The principal purpose of this study is to provide a refined empirical investigation concerning country-specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade (IIT,) in relation to South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. Prior to investigating the case of South Africa's intra-industry trade a critical review of the relevant theoretical, methodologcal, and empirical literature is provided. The study operationalises the theoretical dstinction between horizontal and vertical IIT using the latest methodology of decomposing total IIT into horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIq and vertical intra-industry trade (WIT,). Thts study makes several advances on earlier empirical studies of intra-industry trade determinants. These include the introduction of new countq-specific determinants of intraindustry trade that previous studies have not examined. Furthermore, it is the first empirical study that traces the relationshp between intra-industry trade flows and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Moreover, to ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, several econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity model of South Africa's intra-industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, the random effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are generally satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance and thus offer new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables. The key findngs suggest the following: the volume of South Africa's IIT has increased during the study period and its WIT exceeds its HIIT. The latter result reflects the nature of South Africa's trade as it imports high valued added products and exports primary and mineral products. South Africa's intra-industry trade and its two components are positively related to market size and standard of living, and negatively related to geographcal distance. Furthermore, separately, the IPRs and the imitation ability of South Africa's tradmg partners are not important factors in determining IIT flows; however, the interaction between them is an important factor. Thts study also reveals South Africa should pursue its intra-industry trade with rest of world concentrating on local industries that produce most competitive varieties, absorbing labor and other resources from the production of other varieties.

This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.

This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.

歯科基礎医学会, 金子 知生 = Tomoo Kaneko, 歯に矯正力を加えた際の圧迫側歯周組織の三次元的様相について = Three-dimensional situation of periodontal tissue at pressure side incident to orthodontic tooth movement, 歯科基礎医学会雑誌, 36(2), APR 1994, pp.170-186 / Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 博士 / 歯学

Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents, construisent des ensembles dans lesquels l'espace public est privatisé, et proposent un mode de vie fondé sur les loisirs. Symboles d'un éclatement de la ville, ces quartiers représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique, et la sélection sociale qui président à ces projets posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations d'un morcellement de la ville en communautés homogènes, gérées comme des villes privées en quête d'une indépendance politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. <br />Sur le terrain de Los Angeles, la thèse étudie l'impact politique, fiscal, social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et voisinages d'appartenance, et met en évidence la construction de discontinuités produites par la fermeture. <br />La gated community est tout d'abord envisagée comme un produit immobilier de consommation à destination des classes moyennes et supérieures, qui ne se limite pas aux seuls ghettos dorés. La question de la privatisation des espaces et équipements publics est mise en perspective dans le cadre de l'évolution contemporaine des villes de l'étalement urbain, et de ses implications sur la structure sociale et économique. Dans ce contexte, la nature de la séparation public – privé mise en oeuvre est étudiée dans ses aspects juridiques et politiques. Les gated communities sont en quête d'autonomie, et certains de ces quartiers créent leur propre municipalité, afin de capter les ressources fiscales et de protéger la valeur immobilière. On analyse enfin la nature socio-économique des discontinuités occasionnées au niveau de l'enceinte, en comparant les gated communities et les quartiers de leur voisinage. On évalue ainsi les effets de l'enceinte sur la valeur immobilière, et sur la construction de territoires qui se distinguent de leur environnement par le statut économique et l'âge.

<p>The myth of total incorporation ? The study-case of French immigrants in Sweden.</p><p>French individuals cannot be gathered into a « specific » migration pattern, and they are all affected by the process of incorporation into the receiving country. The concept of incorporation refers to the linkages between migrants and institutions of the receiving country as well as the receiving society. French migrants are the studied population because of their particular position in Sweden, perceived as « incorporated » and « privileged » populations. The focus is made on the incorporation process, deconstructed into four key points of analysis such as the working conditions, language, housing conditions and finally the culture. Linking theories to the reality of incorporation is possible through this empirical research, where the first part is dealing with the theories and concepts and the second part relates these concepts and theories with the reality of French migrants via interviews.The outcomes are showing that incorporation is a personal process that cannot be forced, and the tendencies are that migrants unconsciously adopt points from assimilation and integration policies, challenging the myth of total incorporation which classically defines population as incorporated/non-incorporated without taking in account that migrants can be incorporated/non-incorporated according to specific points.</p><p>Key words: Incorporation, Assimilation, Integration, Sweden, intra-European migration, international migration.</p>

<p>Elevated levels of anxiety are a common response to stressful competitive sports situations, are known to moderate athletic performance and are referred to as an unpleasant emotional state associated with perceptions of situational threat. The empirical studies in this dissertation considered primarily psychometric, methodological and conceptual issues of relevance for the study of anxiety and sports performance. In Study I, athletes were followed across a full competitive season to explore patterns of inter- and intra-individual variability of anxiety and self-confidence in relation to performance. The findings imply intra-individual anxiety and self-confidence variability to affect performance differently than the specific intensity level and are discussed in relation to more stable personality dispositions such as private self-consciousness. Study II evaluated the psychometric properties of the 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and alternative versions of this scale. General support for a 17-item version (CSAI-2R) was found, but there are also psychometric limitations future research needs to resolve. Study III investigated assessment of intensity and directional ratings on single anxiety items with reference to the conceptualisation of anxiety symptoms as interpreted on a debilitative-facilitative continuum. The findings question the importance and rationale of assessing anxiety direction and revealed serious concerns with assessment procedures and statistical techniques applied in previous research. These concerns were also supported in Study IV, which explored athletes’ idiosyncratic experiences of debilitative and facilitative anxiety symptoms in terms of intensity and emotional valence. The findings are discussed and summarised in a model in order to increase conceptual clarity and provide implications for future research regarding anxiety and related emotional performance states.</p>

<p>National tourism marketing is a competitive business; many countries try to attract foreign tourists to benefit the nations’ economy. Functions of national tourism marketing are the combination of business, politics, and psychology. This explanatory research provides information about the roles and organization structure of the Thai National Tourism Office (NTO) located in Sweden and its role as a key gatekeeper linking Thai tourism development to the Scandinavian market. The department responsible for the Thai NTO is called the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), and operates under the authority of the Ministry of Tourism and Sports. The objectives of this research are to explore the role of the overseas National tourism office (NTO) in promoting Thai tourism and perception from the head office of TAT in Bangkok, Thailand. The qualitative methods are applied to research: public document and in-depth interviews. Open-ended interviews with the director of TAT in the Stockholm overseas office and with Deputy Governor for International Marketing of TAT in Thailand to exhibit and compare the marketing strategies of Thai NTO and overseas office. The research focuses on comparison in intra-organizational communication, marketing strategies, marketing performance, and perceptions towards Thai tourism and destinations marketing development between TAT head office and TAT Stockholm overseas office.</p>

Ce travail de recherche regroupe plusieurs études portant sur de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques après traumatisme sonore par bruit impulsionnel (arme) chez le cobaye. Il a pour objectif d'évaluer différents protocoles thérapeutiques (traitement, voie d'administration et durée). La première étude s'intéresse au traitement commun actuellement utilisé chez l'Homme: l'administration de corticoïdes. Ceux-ci sont connus pour passer difficilement la barrière hémato-cochléaire. Le but de l'étude est d'évaluer leur administration intra-cochléaire directe. La méthylprednisolone, administrée en continu durant 7 jours, après un traumatisme sonore par bruit d'arme, accélère la récupération et préserve en partie la survie des cellules ciliées auditives. La seconde étude porte sur l'efficacité du magnésium à long terme (1 mois) administré par voie systémique. Le magnésium durant un mois est le traitement le plus efficace en termes de préservation des cellules ciliées. La dernière étude s'intéresse à la mort des cellules ciliées consécutive au traumatisme sonore. La mort cellulaire apparaît dans les 24 premières heures après l'exposition au bruit (bruit d'arme/bruit continu). Suite à ce résultat, deux traitements utilisant des anti-apoptotiques (leupeptine et z-VAD-FMK) ont été testés par voie intra-cochléaire directe 1 heure après le traumatisme et leur diffusion a duré 7 jours. L'efficacité du traitement a été évaluée sur la fonctionnalité des cellules auditives (audiogrammes) et sur la survie de ces cellules en fin d'expérimentation (histologie, comptage des cellules apoptotiques). L'administration intra-cochléaire de z-VAD-FMK de façon continue pendant 7 jours après un traumatisme sonore par bruit d'arme accélère la récupération auditive et permet la survie des cellules ciliées. A contrario, la leupeptine n'a pas été efficace dans notre modèle. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'une des premières étapes dans la physiopathologie du traumatisme sonore par bruit d'arme implique la mort des cellules ciliées par la voie des caspases plutôt que par la voie des calpaines. Les inhibiteurs de caspases sont donc de bons candidats thérapeutiques pour limiter les pertes cellulaires consécutives au bruit d'arme. Les résultats de ce travail de thèse permettent de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie auditive après traumatisme sonore par bruit d'arme et d'évaluer les différentes fenêtres thérapeutiques afin de tirer la meilleure stratégie utilisable chez l'Homme.

Cette thèse analyse empiriquement les effets macroéconomiques de différentes réformes des retraites par répartition et leurs conséquences redistributives. Dans un modèle d'équilibre général avec générations imbriquées, le critère de l'effet sur la croissance permet d'écarter le choix d'une hausse des cotisations sociales comme levier exclusif de la réforme. Cependant il ne permet pas de départager, notamment en France, des scénarios aussi différents qu'une hausse de l'âge effectif de départ en retraite liée à l'espérance de vie ou une baisse du taux de remplacement avec âge de la retraite inchangé, qui permettraient chacun de soutenir le taux de croissance annuel moyen futur du PIB par tête d'environ 0.2% par rapport au scénario d'augmentation des prélèvements obligatoires. La prise en compte des conséquences redistributives devient décisive pour le choix de la réforme. Un gel de l'âge de la retraite alimente un conflit intergénérationnel entre actifs alors qu'une augmentation de cet âge répartit le coût en bien-être de la réforme plus également entre les actifs. Un planificateur utilitariste avec aversion modérée à l'inégalité intergénérationnelle privilégie ainsi l'âge effectif de la retraite comme principal levier d'une réforme. Les réformes avec hausse de l'âge de la retraite modèrent aussi les effets de redistribution selon le niveau de revenu par rapport aux réformes avec âge de la retraite inchangé. Enfin, la prise en compte des effets des réformes sur le bien-être des bas revenus (carrières incomplètes, éligibles au minimum vieillesse) peut infléchir le choix du paramètre d'ajustement (taux de cotisations sociales ou de remplacement) accompagnant une hausse de l'âge de la retraite. Au total, cette thèse incite à privilégier, en France, une hausse de l'âge de la retraite d'un peu plus d'une année par décennie, accompagnée d'un repli contenu du taux de remplacement moyen de 0.5 point de pourcentage par an sur les vingt prochaines années.