing awareness of the cultural significance of video games as cultural artefacts. While much work has been done to understand the narrative aspect of games, there are still theoretical gaps on the understanding of how video games generate their narrative experience and how this experience is shaped by the player and the game as artefact. This interdisciplinary study investigates how meaning is created in Western Role Playing Games (WRPGs) video games by analysing the narrative strategies they employ in relation to those commonly used in Heroic Epic and Fantasy narratives. It adopts the Bakhtinian concepts of chronotope and dialogue as the main theoretical tools to examine the creation and integration of narratives in WRPGs with a special focus on the time-space perspective. Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Dragon Age Origins were chosen as representatives of the WRPG video game genre while Beowulf and the tale of Sigurd, as it appears in the Poetic Edda and the Volsung Saga, were chosen as representatives of the Heroic Epic poetic tradition. References are also made to Fantasy novels, especially the work of J.R.R. Tolkien. Textual analysis along with some techniques employed by researchers working with visual methodologies and compositional interpretation were used to analyse relevant aspects of the texts and games. The findings suggest that intertextual and genre materials considerably shape the narrative of WRPGs and exercise a profound dialogical effect on the ludonarrative harmony of the games investigated through their interaction with the game world and gameplay systems. This relationship is most visible in the chronotopic (time-space) aspect of the chosen games. The findings also suggest that Epic material dialogically orients the WRPG players' experience and adjusts their expectations and understanding of the fictional world. This study as well as the refining of chronotopic analytical tools to encompass chronotopic awareness, transportation, and flow may be of use in further chronotopic investigations of different games, literary genres, and/or other media artefacts.

This thesis tackles the pervasiveness of aberration in Senecan tragedy. Aberration infects all aspects of the drama, and it is deeply entwined with Senecan criminality. In my introduction, I define my terminology of the aberrant, and I discuss a series of ongoing scholarly debates on the tragedies, showing how understanding the aberrant in Seneca's dramas can shed new light on these questions. In Chapter 1, I examine the relationship between the language of crime in the plays, tracing the Latin words for crime back to their instances in Republican Roman tragedy and other genres and seeing how Seneca uses and develops this language of crime, creating an unstable fuel for his dramas. In Chapter 2, I consider Seneca's paradoxes. I consider not only verbal manifestations but all the different paradoxes that appear in the dramas: visual paradoxes, paradoxes of infinity, thematic paradoxes, intertextual paradoxes and more. Paradox is not merely a formal feature of Seneca's writing but integral to the structure of each play. Paradox becomes Seneca's means of transforming linguistic aberration into thematic aberration. In Chapter 3, I argue that Senecan landscapes are not just verbal artefacts. Seneca describes his anomalous spaces in ways that connect with how space and place was experienced in Roman culture. Seneca's aberrant spaces give us buildings that are bigger on the inside than the outside and bodies that explode with the emotions within them. In Chapter 4, I probe aberrant behaviour, by considering the ambiguous characters of Hercules and Thyestes. I expand our focus to incorporate Roman notions of appropriate behaviour, reading the dramas and De Beneficiis as reflecting wider socio-cultural concerns, and I question common assumptions about the thematization of theatricality in Senecan tragedy. In both Hercules Furens and Thyestes, crime skews and twists the situation, rendering apparently ethical behaviour aberrant.

Essa dissertação visa estudar a formação do que veio a ser conhecido como o mito Shakespeariano e sua relação com a produção literária contemporânea, exemplificada pelo romance Wise Children, da romancista inglesa Angela Carter. Tal objetivo pretende ser alcançado por meio uma revisão teórica de elementos relacionados à concepção de mito desenvolvida pelo filósofo francês Roland Barthes, tais quais a concepção tradicional de mito, o Estruturalismo, o Pós-estruturalismo, a crítica ideológica marxista e os Estudos Culturais. Um estudo dos processos históricos que deram origem ao e ajudaram a propagar o mito Shakespeariano também é levado a cabo nessa dissertação: a apropriação da figura e da obra de William Shakespeare feita pelos pré-românticos e pelos românticos em geral; a associação da figura de Shakespeare com a identidade nacional do Império Britânico; o advento da industria Shakespeariana e o papel das adaptações das peças de Shakespeare na propagação do mito Shakespeariano / This dissertation aims at studying what came to be known as the Shakespeare myth and its relation to the contemporary literary production, exemplified by English novelist Angela Carters novel Wise Children. Such objective intends to be achieved by a theoretical revision of elements related to French philosopher Rolan Barthess concept of myth, such as the traditional concept of myth, Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Marxist ideological critique, as well as Cultural Studies. A study of the historical processes which led to and helped propagate the Shakespeare myth is also carried out in this dissertation: the pre-Romantic and the Romantic appropriation of the figure and works of William Shakespeare; the association of the figure of Shakespeare with the British Empires national identity; the advent of the Shakespeare industry; and the role the adaptation of the Shakespearean play had in the propagation of the Shakespeare myth

Orientador: Heloisa Costa Milton / Resumo: Neste trabalho, procura-se estudar a escritura feminina de Juana Manuela Gorriti (1818-1892) e de Martha Mercader (1926). Juana Manuela Gorriti é uma das fundadoras da literatura feminina na Argentina e graças à reelaboração poética de suas obras por Mercader é que se pode reavaliar sua contribuição para a criação dessa modalidade narrativa. Nosso propósito é verificar como o espaço feminino vai-se formando ao longo do século XIX, por meio da análise de quatro obras de Juana Manuela Gorriti - Oasis en la vida (1888), Peregrinaciones de una alma triste (1876), Cocina ecléctica (1890) e Lo íntimo (1892). Os três primeiros livros referendam os espaços exteriores enquanto o último revela os espaços interiores, o lado íntimo, narrado de forma autobiográfica pela escritora argentina nascida em Salta. Em seguida, analisamos o romance Juanamanuela mucha mujer, de Martha Mercader (1980), o qual narra a vida de Juana Manuela Gorriti e relê suas obras. Trata-se de uma obra que consideramos como um romance histórico contemporâneo, que recria a trajetória da escritora saltenha no campo ficcional, revelando, para o leitor, aspectos e idéias que estavam implícitos no discurso da romancista do século XIX. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que a conquista do espaço feminino beneficiou-se das colocações e proposições de Juana Manuela Gorriti, as quais alcançaram um posicionamento explícito sobre as questões e o universo feminino no relato de Martha Mercader, obra que reafirma e solidifica as vitórias e avanços femininos iniciados nos século XIX e assegura a existência de uma escritura feminina que, a cada dia, amplia-se e se torna mais abrangente. / Abstract: In this work we intend to study the feminine writing of Juana Manuela Gorriti (1818-1892) and Martha Mercader (1926). Juana Manuela Gorriti is one of the founders of the feminine literature in Argentina and because of the poetical re-elaboration of her writings done by Mercader is that we can re-evaluate Gorriti's contribution to the creation of this modality of narrative. Our purpose is to verify how the feminine space is built up during the nineteenth century. This is accomplished by us through the anlysis of four books by Juana Manuela Gorriti - Oasis en la vida (1888), Peregrinaciones de una alma triste (1876), Cocina ecléctica (1890) and Lo íntimo (1892). The three first books show to us the exterior spaces while the last one reveals the interior spaces - the private ones -, described in an autobiographical way by the Argentinian writer born in Salta. After that we analyse the novel Juanamanuela mucha mujer (1980), by Martha Mercader, in which she tells the life of Juana Manuela Gorriti and re-reads her writings. This is a book we consider a contemporary historical novel, in which the lifetime of the writer from Salta is recreated in a fiction revealing to the readers aspects and ideas already implicit in the own discourse of this novelist of the nineteenth century. In this way, it is possible to conclude that the conquest of the feminine space benefited itself with the positions and propositions of Juana Manuela Gorriti. It is possible to be said once they reached an explicit position about the questions and the feminine universe in Martha Mercader's narrative, whose book reaffirms and solidifies the feminine victories and advances already begun in the ninenteenth century besides asseverating the existence of a feminine writing which has been amplified and enlarges itself more and more. / Doutor

The aim of this thesis is to examine the poetics of postmodernism and explore to what extend were the dystopian novels London Fields (1989) by Martin Amis and England, England (1998) by Julian Barnes influenced by this concept. The first part of the work deals with the biographies of the authors, dystopian features of both books and the theory of postmodernism. The second part focuses on practical analyses of both novels. In the second part, the thesis theoretically introduces various concepts of postmodernism and then practically illustrates them on the works.

A presente dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo discutir de que forma a leitura da obra do poeta e dramaturgo inglÃs, William Shakespeare (1564 â 1616), influenciou o projeto literÃrio desenvolvido pela escritora Virginia Woolf (1882 â 1941), buscando, principalmente, estabelecer um diÃlogo comparativo entre o romance Mrs. Dalloway, publicado em 1925, e a tragÃdia Rei Lear, escrita por Shakespeare em 1605. Acreditamos que atravÃs de um processo crÃtico expresso por meio da leitura que Virginia Woolf faz do texto shakespeariano, a voz do bardo inglÃs vai se dissolvendo dentro da escritura da autora e por ela vai sendo assimilada e transformada, ao ponto de se tornar uma voz Ãnica e distinta, a saber, a voz woolfiana. Para tanto, nos pautamos em algumas categorias fundamentais para o processo de anÃlise, como o conceito de tradiÃÃo, cunhado pelo crÃtico e tambÃm poeta T. S. Eliot, em seu texto âTradiÃÃo e talento individualâ (1968); o de intertextualidade, apresentado pela professora Julia Kristeva (1974), com base nas teorias da polifonia e do dialogismo desenvolvidas por Mikhail Bakhtin (2002), alÃm dos conceitos de influÃncia, (des)leitura e de humano, discutidos pelo crÃtico norte-americano Harold Bloom, em seus livros A angÃstia de influÃncia: uma teoria da poesia (1991) e Shakespeare: a invenÃÃo do humano (2000). Com isso em mente, traÃamos nosso percurso comparativo a partir da anÃlise dos dois personagens centrais do romance de Virginia Woolf, Clarissa Dalloway e Septimus Warren Smith, dialogando-os diretamente com as figuras de Lear e de seu bobo da corte. Assim, mostramos de que forma a voz shakespeariana desses personagens vÃo sendo evocadas e transformadas pelos dois protagonistas do romance, constituindo, desse modo, um processo de (des)leitura da peÃa em questÃo. à nesse sentido, portanto, que concluÃmos que a voz shakespeariana de Virginia Woolf à uma voz que, ao mesmo tempo, possui uma consciÃncia das novas necessidades exigidas por seu tempo presente, mas que tambÃm traz consigo o peso de sÃculos de tradiÃÃo, expressos principalmente pelo legado deixado por Shakespeare para a literatura inglesa e universal. / The present dissertation aims at discussing how the reading of the work of the poet and also dramatist William Shakespeare (1564 â 1616) had influenced the literary project developed by the writer Virginia Woolf (1882 â 1941), in order to establish a comparative dialogue between the novel Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, and the tragedy King Lear, written by Shakespeare in 1605. We believe that by means of a critical process expressed in the reading Virginia Woolf did about the shakespearean text, the voice of the English bard dissolves into the poetic writing of the author and is assimilated and transformed by it, till the moment it becomes a single and distinct voice, namely, the woolfian voice. To support our analysis, we are based on some fundamental categories such as the concept of tradition discussed by the critic and also poet T. S. Eliot in his essay âTradition and individual talentâ (1968); of intertextuality presented by the professor Julia Kristeva (1974) based on the notions of polyphony and dialogism developed by Mikhail Bakhtin (2002); and the concepts of influence, (mis)reading and of human discussed by the American critic Harold Bloom in his books The anxiety of influence: a theory of poetry (1991) and Shakespeare: the invention of human (2000). With this in mind, we did our comparative analysis focusing on the two protagonists of Virginia Woolfâs novel, Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith, and their dialogue with the characters king Lear and his clown. This way, we intend to show how the shakespearean voice of these two characters are evoked and then transformed by the protagonists of the novel, constituting, therefore, a process of (mis)reading of the play studied. In this sense, we conclude that the shakespearean voice of Virginia Woolf is a voice that, at the same time, is conscious of the new necessities required by her present time and also of the importance of centuries of tradition expressed, mainly, by the legacy left by Shakespeare to English and universal literature.

nÃo hà / This research was done, in the broader sense, to review Genetteâs (2010) theoretical proposal of hyper-aesthetic intertextual practice and, in the strict sense, to propose a new theoretical and methodological framework for future analyses of such intertextual phenomenon. For this purpose a corpus composed of non-verbal texts was analyzed: thirty pairs of biblical-themed works of art created between the 15th and 21st century, from the Renaissance to Contemporaneity. This research also aimed to detect whether there were more cases of capture or subversion of meaning among the derivative works of art in comparison to the verbal biblical text source. In the belief of the possibility to define new categories to investigate hyper-aesthetic intertextual practice, in addition to those already identified by Genette (2010), justified the analysis. Therefore the Comparison Analysis Method of Art Works by Feldeman (2012) was adopted as well as the analysis scheme proposed by Barthes (1986), and the concepts of capture and subversion registered by Charaudeau and Maingueneau (2004). The analysis revealed significant findings, among them notably: 1Â) the need to change the terminology used by Genette (2010) for the intertextual occurrences; 2Â) acceptance of the idea, already pointed out by other researchers, that the allusion is a constitutive occurrence of intertextual derivational occurrences; 3Â) the definition of two new categories for the hyper-aesthetic practice, austerism and transfiguration, in addition to the three already identified by Genette (2010), transposition, parody and travesty; and 4Â) the predominance of capture occurrences among the analyzed art works and the founding biblical text. This research may likely contribute to further studies of the phenomenon of intertextuality, especially to the dialogue between non-verbal texts, which still lacks a greater in-depth study, but has been proven to be a very fertile field. / Esta pesquisa vem, em sentido amplo, rever a proposta teÃrica de Genette (2010) para as prÃticas intertextuais hiperestÃticas e, em sentido estrito, propor um novo quadro teÃricometodolÃgico para futuras anÃlises desse tipo de fenÃmeno intertextual. Com este intuito, partiu-se da anÃlise de um corpus composto por textos nÃo verbais, trinta pares de obras de arte de temÃtica bÃblica produzidas entre os sÃculos XIV e XXI, do Renascimento à Contemporaneidade. à pesquisa interessou tambÃm observar se, entre as obras derivadas, ocorreram mais casos de captaÃÃo ou subversÃo de sentido em relaÃÃo ao texto-fonte verbal bÃblico. A anÃlise justifica-se pelo fato de acreditar-se na possibilidade de definiÃÃo de novas categorias para investigar as prÃticas intertextuais hiperestÃticas, alÃm daquelas jà apontadas por Genette (2010). Para tanto, adotou-se o MÃtodo de AnÃlise Comparativa entre Obras de Arte, de Feldeman (2012) e, junto a ele, invocou-se o esquema de anÃlise proposto por Barthes (1986), assim como os conceitos de captaÃÃo e subversÃo registrados em Charaudeau e Maingueneau (2004). A anÃlise revelou constataÃÃes significativas, entre as quais se destacam: 1Â) Necessidade de alteraÃÃo da terminologia utilizada por Genette (2010) para as ocorrÃncias intertextuais; 2Â) AdmissÃo da ideia jà apontada por outros pesquisadores de que a alusÃo à uma ocorrÃncia constitutiva das ocorrÃncias intertextuais derivacionais; 3Â) DefiniÃÃo de duas novas categorias para as prÃticas hiperestÃticas, austerismo e transfiguraÃÃo, alÃm das trÃs jà apontadas por Genette (2010), transposiÃÃo, parÃdia e travestimento; e 4Â) PredominÃncia de ocorrÃncias de subversÃo na relaÃÃo entre as obras analisadas e o texto bÃblico fundador. Acredita-se que a investigaÃÃo da pesquisa ora apresentada possa vir a contribuir com os estudos do fenÃmeno da intertextualidade, em especial, em um campo ainda carente de aprofundamento, o qual vem se mostrando muito fÃrtil: o diÃlogo entre textos nÃo verbais.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A Pintura e a Literatura, apesar de consistirem em atividades distintas, interagem entre si e se comunicam dentro de um campo abrangente, denominado Arte. O presente estudo pretende uma aproximaÃÃo, um diÃlogo, estabelecido entre poesia e pintura. Propomos uma abordagem comparativa entre algumas peÃas da obra do pintor catalÃo Joan Mirà (1893-1983), e os poemas presentes no livro A pedra do sono (1942) do poeta pernambucano JoÃo Cabral de Melo Neto (1920-1999), tendo como pano de fundo a estÃtica surrealista, postulada por Andrà Breton, em 1924, na FranÃa. Teremos como base teÃrica fundamental o pensamento de JoÃo Cabral de Melo Neto, exposto em um ensaio crÃtico, no ano de 1949, intitulado âJoan MirÃâ. O conhecido âpoeta engenheiroâ possuÃa forte afinidade com a Teoria LiterÃria, escrevendo alguns textos de crÃtica de arte e literatura. Neles discorre acerca do processo de composiÃÃo artÃstica, correntes estÃticas, movimentos literÃrios, personalidades brasileiras e estrangeiras. Para viabilizar a anÃlise, recorremos aos teÃricos de Literatura Comparada, como: TÃnia Carvalhal, Sandra Nitrini, Julia Kristeva e Mikhail Bakhtin; bem como, aos crÃticos de Arte: Fayga Ostrower, Omar Calabrese, Paul ValÃry, dentre outros, que possibilitaram uma compreensÃo acerca de movimentos artÃsticos, correntes estÃticas e tÃcnicas peculiares de criaÃÃo e composiÃÃo. Iniciamos com uma reflexÃo acerca da Arte e do fazer artÃstico; em seguida, foi enfocado o perfil artÃstico de JoÃo Cabral de Melo Neto e sua face teÃrico-crÃtica, tendo por base o estudo relativo à obra de Joan MirÃ. A Ãltima etapa contempla uma anÃlise do ensaio de JoÃo Cabral acerca da pintura de MirÃ, concernente à construÃÃo de sua obra. O diÃlogo à viabilizado no tocante à evidÃncia de temas recorrentes, bem como pelo processo de composiÃÃo com vÃrios pontos de aproximaÃÃo entre os dois artistas. / Painting and Literature, although they consist of different activities, interact and communicate to each other into a large field, denominated Art. This study aims to approximate, like a dialogue, between Poetry and Painting. We propose a comparative approach between some parts of the Spanish painter Joan MirÃâs (1893-1983) work and some poems of A pedra do sono (1942), by JoÃo Cabral de Melo Neto (1920-1999), a Brazilian poet from Pernambuco. This study will have as a backdrop the Surrealist aesthetic, postulated by Andrà Breton, in 1924, in France. We will have as a fundamental theoretical basis JoÃo Cabral de Melo Netoâs thought, exhibited in a critical essay, in 1949, entitled âJoan MirÃâ. The famous âengineer poetâ had a strong relation with the Literary Theory, and he wrote some critic texts of Art and Literature, in which the author discusses about the artistic composition process, kinds of aesthetic, literary movements, Brazilian and foreign personalities. To enable this analyses, we used the Comparative Literature Theoretical, like: TÃnia Carvalhal, Sandra Nitrini, Julia Kristeva e Mikhail Bakhtin; and the Art critics: Fayga Ostrower, Omar Calabrese, Paul ValÃry, among other, who have allowed a comprehension about artistic movements, kinds of aesthetic and creationâs and compositionâs peculiar techniques. We will begin thinking about Art and artistic making; then, JoÃo Cabral de Melo Netoâs artistic profile will be focused, as his theoretical/critical face, based on his Joan Mirà study. The last step includes an analysis of the JoÃo Cabralâs essay about MirÃâs paintings, concerned to his own work. The dialogue is made possible with regard to the evidence of recurrent themes, as well as the composition process with a lot of approximated points between those artists.

nÃo hà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os trabalhos sobre intertextualidade sÃo em grande nÃmero, entretanto muito do que foi estudado diz respeito Ãs tipologias intertextuais presentes em textos literÃrios. Nesta pesquisa, apresentamos um caminho diferente, pois buscamos investigar aspectos ainda nÃo presentes nas propostas classificatÃrias de Genette (2010), PiÃgay-Gros (1996) e SantâAnna (2003) em textos literÃrios e tambÃm em trabalhos mais recentes, como o de Koch, Bentes e Cavalcante (2007), particularmente sobre variados gÃneros textuais, com o propÃsito de contribuir com as pesquisas intertextuais, destacando, dessa forma, a importÃncia desse fenÃmeno na construÃÃo dos sentidos de um texto, em especial dos verbo-visuais. Uma contribuiÃÃo deste trabalho encontra-se no fato de ir alÃm de estabelecer critÃrios para a classificaÃÃo das manifestaÃÃes intertextuais em textos verbo-visuais, pois o propÃsito maior à investigar se a intertexualidade por derivaÃÃo pode se redefinir a partir da inserÃÃo das relaÃÃes de copresenÃa nas derivacionais. Principalmente, verificamos a hipÃtese de que existem diferentes recursos linguÃsticos e/ou imagÃticos responsÃveis pelas alusÃes, que podem ser citaÃÃes ou referÃncias. TambÃm investigamos a hipÃtese de que as citaÃÃes e referÃncias e alusÃes terminam sendo estratÃgias para um propÃsito maior do locutor de estabelecer parÃdias. Por fim, demonstramos que algumas charges e cartuns guardam entre si uma relaÃÃo de parafraseamento. Trabalhamos com um exemplÃrio formado por textos verbo-visuais publicados na internet como charges, tirinhas e cartuns em que buscamos investigar como as relaÃÃes intertextuais se manifestam nesses textos que se inscrevem na circulaÃÃo de textos informativos e que recuperam notÃcias veiculadas na mÃdia. A anÃlise permitiu constatar atà o momento que as intertextualidades de copresenÃa explÃcitas e implÃcitas como citaÃÃo e alusÃo mostram que sÃo importantes estratÃgias - isoladas ou simultaneamente - para a construÃÃo de parÃdias e de parafraseamentos.