The topic of this diploma thesis is to prove the author's deep roots in the Romanian literary tradition (Urmuz, I. L.Caragiale), to try to prove that the poetics of his famous plays is actually contained in his work from the 30's and echoes of his personal and artistic experience from Romania can be also found in his French mature creative period. Therefore, Ionesco's writings will be compiled for the first time in our country in its wholeness since Czech and Occidental interpreters and comentators have mostly ignored the author's Romanian period of creation. Key Words Eugen Ionescu, Eugène Ionesco, Romanian literature 20th century, French literature 20th century, The Theatre of the Absurd, Romanian literaly exile

The work focuses on the specification of the specificities of the thinking of some smaller evangelical churches in the territory of Bohemia in the period 1890-1940. Specifically, this is the Brethren Unity of Chelčický (Baptist), the Unity of Czech Brethren (formerly Reformed Free Church) and the Evangelical Methodist Church. The focus of the interpretation is to introduce the construction of confessional identity based on the relationship to the past and the specific interpretation of the personalities and events that shaped the tradition from which these churches were based. Another element forming the identity of the members of these churches was their attitude to the modern secularization tendencies against which they stood in opposition. Last but not least, their confessional consciousness determined their definition of other forms of piety. The aim of the work was to provide, based on the study of the published written sources left by the members of these three churches, a comparison and characterization of their way of viewing certain subjects through their religious beliefs.

This master thesis examines the heritage of the Prague journal Volja Rossii, one of the leading Russian emigration's periodical publications in 1920s, in terms of literary criticism. The research aims to describe the main tendencies in the perception of current socio-political processes of that era, as well as the Soviet literature and other cultural processes in SSSR of the interwar period, by the magazine's critics and columnists. Furthermore, this study includes biographical data, thematical and theoretical preferences in publications of the key personalities in the journal's editorial staff.

This thesis deals with the key ideas of the popular education concept of Professor Tomáš Trnka, who is considered to be a leading theorist of popular education in the interwar Czechoslovakia, and who has significant merits in the gradual constitution of andragogy as an independent scientific discipline. The main focus of the thesis is on the analysis of his key publications The Basics of Popular Education (published in 1934) and Popular Education, its theory, components, methods and organization (published in 1946). The text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Trnka's work in the field of popular education, with regards to relevant andragogical and historical contexts. The thesis also contains a critical evaluation of Trnka's work and a reflection of its development in the following historical periods. Key words: Tomáš Trnka, popular education, public education, Masaryk Institute for Popular Education, interwar Czechoslovakia, content analysis

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the experience of modernity, and how it related to the process of establishing and determining one’s individual identity. By studying the protocols from discussion seminars on contemporary topics attended by students at Swedish folk high school Wiks folkhögskola in the 1920s and 1930s, the study explores how the students defined themselves in relation to societal changes as well as how they evaluated what they considered to be modern versus traditional. The thesis approaches the subject through the theoretical lens of modernity, defined as the experience of living in an uncertain and changeable present, fundamentally different from what is perceived to be the past. This generates paradoxical feelings of both optimism for the future and nostalgic longing for the past. Alongside the concept of modernity, the thesis utilises theories of individualisation and historical research on the making of the modern self to explore how experiences of modernity related to processes of identity formation. The analysis is structured around three themes, urban and rural lifestyles, leisure as opportunity and threat, and changing gender norms, which were present both in the students’ discussions and in Swedish public discourse during the interwar years. Throughout, the experiences of modernity expressed by the students were much more complex and dynamic than what previous historical research on the modernisation of Sweden has suggested. The thesis therefore argues for a pluralistic and experience-based view of modernity. Furthermore, it questions the relevance of theories of modern individualisation, and to what extent the students’ identities were individual and emancipated from traditional hierarchies. Instead, it considers the role of school authorities, and concludes with the assertation that concepts such as modernity and identity should be approached through empirical studies of historical context and with a critical eye towards power dynamics, authorities, and dominant narratives.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the issue of the legacy and reflection of the peace conference in the 20th century, through the theories of realism and idealism. The theoretical part presents the key theories of realism and idealism, from the perspective of several authors, as well as the first great debate in the sector of international relations. The distribution of forces at the peace conference in Paris is described in more detail, all the treaties forming the Versailles peace system are presented, and attention was also paid to the process of establishing the League of Nations. The main part of the work contains an analysis of the situation during the interwar period, with an emphasis on the sustainability of the idealistic peace concept, which contrasted with the realistic activities of individual states. Based on this, the main goal of the work is to answer the questions what caused the failure of the system of collective security, the demise of the League of Nations, as well as the possible transcendence of peace treaties to the present. Key words Peace conference, idealism, realism, interwar period, Versailles peace system, League of Nations

Ce mémoire de maîtrise analyse la parole des journalistes italiennes sur leurs conditions de vie dans la presse féminine durant la période fasciste de 1922 à 1937. Sur la base de trois publications, l’Almanacco della donna italiana, La Donna Italiana : rivista mensile di lettere, scienze, arti e movimento sociale femminile et Il Giornale della donna, qui deviendra, en 1935, La Donna Fascista, cette étude cherche à démontrer que la maternité, l’emploi et les loisirs sont tous des éléments présents dans les discours et qu’ils sont abordés ouvertement. Selon les événements qui ont jalonné le pays cette période, comme l’assassinat de Matteotti ou les changements dans les lois du travail, il est possible de remarquer une évolution de certains points de vue féminins. Les femmes utilisent alors plusieurs lieux communs de leur époque pour faire part de leurs idées. Les paramètres du régime, tels que la maternité imposée et le cadre idéologique fasciste, leur permettent de justifier les rôles et services auxquels elles prétendent. La division genrée de la société leur donne l’opportunité s’attribuer des tâches, entre autres dans les emplois. Enfin, les canons imposés par l’idéologie comme celui de la donna-madre justifie certaines actions physiques ou spirituelles telles que les loisirs. Ainsi, malgré la répression de la liberté d’expression sous le régime de Benito Mussolini, les femmes bénéficient d’une certaine latitude dans leurs propos, qui ont la particularité d’être écrits pour leurs semblables. S’inscrivant dans la branche de l’histoire du genre, ce mémoire témoigne de la parole des femmes dans un milieu totalitaire. Pour se faire, les publications sélectionnées ont été étudiées par une analyse statistique d’abord, pour relever les sujets et les auteurs communs, et une analyse comparative des numéros a ensuite permis de démontrer les similarités et différences du traitements entre les sujets. / This master’s thesis analyses Italian women discourses on their living conditions in the feminine press during the fascist era, from 1922 to 1937. On the basis of three publications, l’Almanacco della donna italiana, La Donna Italiana: rivista mensile di lettere, scienze, arti e movimento sociale femminile and Il Giornale della donna, which will become, in 1935, La Donna Fascista, this study tries to demonstrate that maternity, employment and leisure are all present in the discourses, and that they have been written about openly. It is possible to note an evolution of the feminine points of view with the different events happening at the time, like Matteotti’s assassination and the new work legislation. Journalists share their ideas with multiple techniques. They use the parameters of the fascist regime to justify the role and services to which they pretend, as well as the gendered society division to self-assign some tasks and the ideals carried by the ideology to justify points of view. Therefore, despite freedom of expression restrictions during Benito Mussolini’s regime, women do have some latitude in the discourses related to their living condition, which have the particularity of being written strictly for a female audience. This thesis demonstrates the particularities of women’s discourses in a totalitarian society. To do so, the publication selection has been studied by statistical analysis first to seek out common subjects and journalists, and then by comparative analysis to demonstrate similarities and differences in the topics’ treatment.

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