The goal of this research was to determine the procedures used for conducting a search and seizure in a tax-related offence in terms of the Criminal Procedure Act, Act 51 of 1977. Aspects that cause problems for the South African Revenue Service (SARS) investigators are the application for a search warrant and the activities that take place before, during and after the search and seizure. An introduction, definition and explanation are given of certain key concepts such as forensic and criminal investigations, as well as their objectives and purpose. The various search methods are also discussed and explained as are the chain of custody and evidence in general. A large part of this research deals with the legal requirements for a search and seizure in a tax-related offence and encompasses issues such as the procedures for obtaining a search warrant, pre-raid briefing, conducting the search, and the seizing of, marking, storage and disposal of documents. The findings of the research are discussed and recommendations subsequently made regarding the shortcomings identified. The findings that were made related to the process and procedure to obtain a search warrant, the actual execution of a search and seizure and the legislation that authorises searches and seizures in taxrelated offences. Further findings were made in respect of the mandate of SARS criminal investigators to investigate, the admissibility of evidence obtained from a search and seizure and the marking, recording, storage and disposal of seized items. Recommendations were made regarding training, improved communication and skills transfer to address the shortcomings identified. / Police Practice / (M.Tech. (Forensic investigation))

The researcher attempts to establish how CCTV footage can be used as a surveillance technique, for evidence gained in that way to be admissible in court. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the application of CCTV footage, its purpose, its benefits and shortfalls. To achieve the goals and objectives of the practice of CCTV footage, investigators must know how to utilise the value of its evidence, and how to use it to identify suspects. The clarification and application to the crime situation, the identification of the perpetrator or suspect of a criminal act is mostly impossible, if CCTV footage is not available to assist in identification and tracing of suspects. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Résumé : La connaissance de la fiabilité d’une structure dans sa durée de vie est d’une importance stratégique. Plusieurs méthodes non destructives ont ainsi été développées pour évaluer l’état des ouvrages en béton. Parmi ces techniques, les méthodes basées sur l’acoustique non linéaire ont démontré une performance satisfaisante en laboratoire pour détecter les microfissures de façon précoce. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à apporter de nouvelles idées contribuant au développement de la méthode du saut temporel ultrasonore (en tant que méthode acoustique non linéaire) pour l’évaluation in situ des structures en béton. Ce travail porte plus particulièrement sur la caractérisation du béton atteint de réaction alcalis-silice (RAS). L’originalité de ce travail réside principalement dans l’utilisation des sollicitations naturelles auxquelles les ouvrages d’art sont soumis comme source d’excitation du milieu pendant l’application du saut temporel (ST). La sollicitation fournie par le passage d’un véhicule sur un tablier d’un pont est l’un des exemples de ces sources naturelles. Un programme expérimental a donc été mis sur pied, qui consiste en une phase d’étude au laboratoire et à une phase d’étude sur site. Deux dalles de béton réactif et une dalle de béton non réactif (1,40×0,75×0,3 m[indice supérieur 3]) ont été fabriquées en laboratoire afin d’évaluer l’idée générale de cette thèse. Pour générer les ondes d’excitation de basses fréquences requises pour les essais ST, un vérin hydraulique a été utilisé comme sources d’impact simulant le passage d’un véhicule. Avec ce protocole d’essais, la progression de la RAS a été caractérisée dans les dalles réactives. Il a été démontré que le ST peut détecter sans équivoque la RAS à partir d’une expansion de 0,03%. Les résultats montrent également que la perturbation des éléments structuraux par le passage d’un véhicule serait exploitable pour les investigations in situ. L’effet de la température sur le comportement acoustique non linéaire du béton a également été étudié : les mesures acoustiques non linéaires sont plus fiables dans une plage de température entre 10[degré]C et 30[degré]C. Des essais préliminaires ont été effectués sur le tablier d’un petit pont en béton. Les perturbations requises ont été fournies par le passage d’un camion dans une plage de vitesses variant de 20 km/h à 50 km/h; en utilisant deux types d’excitation (naturelle et amplifiée en utilisant des obstacles). Les résultats ont démontré qu’on peut appliquer la méthode ST sur site en utilisant l’excitation naturelle générée par un camion. Les expériences faites dans cette thèse révèlent la faisabilité de la méthode du ST pour évaluer l’état des structures en béton, notamment celles qui sont dégradées par la RAS. // Abstract : Reliability of a structure during its service life is strategically important. Several non-destructive methods have been developed to evaluate the condition of concrete structures. Among these techniques, the methods based on nonlinear acoustic have shown an excellent performance in laboratory for detecting micro-cracks at early ages. The objective of the thesis is to work on new ideas, which may contribute to develop the method of Ultrasonic Time Shift (as a nonlinear acoustic method) for evaluating concrete structures. This thesis focused was on concrete elements suffering from Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). The originality of the work is related to the idea that the natural vibrations, which exist in structures, can be used for perturbing structural elements during a Time Shift test. For instance, the vibration generated by a vehicle passing on a bridge is one of the examples of the natural resources of vibration. To reach the objective of this thesis, a research program was conducted in two phases: 1) experiments in laboratory; 2) field experiments. Two concrete slabs with reactive coarse aggregates and one with nonreactive aggregate were fabricated in the lab in order to assess the main idea of the thesis. A hydraulic actuator with an impact form loading pattern was used to generate low frequency waves (used to perturb the test-media) for tests of Time Shift (TS). Such loading pattern is similar to the loading imposed by a vehicle passing on a bridge deck. The progression of ASR-damage in the concrete slabs was successfully tracked using the developed methodology. It was shown that the TS can detect ASR from an expansion level about 0.03%.The results also show that the new methodology used for exciting structural elements can be used for field investigations. The effect of the temperature on nonlinear acoustic behavior of the concrete was also assessed. This investigation revealed that measurements in temperatures ranged from 10oC to 30oC can lead to better results. Some filed tests were carried out on a concrete slab of a small-size bridge. The required perturbations for the tests were provided by a truck. The velocity of the truck ranged from 20 km/h to 50 km/h.; using two types of perturbation (natural and exaggerated using some obstacles on surface). The results showed that the TS is an applicable method for field investigations, where the required perturbations are provided by a truck. The performed experimental program revealed the feasibility of the method of Time Shift for evaluating concrete structures, specifically those damaged by ASR.

This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology / M.A (Penology)

The process of investigation, which begins when a crime is reported and ends after a suspect has been convicted or discharged by a court of law, is a mammoth task which requires cooperation between various stakeholders, such as investigators and prosecutors. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the specialised commercial crime investigators in the prosecution process. The study evaluated and explored the status of the current roles played by these investigators with the intention of recommending changes that could improve investigator practice. Two research questions were posed. First, the researcher endeavoured to find answers to a question regarding what the prosecution process entails. Secondly, the researcher sought to establish the roles of the specialised commercial crime investigator in the prosecution process. It was envisaged that the answers to these questions could be obtained from specialised commercial crime investigators and prosecutors deployed in the commercial crimes courts. On this basis two samples were chosen, with nine investigators from the Gauteng North office of the Specialised Commercial Crimes Unit and four prosecutors from the Specialised Commercial Crimes Court in Gauteng North. Some of the findings were that the investigators in trying to fulfil their roles of investigations have an adverse impact on the investigation and successful prosecution of offenders, which in turn lead to recidivism and apathy among the communities being served by the police and the justice system in general. The image of the police, particularly that of the commercial crime investigators, is often negated and the justice system is portrayed as a failure in addressing the problem of crime. The conclusions drawn from the data were that the roles of investigators in the prosecution process are mandatory as they are legislated rather that persuasive and that investigators cannot rely on prosecutors to handle all aspects of investigation once a case has been handed over to the prosecution. Apart from a lack of knowledge about these roles, it was established that some investigators deliberately ignore their roles in this relationship. It is proposed that dedicated training should be afforded to investigators and prosecutors above their existing training, with a focus on how to take part in the prosecution process. Investigators should be informed that their responsibilities in the prosecution process are a result of legislation and that failure to satisfy the legislation will carry adverse consequences for the investigation itself, the prosecution and the other stakeholders. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigations)

Surgie en 1996, "La main à la pâte" suggérait que l’école ne pouvait se suffire du lire écrire et compter sans un « raisonner » qui en constituerait son épine dorsale à travers l'enseignement des sciences. Ce projet innovant souhaitait concilier une formation intellectuelle par la construction de connaissances et de compétences, une formation morale par les valeurs construites et transmises, une formation sociale ou politique par l’éducation du sens critique.La recherche présentée se demande si cette opération peut et à quelles conditions être transférée au système scolaire ? Question complexe affaire de finalités, de contenu, d’organisation, de gouvernance. Question complexe car La main à la pâte n’est pas à l’heure actuelle à distance du système éducatif : un tiers des écoles primaires a pu être concerné par l’enseignement des sciences fondé sur l’investigation qu’elle encourage et accompagne.Dans un premier temps, est analysée La main à la pâte. On en retient l'importance de l’investigation raisonnée et des conditions socio-historiques de l'émergence des savoirs.Dans un second temps sont clarifiées les stratégies d’acteurs qui s’y déploient, illustrant une constante articulation entre des dimensions de co-formation et une visée éthique empreinte d’humanisme revendiquée par ses fondateurs.Ensuite est abordée La main à la pâte d’un point de vue politique en montrant comment plus globalement a été traité le lien science et société. Enfin, est questionné le possible transfert de ce modèle dans le système de l’ Education Nationale, tant du point de vue des enjeux de l’enseignement scientifique et de l’éducation citoyenne que La main à la pâte promeut, que sur le plan de la conception de l’organisation qu’elle incarne. / Born in 1996, La main à la pâte (Lamap) suggested that teaching could not limit itself to reading, writing and counting without some “coherent reasoning” which would constitute its backbone through the teaching of sciences. This innovating project hoped to reconcile an intellectual education: the construction of knowledge and competences, a moral education: the construction and transmission of values and a social/political education by enhancing critical thinking.This research thesis questions whether this operation can be transferred to the school system, and in which conditions. It is indeed a complex question, in terms of finalities, contents, organization and governance. It is a complex question because Lamap is not remote from the education system: one third of the elementary schools has already been concerned with inquiry based science education, which Lamap encourages and accompanies.First, we start with the analysis of Lamap, underlying the importance of the thought process and of the social/historical conditions for the emergence of knowledge.Secondly, the actors’ developing strategies are clarified, illustrating a constant articulation between dimensions of mutual training and the strong humanistic ethical philosophy asserted by its founders.Then Lamap is studied through the link between science and society, in a general political perspective. Lastly, we question the possible transfer of this model to the Education Nationale system, both in terms of the stakes of science education and citizenship education which Lamap promotes, and as far as the respective organization of these two systems.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

This study was conducted with the aim to research guidelines for uniformed members, detectives, and public witnesses, for use in testifying in court. The researcher reviewed relevant literature, both national and international, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the research problem. The researcher conducted the research on the basis of an empirical design, be-cause it involved going out into the field and ascertaining the personal experiences and knowledge of the participants. The explicit design was considered the most suitable for this research, because the researcher put everything in the open by checking the weak points and the strong points regarding testifying in court. This means that everything was made open, even police testimony. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The goal of this research was to determine the procedures used for conducting a search and seizure in a tax-related offence in terms of the Criminal Procedure Act, Act 51 of 1977. Aspects that cause problems for the South African Revenue Service (SARS) investigators are the application for a search warrant and the activities that take place before, during and after the search and seizure. An introduction, definition and explanation are given of certain key concepts such as forensic and criminal investigations, as well as their objectives and purpose. The various search methods are also discussed and explained as are the chain of custody and evidence in general. A large part of this research deals with the legal requirements for a search and seizure in a tax-related offence and encompasses issues such as the procedures for obtaining a search warrant, pre-raid briefing, conducting the search, and the seizing of, marking, storage and disposal of documents. The findings of the research are discussed and recommendations subsequently made regarding the shortcomings identified. The findings that were made related to the process and procedure to obtain a search warrant, the actual execution of a search and seizure and the legislation that authorises searches and seizures in taxrelated offences. Further findings were made in respect of the mandate of SARS criminal investigators to investigate, the admissibility of evidence obtained from a search and seizure and the marking, recording, storage and disposal of seized items. Recommendations were made regarding training, improved communication and skills transfer to address the shortcomings identified. / Police Practice / (M.Tech. (Forensic investigation))

This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A (Penology)