In this work we focused on the application of physical activity, which aimed to reduce the negative impact of physical deprivation and associated functional and structural changes in the musculoskeletal system. The principal criterion was the diagnosis of the organ systems of the locomotor system, focusing on the muscular system. The subsequent application of appropriate forms of exercise intervention was designed to mitigate the effects of the aging process and functional changes in the body of the senior individual. Finally, we wanted to assess the impact of changes in body composition in its own self- sufficiency and independence of older people and the quality of life of older people in terms of physical and psychosocial aspects. The most significant is the loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia development, increase fat mass with frequent reductions in body weight. The focus of our work and its specific purpose is to clarify the influence of the applied physical interventions. To assess changes in body composition are needed for our work used the method of multi Bioanalysis. Results in body composition in older adults have been evaluated and intra-individual measured data were compared with the general senior population. Kinesiology testing shortened muscle groups was carried out repeatedly to reduce...

The research overview is expected to contribute with knowledge of MLE, Mediated Learning Enrichment and FIE, Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment program/Feuerstein's cognitive intervention program and its effects, primarily among students with learning disabilities but also among educators.   A research overview focusing on scientific articles, published in 2010-2020. The purpose of the study is to analyze results in current research that evaluates the effects of MLE and FIE among students with learning disabilities and among educators, as reported in scientific articles and to relate the results analysis to a Swedish school context. The research questions are based on scientific articles in which a program for pedagogical work and attitudes (MLE and FIE) has been analyzed: 1.              Which effects of the program are described in the current studies? 2.              Which opportunities and obstacles can be found in working with the program? 3.              Which significance can the program have for the design of the learning environment and in relation to the role of the special education teacher? In which context?  I have chosen three perspectives to analyze the scientific articles: a sociocultural, a special educational and an organizational theory perspective. The program benefits the development of cognitive abilities for everyone and should be applied at a group level.  The impact of the home on the cognitive capacity of the students is crucial and a rich or less favorable home environment makes a difference. Parental training in MLE are advocated and differences between the conditions for children at school start could disappear completely through such intervention.  When children do not bring developed cognitive abilities to school, the school needs to be prepared to meet and mediate for positive learning. If teachers are educated in mediated learning, they can lay the foundation for their students. It is recommended that the program becomes part of the curriculum and teacher training. In order to see the effects of the program there is a need of; FIE teacher training, effective implementation of the program, sufficient time that students are exposed to the FIE program and coverage of instruments.  Effective digital MLE tools are needed to enhance self-regulating learning in our digital age. Obstacles are organizational, in terms of the cost and time of training; the fact that the education takes place in English and that it requires a licensed FIE instructor.  The socratic questions stimulate motivation and sense of meaning for everyone. Students develop more effective strategies, based on “Stop and think!”, instead of using the exclusion method.  There is a need for close cooperation between educators and special educators to include everyone at a group level. / Forskningsöversikten förväntas bidra med kunskap om MLE, Mediated Learning Enrichment och FIE, Feuersteins Instrumental Enrichment program/ Feuersteins kognitiva interventionsprogram och dess effekter, främst för elever i inlärningssvårigheter men även för pedagoger.  En forskningsöversikt med fokus på vetenskapliga artiklar, publicerade år 2010-2020. Syftet med studien är att analysera resultat i aktuell forskning som utvärderar effekterna av MLE och FIE för elever i inlärningssvårigheter och för pedagoger. Resultatanalysen relateras till en svensk skolkontext.  Forskningsfrågorna bygger på vetenskapliga artiklar där ett program för pedagogiskt arbete och attityder (MLE och FIE) har analyserats: -Vilka effekter av programmet beskrivs i de aktuella studierna?  -Vilka möjligheter och hinder finns i arbetet med programmet?  -Vilken betydelse kan programmet ha för utformningen av lärmiljön och i förhållande till specialpedagogens roll? I vilket sammanhang? Jag har valt tre perspektiv för att analysera de vetenskapliga artiklarna; ett sociokulturellt, ett specialpedagogiskt och ett organisationsteoretiskt perspektiv. Programmet gynnar utvecklingen av kognitiva förmågor för alla och bör tillämpas på gruppnivå. Hemmets inverkan på elevers kognitiva kapacitet är avgörande och en rik eller mindre gynnsam hemmiljö gör skillnad. Föräldrautbildning i MLE förespråkas och skillnader mellan villkor för barn vid skolstart kan försvinna helt. När barn inte tar med sig utvecklade kognitiva förmågor till skolan måste skolan vara beredd att mediera för ett positivt lärande. Om lärare utbildas i medierat lärande kan de lägga grunden hos sina elever. Det rekommenderas att programmet blir en del av läroplanen och lärarutbildning. För att se effekterna av programmet finns det ett behov av; FIE-lärarutbildning, effektiv implementering av programmet, tillräckligt med tid för att eleverna exponeras för FIE-programmet och täckning av instrument. Effektiva digitala MLE-verktyg behövs för att förbättra självreglerat lärande i vår digitala tidsålder. Hinder är organisatoriska när det gäller kostnader och tid för utbildning, utbildningen sker på engelska och den kräver en licensierad FIE-instruktör. De sokratiska frågorna stimulerar motivation och känslan av mening för alla. Eleverna utvecklar effektivare strategier, baserade på "Stanna upp och tänk efter!", istället för att använda exkluderingsmetoder. Det finns ett behov av ett nära samarbete mellan pedagoger och specialpedagoger för att inkludera alla på gruppnivå.

Objective: Researches which studied the relation of dietary greenhouse gas emissions with health outcomes are few, inconsistent and most of them are modelling studies which have not investigated empiric dietary emission patterns. In this study, we employ a posteriori data dimension reduction method, treelet transform, to identify dietary and diet related emission patterns concurrently. We aim to evaluate if these patterns are correlated, if they areassociated with diabetes and if emission patterns can be used as a proxy for dietary patterns for assessment of association with diabetes. Design: Food items from dietary questionnaire were aggregated to 34 food groups. GHGE was estimated by linking food intakes with life cycle assessment data on emission. Dietary and emission patterns were identified by employing treelet transform on food intake and corresponding greenhouse gas emission data. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate associations between quintiles of dietary patterns and diabetes. Adjusted mean values of emission estimates were obtained for the identified dietary patterns. Adjusted proportions of diabetes across quintiles of emission patterns were computed. Setting: Västerbotten Intervention Program Subjects: women (n 38,118); men (n 36,042) between the age of 35 and 65 years Results: Four dietary and four corresponding emission patterns in women, five dietary and five corresponding emission patterns in men were identified. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between dietary and corresponding emission patterns. Prudent dietary pattern (PP) in women was inversely associated with dysglycemia [ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.82 (95% CI 0.69—0.97, Ptrend =0.003)]. PP in women was also inversely associated with diabetes [ORQ5 vs.Q1 = 0.37 (95% CI 0.17—0.78, Ptrend = 0.002)]. However, adherence to this dietary pattern was associated with higher dietary emission. Finally, none of the corresponding emission patterns, were associated with adjusted proportions of either dysglycemia or diabetes. Conclusion: Treelet transform produces correlated dietary and emission patterns which are sparse and easily interpretable. However, some differences in loading structures between dietary and emission patterns result in different conclusion regarding the association with diabetes, rendering the usage of emission patterns as proxies of dietary patterns inappropriate. Results from our study also show that healthy dietary patterns do not necessarily reduce greenhouse gas emission.

The challenges of backlogs experienced amongst Grade R-learners, results in learners not being school and learning ready when entering Grade 1. Obstacles for example are insufficient stimulation, under developed perception, and poor gross and fine motor skills, require early intervention and ought to receive attention in Grade R. From the socialecological perspective and taking into consideration the great amount of learners in South Africa originating from deprived environments, the study is focused in the domain of the Social Deprivation Theory. The bio-ecological context within which learners find themselves, influence the cognitive and perceptual development of every learner. Epistemologically the study focuses on the similarity between Critical Theory and Interpretivism. Critical Theory highlights the meaning of experience as manifested in relation to social circumstances and developmental background. Interpretivism in this study focuses on the meaning which individuals attach to their experiences in the spotlight and results in greater understanding and insight of the researched phenomenon. Circumstances of deprivation occur worldwide, even in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and England. Already for decades in USA young children gain in their development through intervention in early childhood (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) identified a relation between child poverty/deprivation and poor school performance in the USA. Research in England (Thompson, 2000) shows that the impact of social neglect of children have serious consequences. The National Education Policy Act (Pandor, 2008; SA DvO, 1997:2) uses Early Childhood Development (ECD) as an umbrella term which refers to the development processes whereby children physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, morally and socially grow and develop from birth to the age of nine years (SA, DoE, 1995, White paper 5,). The kind of education learners receive in Grade R is crucial to their further development in the education system (Van Zyl, Le Roux & Janse van Rensburg 2011, DvO, 1997:2). Learners lacking an adequate foundation may experience difficulties throughout their school career. In South Africa there is concern as to the standard of education and training, manifesting in a low pass rate on Grade 12-level. This study is undertaken to determine the current shortages in the South African educational system which may hinder the learning potential of Grade R-learners. An attempt is made to determine which handicaps/backlogs Grade R-learners experience, which fits the framework of the deprivation theory, which can undermine learner readiness. This study determine whether intervention by means of a perceptual-motor skills programme can enhance the school readiness of pre-school learners. Finally to determine which shortages/ backlogs exists in the perceptual-motor skills of Grade R nlearners from deprived backgrounds in South Africa. Guidelines for a perceptual-motor intervention program was developed through this study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data-analysis is used in this study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson en Collins, 2009). The dissertation is compiled in article format. In the first article of the study, the issues of teacher development and support mechanisms and equipment at primary schools and kindergartens are explored. Qualitative and phenomenological research was undertaken and information was gathered by means of questionnaires directed at teachers. In the following article the school readiness of 48 Grade R-learners from deprived backgrounds were tested. The research participants came from similar sosio-economic background, from quintile one and two schools. Seeing that those were the only primary schools with Grade R classes in that area, they were identified on behalf of their availability. In this study the data was analysed and descriptive statistics (means, averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, percentages) and t-tests were used to determine variations in terms of perceptual motor skill development and learning readiness. An experimental group of 21 Grade R learners followed a 10 week long perceptual-motor skills intervention programme. In the follow-up school readiness test (article 3), results indicated that the intervention showed a positive response with regards to the school readiness of the Grade R learners. Drawing to a conclusion (article 4), the intervention programme is critically discussed and recommendations were made to all those concerned with Grade R teaching (teachers, principals, Departments of Education). The conclusion according to the results of the research shows that the intervention had a positive effect on the school and learning readiness of this group of Grade R learners. / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Development Innovation and Evaluation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

La vie de famille avec un adolescent comporte son lot de défis. Les émotions de l’adolescent qui se présentent parfois comme des montagnes russes peuvent rendre les relations tendues et difficiles au sein de la cellule familiale, voire même au-delà de celle-ci. Par son caractère inattendu, l’avènement d’un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) chez l’adolescent vient fragiliser encore davantage la dynamique familiale. En outre, la myriade d’impacts engendrés par le TCC contraint la famille à modifier son projet de vie en s’investissant ensemble pour le reconstruire. La résilience devant une situation de traumatisme ne se manifeste pas de la même façon pour toutes les familles qui y sont confrontées. Certaines d’entre elles réussissent à se transformer positivement, tandis que d’autres n’y parviennent pas ou manifestent plus de difficultés. Il convient alors d’actualiser des approches de soins interdisciplinaires centrées sur la famille qui favoriseraient la reconnaissance des éléments pouvant soutenir son processus de résilience à travers cette épreuve et, enfin, aider à transformer son projet de vie. Avec comme perspective disciplinaire le modèle humaniste des soins infirmiers (Cara, 2012; Cara & Girard, 2013; Girard & Cara, 2011), cette étude qualitative et inductive (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, Cameron, & Singh, 2009), soutenue par une approche collaborative de recherche (Desgagné, 1997), a permis la coconstruction des composantes d’un programme d’intervention en soutien à la résilience familiale, avec des familles dont un adolescent est atteint d’un TCC modéré ou sévère et des professionnels de la réadaptation. Le modèle de développement et de validation d’interventions complexes (Van Meijel, Gamel, Van Swieten-Duijfjes, & Grypdonck, 2004) a structuré la collecte des données en trois volets. Le premier volet consistait à identifier les composantes du programme d’intervention selon les familles (n=6) et les professionnels de la réadaptation (n=5). La priorisation et la validation des composantes du programme d’intervention, soit respectivement le deuxième et troisième volets, se sont réalisées auprès de ces mêmes familles (n=6 au volet 2 et n=4 au volet 3) et professionnels de la réadaptation (n=5 aux volets 2 et 3). Le processus d’analyse des données (Miles & Huberman, 2003) a repéré cinq thèmes intégrateurs, considérés comme les composantes du programme d’intervention en soutien à la résilience familiale à la suite du TCC modéré ou sévère d’un adolescent. Ce sont : 1) les caractéristiques de la famille et ses influences; 2) les stratégies familiales positives; 3) le soutien familial et social; 4) la prise en charge de l’aspect occupationnel et; 5) l’apport de la communauté et des professionnels de la santé. Les résultats issus de ce processus de coconstruction ont produit une matrice solide, suffisamment flexible pour pouvoir s’adapter aux différents contextes dans lesquels évoluent les familles et les professionnels de la réadaptation. Cette étude offre en outre des avenues intéressantes tant pour les praticiens que pour les gestionnaires et les chercheurs en sciences infirmières et dans d’autres disciplines quant à la mise en place de stratégies concrètes visant à soutenir le processus de résilience des familles dans des situations particulièrement difficiles de leur vie. / Family life with an adolescent has its share of challenges. The adolescent’s emotional rollercoasters can make relationships tense and difficult within the family unit, and even outside of it. By virtue of its unexpected character, the occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an adolescent can undermine the family dynamics even further. Additionally, the myriad of impacts caused by a TBI forces the family to alter its plans for the future by committing themselves together to rebuild them. Resilience to trauma does not manifest itself in the same way for all families. Some manage to effect positive changes, while others are unable to do so, or experience more difficulties. In light of this, it appears relevant to develop family-centred care approaches fostering the recognition of elements that can support the family’s resilience process through hardships and, ultimately, help reconstruct its plans for the future. Using the humanist model of nursing care (Cara, 2012; Cara & Girard, 2013; Girard & Cara, 2011) as a disciplinary perspective, this qualitative and inductive study (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, Cameron, & Singh, 2009), supported by a collaborative research approach (Desgagné, 1997), led to the co-construction of the building blocks for an intervention program to support family resilience in conjunction with families with an adolescent suffering from moderate or severe TBI and rehabilitation professionals. The complex intervention design and validation model (Van Meijel, Gamel, Van Swieten-Duijfjes, & Grypdonck, 2004) inspired a three-stage data collection process. The first stage consisted in identifying the building blocks of the intervention program in the eyes of families (n=6) and rehabilitation professionals (n=5). The prioritization and validation of these building blocks, respectively the second and third stages, were conducted with the same families (n=6 for stage 2 and n=4 for stage 3) and rehabilitation professionals (n=5 for stages 2 and 3). The data analysis process (Miles & Huberman, 2003) identified five encompassing themes, considered to be the building blocks of an intervention program to support family resilience following moderate to severe TBI in adolescents. They are: 1) family characteristics and its influences; 2) positive family strategies; 3) family and social support; 4) management of occupational aspects; 5) contribution of the community and health professionals. The results of this co-construction process established a strong matrix that is flexible enough to adapt to the various contexts in which families and rehabilitation professionals live and work. This study also offers promising avenues for practitioners, administrators and researchers in nursing and other fields with respect to the implementation of concrete strategies to support the resilience process of families facing particularly difficult times in their lives.

La vie de famille avec un adolescent comporte son lot de défis. Les émotions de l’adolescent qui se présentent parfois comme des montagnes russes peuvent rendre les relations tendues et difficiles au sein de la cellule familiale, voire même au-delà de celle-ci. Par son caractère inattendu, l’avènement d’un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) chez l’adolescent vient fragiliser encore davantage la dynamique familiale. En outre, la myriade d’impacts engendrés par le TCC contraint la famille à modifier son projet de vie en s’investissant ensemble pour le reconstruire. La résilience devant une situation de traumatisme ne se manifeste pas de la même façon pour toutes les familles qui y sont confrontées. Certaines d’entre elles réussissent à se transformer positivement, tandis que d’autres n’y parviennent pas ou manifestent plus de difficultés. Il convient alors d’actualiser des approches de soins interdisciplinaires centrées sur la famille qui favoriseraient la reconnaissance des éléments pouvant soutenir son processus de résilience à travers cette épreuve et, enfin, aider à transformer son projet de vie. Avec comme perspective disciplinaire le modèle humaniste des soins infirmiers (Cara, 2012; Cara & Girard, 2013; Girard & Cara, 2011), cette étude qualitative et inductive (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, Cameron, & Singh, 2009), soutenue par une approche collaborative de recherche (Desgagné, 1997), a permis la coconstruction des composantes d’un programme d’intervention en soutien à la résilience familiale, avec des familles dont un adolescent est atteint d’un TCC modéré ou sévère et des professionnels de la réadaptation. Le modèle de développement et de validation d’interventions complexes (Van Meijel, Gamel, Van Swieten-Duijfjes, & Grypdonck, 2004) a structuré la collecte des données en trois volets. Le premier volet consistait à identifier les composantes du programme d’intervention selon les familles (n=6) et les professionnels de la réadaptation (n=5). La priorisation et la validation des composantes du programme d’intervention, soit respectivement le deuxième et troisième volets, se sont réalisées auprès de ces mêmes familles (n=6 au volet 2 et n=4 au volet 3) et professionnels de la réadaptation (n=5 aux volets 2 et 3). Le processus d’analyse des données (Miles & Huberman, 2003) a repéré cinq thèmes intégrateurs, considérés comme les composantes du programme d’intervention en soutien à la résilience familiale à la suite du TCC modéré ou sévère d’un adolescent. Ce sont : 1) les caractéristiques de la famille et ses influences; 2) les stratégies familiales positives; 3) le soutien familial et social; 4) la prise en charge de l’aspect occupationnel et; 5) l’apport de la communauté et des professionnels de la santé. Les résultats issus de ce processus de coconstruction ont produit une matrice solide, suffisamment flexible pour pouvoir s’adapter aux différents contextes dans lesquels évoluent les familles et les professionnels de la réadaptation. Cette étude offre en outre des avenues intéressantes tant pour les praticiens que pour les gestionnaires et les chercheurs en sciences infirmières et dans d’autres disciplines quant à la mise en place de stratégies concrètes visant à soutenir le processus de résilience des familles dans des situations particulièrement difficiles de leur vie. / Family life with an adolescent has its share of challenges. The adolescent’s emotional rollercoasters can make relationships tense and difficult within the family unit, and even outside of it. By virtue of its unexpected character, the occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an adolescent can undermine the family dynamics even further. Additionally, the myriad of impacts caused by a TBI forces the family to alter its plans for the future by committing themselves together to rebuild them. Resilience to trauma does not manifest itself in the same way for all families. Some manage to effect positive changes, while others are unable to do so, or experience more difficulties. In light of this, it appears relevant to develop family-centred care approaches fostering the recognition of elements that can support the family’s resilience process through hardships and, ultimately, help reconstruct its plans for the future. Using the humanist model of nursing care (Cara, 2012; Cara & Girard, 2013; Girard & Cara, 2011) as a disciplinary perspective, this qualitative and inductive study (LoBiondo-Wood, Haber, Cameron, & Singh, 2009), supported by a collaborative research approach (Desgagné, 1997), led to the co-construction of the building blocks for an intervention program to support family resilience in conjunction with families with an adolescent suffering from moderate or severe TBI and rehabilitation professionals. The complex intervention design and validation model (Van Meijel, Gamel, Van Swieten-Duijfjes, & Grypdonck, 2004) inspired a three-stage data collection process. The first stage consisted in identifying the building blocks of the intervention program in the eyes of families (n=6) and rehabilitation professionals (n=5). The prioritization and validation of these building blocks, respectively the second and third stages, were conducted with the same families (n=6 for stage 2 and n=4 for stage 3) and rehabilitation professionals (n=5 for stages 2 and 3). The data analysis process (Miles & Huberman, 2003) identified five encompassing themes, considered to be the building blocks of an intervention program to support family resilience following moderate to severe TBI in adolescents. They are: 1) family characteristics and its influences; 2) positive family strategies; 3) family and social support; 4) management of occupational aspects; 5) contribution of the community and health professionals. The results of this co-construction process established a strong matrix that is flexible enough to adapt to the various contexts in which families and rehabilitation professionals live and work. This study also offers promising avenues for practitioners, administrators and researchers in nursing and other fields with respect to the implementation of concrete strategies to support the resilience process of families facing particularly difficult times in their lives.

The challenges of backlogs experienced amongst Grade R-learners, results in learners not being school and learning ready when entering Grade 1. Obstacles for example are insufficient stimulation, under developed perception, and poor gross and fine motor skills, require early intervention and ought to receive attention in Grade R. From the socialecological perspective and taking into consideration the great amount of learners in South Africa originating from deprived environments, the study is focused in the domain of the Social Deprivation Theory. The bio-ecological context within which learners find themselves, influence the cognitive and perceptual development of every learner. Epistemologically the study focuses on the similarity between Critical Theory and Interpretivism. Critical Theory highlights the meaning of experience as manifested in relation to social circumstances and developmental background. Interpretivism in this study focuses on the meaning which individuals attach to their experiences in the spotlight and results in greater understanding and insight of the researched phenomenon. Circumstances of deprivation occur worldwide, even in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and England. Already for decades in USA young children gain in their development through intervention in early childhood (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) identified a relation between child poverty/deprivation and poor school performance in the USA. Research in England (Thompson, 2000) shows that the impact of social neglect of children have serious consequences. The National Education Policy Act (Pandor, 2008; SA DvO, 1997:2) uses Early Childhood Development (ECD) as an umbrella term which refers to the development processes whereby children physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, morally and socially grow and develop from birth to the age of nine years (SA, DoE, 1995, White paper 5,). The kind of education learners receive in Grade R is crucial to their further development in the education system (Van Zyl, Le Roux & Janse van Rensburg 2011, DvO, 1997:2). Learners lacking an adequate foundation may experience difficulties throughout their school career. In South Africa there is concern as to the standard of education and training, manifesting in a low pass rate on Grade 12-level. This study is undertaken to determine the current shortages in the South African educational system which may hinder the learning potential of Grade R-learners. An attempt is made to determine which handicaps/backlogs Grade R-learners experience, which fits the framework of the deprivation theory, which can undermine learner readiness. This study determine whether intervention by means of a perceptual-motor skills programme can enhance the school readiness of pre-school learners. Finally to determine which shortages/ backlogs exists in the perceptual-motor skills of Grade R nlearners from deprived backgrounds in South Africa. Guidelines for a perceptual-motor intervention program was developed through this study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data-analysis is used in this study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson en Collins, 2009). The dissertation is compiled in article format. In the first article of the study, the issues of teacher development and support mechanisms and equipment at primary schools and kindergartens are explored. Qualitative and phenomenological research was undertaken and information was gathered by means of questionnaires directed at teachers. In the following article the school readiness of 48 Grade R-learners from deprived backgrounds were tested. The research participants came from similar sosio-economic background, from quintile one and two schools. Seeing that those were the only primary schools with Grade R classes in that area, they were identified on behalf of their availability. In this study the data was analysed and descriptive statistics (means, averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, percentages) and t-tests were used to determine variations in terms of perceptual motor skill development and learning readiness. An experimental group of 21 Grade R learners followed a 10 week long perceptual-motor skills intervention programme. In the follow-up school readiness test (article 3), results indicated that the intervention showed a positive response with regards to the school readiness of the Grade R learners. Drawing to a conclusion (article 4), the intervention programme is critically discussed and recommendations were made to all those concerned with Grade R teaching (teachers, principals, Departments of Education). The conclusion according to the results of the research shows that the intervention had a positive effect on the school and learning readiness of this group of Grade R learners. / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Development Innovation and Evaluation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

This research concentrates on the development of an intervention model for the sexually abused latency aged child. The focus is on short term, structured individual therapy. The importance of this model is linked to the underlying theoretical basis that it provides as well as the guidelines suggested for therapy. Intervention research was used as research methodology. This methodology implies a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. The first part (Chapters 2, 3&4) addresses the problem analysis and information gathering linked to the development of a theoretical basis for the intervention model. The latency years as developmental stage is discussed and suggestions are made as to which this information can be used during the planning and conducting of intervention. The reasons for the child’s vulnerability to become a sexual abuse victim are explained. The different forms of sexual abuse are indicated and it is argued that one child can be abused by another. The social environments where sexual abuse might occur are described as well as the possible consequences that sexual abuse holds for the victim. The second part of this research (Chapters 5&6) is related to the design of the intervention model, the conducting of a pilot test and the refining of the intervention. The key elements of abused focused therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and movement therapy is outlined. These approaches serve as theoretical background for the formulation of the principles of the intervention model. The areas of focus during intervention are described. In Chapter 7 an outline of the intervention program is described. This programme can be viewed as a practical application of the intervention model. A detailed description of every therapy session is provided. The intervention program was tested on three children from the Jakaranda Children’s Home in Pretoria. Chapter 8 indicates the results of the empirical research as well as the interpretation thereof. The focus of this chapter is on the results as referring to the changes in the respondent’s experience of compliance, relationships, security and anxiety. The research results clearly shows that the three respondents were helped by the intervention and that they were no longer overwhelmed by their experience of the sexual abuse. The study is concluded in Chapter 8 with some remarks in summary and proposals for further research. / Thesis (DPhil (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted