Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) är en sjukdom som leder till en funktionell motorisk störning i mag-tarmkanalen och symtom som förstoppning, diarré, gasbesvär, buksmärta och uppspänd buk är vanligt förekommande. Symtomen leder ofta till stress, depression, ångest vilket kan medföra ett begränsat vardagsliv. Individens livskvalitet påverkas av vad symtomen orsakar för individen i vardagslivet vilket kan leda till lidande. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att granska och sammanställa vårdvetenskaplig forskning som belyser patienters upplevelser av att leva med IBS. Metoden är en litteraturstudie utifrån Fribergs modell. Sex kvalitativa artiklar och tre kvantitativa artiklar har analyserats. Resultatet visade att kroppen var opålitlig då sjukdomen orsakade fysiska symtom och gav oönskade symtom som gasbesvär, smärta i buken, diarré, förstoppning och uppspändhet. Patienter upplevde begränsningar i vardagen i form av symtom som ökade gasbesvär, uppspändhet, diarré. Patienter hade ständigt uppsikt efter toaletter då de gick hemifrån vilket ofta skapade en ökad oro. Symtom som gasbildningar och diarré innebar att patienter ofta behövde gå på toaletten vilket var besvärligt i samband med möte, arbete, skola. Detta upplevde patienter vara skamligt. Sjukdomen bidrog i längden till ökad stress, ångest, depression och isolering hos patienterna. Detta har orsakat minskat förtroende till vården, patienterna upplevde sig missförstådda och välbefinnandet minskade. Strategier och planering bidrog till bekräftelse, medvetenhet, kunskap och förståelse. Patienter upplevde sig ha bättre koll på symtomen och kunde agera tills värken släppte. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll där hen kan hjälpa patienten att känna välbefinnande, hopp, livslust och ökad självkänsla genom bekräftelse av att bli sedd och hörd samt ge nyttig kunskap för att patienter ska kunna hantera sin sjukdom med bra planering och strategier.

Le Syndrome de l'Intestin Irritable (SII) est caractérisé par des douleurs abdominales chroniques, des diarrhées, des constipations ou l'alternance des deux. Les neurones sensitifs des patients seraient surexcitables et ainsi à l'origine de l'hypersensibilité viscérale ressentie. Parmi les médiateurs impliqués dans le SII, les protéases ont un rôle prépondérant notamment car il a été observé une augmentation de leur activité dans des surnageants de biopsies coliques de patients atteints du SII. Ces protéases sont capables d'activer les " Protease-Activated Receptors " (PARs) dans les neurones sensitifs de souris. L'activation des neurones sensitifs murins peut être déclenchée selon un mécanisme dépendant de PAR2 et générant une hypersensibilité viscérale, mais inhibée par un mécanisme dépendant de PAR4. Dans certaines cellules (plaquettes), les PARs ont des rôles très différents entre la souris et l'homme. L'expression et la signalisation des PARs dans les neurones sensitifs humains étant jusqu'alors inconnues, cette thèse a eu pour objectif général d'étudier la signalisation des PARs et d'identifier les effets de médiateurs présents dans les tissus de patients atteints du SII, sur leur capacité à activer des neurones sensitifs humains. Le but ultime était d'identifier de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement de la douleur viscérale associée au SII chez l'homme. Le premier objectif a été de mettre au point la culture de neurones humains des ganglions spinaux dorsaux (GSD) thoraciques, contenant des projections coliques de neurones sensitifs. Une culture de neurones sensitifs d'une pureté de 90% a été obtenue, ces neurones étaient viables et fonctionnels, mobilisant du calcium intracellulaire en réponse à différents agonistes pro-nociceptifs. L'expression des PARs a été étudiée dans ces cultures et comparée à celle dans des tissus de GSD frais. PAR1, PAR2 et PAR4 de même que d'autres récepteurs canaux de la famille des " Transcient Receptors Potential " (TRPs) étaient exprimés de façon comparable dans les GSD fraichement isolés et dans les cultures de neurones, validant ainsi le phénotype physiologique des neurones en culture. L'effet des agonistes des PARs a ensuite été étudié sur la signalisation calcique dans ces cultures de neurones sensitifs humains. De tous les agonistes peptidiques des PARs utilisés, seul le peptide activateur de PAR1 a conduit à une augmentation du flux calcique dans les neurones sensitifs humains, tandis que le peptide agoniste de PAR4 l'a réduite. Comme le peptide activateur de PAR1, la thrombine, une protéase capable d'activer à la fois PAR1 et PAR4 a induit une augmentation du flux calcique dans les neurones sensitifs humains. La mobilisation calcique induite par la thrombine a été inhibée par un antagoniste de PAR1 et potentialisée par un antagoniste de PAR4. La thrombine exerce donc un double effet contradictoire sur les neurones sensitifs humains, induisant un signal calcique par l'activation de PAR1 et l'inhibant par l'activation de PAR4. Les surnageants de biopsies coliques de patients atteints du SII mais pas ceux de contrôles sains, ont provoqué un flux calcique dans les neurones sensitifs humains par un mécanisme dépendant de l'activation de PAR1. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l'importance de réduire la sensibilisation des neurones sensitifs humains dépendante de l'activation de PAR1 dans le SII. Notre technique de culture de GSD humains offre de nouvelles applications en neurosciences et nos résultats permettent d'envisager de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques quant à l'utilisation d'un antagoniste de PAR1 pour le traitement de la douleur viscérale associée au SII. / Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation. Sensory neurons from IBS patients are considered to be over-activated, being thereby responsible of the experienced visceral pain. Among mediators involved in IBS, proteases seem to have a prominent role. First, proteolytic activity is increased in the supernatants of colonic biopsies from IBS patients. Second, these proteases activate " Proteases-Activated Receptors " (PARs) in rodent sensory neurons. Rodent primary afferent activation can be induced by a PAR2-dependent mechanism, which generates visceral hypersensitivity. This mechanism can be inhibited by a PAR4-dependent mechanism. In some cell types such as platelets, PARs may have very different functions in rodent versus human. The expression and the signalization of PARs in human sensory neurons have never been explored. The general aim of this thesis was to study the signalization of PARs and to identify the effect of mediators present in tissues from IBS patients, on their ability to activate human sensory neurons. The final objective was to identify new possible therapeutic targets to treat visceral pain associated with IBS. The first objective was to establish a protocol for culturing human sensory neurons isolated from thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Thoracic DRG contain the stroma of sensory neurons projecting from the colon. The culture of human sensory neurons was 90% pure with viable and functional neurons, which were able to induce calcium flux in response to different pro-nociceptive agonists. PAR expression was studied in cultures and compared to fresh DRG tissues. PAR1, PAR2 and PAR4 as well as others receptors from the " Transcient Receptors Potential " (TRPs) channel family were similarly expressed in neurons from fresh DRG tissues and in cultured sensory neurons, thereby validating the physiological phenotype of human DRG neurons in culture. The effect of PAR agonists was studied by imaging calcium mobilization in human sensory neuron cultures. From all PAR agonist peptides used, only PAR1 agonist peptide was able to increase calcium signaling in human sensory neurons, while PAR4 agonist peptide was able to decrease this calcium signaling. Similar to PAR1 agonist peptide, thrombin a protease capable of activating both PAR1 and PAR4, induced an increase of calcium flux in human sensory neurons. Thrombin-induced calcium mobilization was inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist and was potentiated by a PAR4 antagonist. Thus, thrombin has a contradictory double effect on human sensory neurons, inducing calcium signaling through PAR1 activation and inhibiting calcium signaling through PAR4 activation. In addition, supernatants of colonic biopsies from IBS patients but not from healthy controls, provoked an increased calcium signaling in human sensory neurons. This effect was dependent on the activation of PAR1. In the context of IBS, our results highlight the importance of targeting PAR1-induced sensitization in human sensory neurons. The DRG culture technique we have established offers important and new applications in the domain of neurosciences. All together, these data point to new therapeutic possibilities for the use of PAR1 antagonist in the treatment of visceral pain associated with IBS.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) är en sjukdom som finns hos ca 15- 20 % av befolkningen och som mest drabbar kvinnor. Symtom som diarré, förstoppning, magsmärtor, illamående, ångest och depression är vanliga. IBS påverkar patienter både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Sjukdomen kan medföra minskad livskvalitet för patienter. <strong>Syfte</strong>: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få en ökad förståelse om hur Irritable bowel syndrome påverkar livskvaliteten hos patienter med sjukdomen. <strong>Metod:</strong> 10 vetenskapliga artiklar hittades i sökningar i databaser och 2 stycken via manuell sökning, artiklarna granskades och relevant information som passade in i syftet och frågeställningar markerades och skrevs ner till ett resultat. <strong>Resultat: </strong>IBS har en negativ inverkan på livskvaliteten. IBS påverkade även den psykiska hälsan negativt. Bakgrundsfaktorer som arbete, ekonomi och kön spelade en viktig roll. Kvinnor med IBS hade sämre livskvalitet än män. Kunskap om sjukdomen gav en positiv inverkan på livskvalitet. <strong>Diskussion:</strong> Vid IBS är det viktigt med en holistisk vård där både fysiska och psykiska symtom har betydelse i diagnostisering och omvårdnad. IBS anses vara en kvinnosjukdom då det är fler kvinnor som har diagnosen, men det är fler män som söker vård för IBS symtom utan att få en diagnos. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>IBS påverkar livskvalitet negativt. Mer kvalitativ forskning behövs.<strong> </strong></p>

<p>One hundred haemorrhoid patients were compared with 300 matched control persons. Haemorrhoid symptoms and bowel symptoms were studied. Most common symptom of the patients was bleeding (44%), followed by prolapse (24%), hygiene problem (14%), pain (12%) and itching (5%). Bowel symptoms, as bloating and evacuation difficulties, possibly related to IBS, were frequent among the patients.</p><p>556 patients were operated upon with Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy. 418 (81%) answered a questionnaire on results, and on disturbances in anal continence. Totally140 (33%) reported recurrence, and 139 (33%) patients reported anal incontinence. Forty of the 139 patients associated this to the surgical procedure. Female gender was associated to increased risk of incontinence.</p><p>The 40 patients who reported incontinence, were invited to undergo ano-rectal manometry, saline infusion test, endo-anal ultrasound, proctoscopy and clinical examination. Altogether 19 patients approved to participate. Matched control subjects and 15 persons previously operated for haemorrhoids, but without symptoms of incontinence, served as two reference groups. Incontinence score and saline infusion test showed significantly poorer continence in the patient group. Endo-anal ultrasound showed injury to the external sphincter in 20% of the patients. Anal pressure was slightly lower in the patient group, but the difference was not significant. </p><p>Totally 225 patients were randomised to Milligan-Morgan or Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy. Primary aim was to study changes in anal continence. Other aims were to study postoperative pain, wound healing, complications, patient satisfaction and recurrence and changes in bowel function. Patients in the Ferguson group reported, slightly quicker wound healing (P=0.06). Postoperative pain was equal, as was rate of complications. After one year the Ferguson group reported lower incontinence score, and more satisfied patients. Recurrence rate was equal, 15-17%. Most bowel symptoms were reduced one year after surgery.</p><p>In conclusion, functional bowel symptoms are common in haemorrhoid patients. Haemorrhoidectomy is associated with risk for incontinence in 5-10% of patients and females are at greater risk. A proportion of the patients who claim postoperative incontinence have physiological signs of sphincter incompetence, and external sphincter injuries are observed in those patients. Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy results in better anal continence and more satisfied patients. </p>

In a population prevalence questionnaire study we demonstrated that constipation and fecal incontinence are common problems in the general Swedish population with a similar magnitude as in other Western countries. 95.6% of the population had between three bowel movements per day and three per week. Constipation was mostly defined by “hard stools” and “the need of using laxatives”. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain/discomfort and abnormal bowel habits. The diagnostic criteria of IBS are based on clinical symptoms. Division of IBS patients into symptom subgroups appears important as their bowel symptoms are characterized by heterogeneity. International criteria to subgroup IBS (Rome II) are based on expert consensus and not on evidence. We investigated the variation of stool consistency and defecatory symptoms in 135 IBS patients by symptom diary cards. Most patients had alternating stool consistency. When subgroups were based on stool consistency, all kinds of defecatory symptoms (straining, urgency, and feeling of incomplete evacuations) were frequently present in all subgroups. Stool frequency was in the normal range in the majority of patients. We propose that IBS subgroups should be based on stool consistency. We suggest that Rome II supportive criteria must be reconsidered as the determination of presence or absence of specific symptoms does not work as an instrument for categorization of IBS patients into diarrhoea- and constipation-predominant. We also propose that abnormal stool frequency should be excluded to define subgroups of IBS. Alternating stool consistency and presence of different defecatory symptoms, regardless of stool consistency should be included as criteria for IBS. Stress is known to play an important role in the onset and modulation of IBS symptoms. From experimental studies there is evidence for a stress-dependent alteration of visceral sensitivity. The biological mechanisms responsible for the causal link between stress and IBS symptoms are not completely understood, but the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the autonomous nervous system seem to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of IBS. We investigated visceral sensitivity and the effect of repeated maximal tolerable rectal distensions on salivary cortisol levels and skin conductance in patients with IBS, chronic constipation and healthy volunteers. We found that the expectancy of the experimental situation per se (provocation of bowel symptoms by rectal distensions) compared to non-experimental days at home measured as salivary cortisol had a high impact on the level of arousal in IBS. IBS patients had higher skin conductance values than controls in the beginning of distension series and lower rectal thresholds for first sensation, urge and discomfort than healthy controls and constipation patients. IBS patients demonstrated habituation to repeated subjective maximal tolerable rectal distensions according to sympathetic activity although patients continued to rate their discomfort as maximal. Constipation patients had lower sympathetic activity than IBS patients before and during repeated rectal distensions. None of the groups demonstrated a significant increase in cortisol after repetitive rectal distensions. We conclude that Rome II supportive criteria for IBS should be reconsidered according to our findings. IBS patients are more sensitive to pre-experimental stress than healthy controls and patients with constipation. This should be considered in the design of experimental IBS studies. IBS patients habituated to subjective maximal tolerable, repetitive rectal distensions with decreasing sympathetic activity. Since responses to repeated stimuli of close-to-pain intensities are resistant to habituation this finding could be caused by psychological influences on perception, that is, perceptual response bias.

One hundred haemorrhoid patients were compared with 300 matched control persons. Haemorrhoid symptoms and bowel symptoms were studied. Most common symptom of the patients was bleeding (44%), followed by prolapse (24%), hygiene problem (14%), pain (12%) and itching (5%). Bowel symptoms, as bloating and evacuation difficulties, possibly related to IBS, were frequent among the patients. 556 patients were operated upon with Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy. 418 (81%) answered a questionnaire on results, and on disturbances in anal continence. Totally140 (33%) reported recurrence, and 139 (33%) patients reported anal incontinence. Forty of the 139 patients associated this to the surgical procedure. Female gender was associated to increased risk of incontinence. The 40 patients who reported incontinence, were invited to undergo ano-rectal manometry, saline infusion test, endo-anal ultrasound, proctoscopy and clinical examination. Altogether 19 patients approved to participate. Matched control subjects and 15 persons previously operated for haemorrhoids, but without symptoms of incontinence, served as two reference groups. Incontinence score and saline infusion test showed significantly poorer continence in the patient group. Endo-anal ultrasound showed injury to the external sphincter in 20% of the patients. Anal pressure was slightly lower in the patient group, but the difference was not significant. Totally 225 patients were randomised to Milligan-Morgan or Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy. Primary aim was to study changes in anal continence. Other aims were to study postoperative pain, wound healing, complications, patient satisfaction and recurrence and changes in bowel function. Patients in the Ferguson group reported, slightly quicker wound healing (P=0.06). Postoperative pain was equal, as was rate of complications. After one year the Ferguson group reported lower incontinence score, and more satisfied patients. Recurrence rate was equal, 15-17%. Most bowel symptoms were reduced one year after surgery. In conclusion, functional bowel symptoms are common in haemorrhoid patients. Haemorrhoidectomy is associated with risk for incontinence in 5-10% of patients and females are at greater risk. A proportion of the patients who claim postoperative incontinence have physiological signs of sphincter incompetence, and external sphincter injuries are observed in those patients. Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy results in better anal continence and more satisfied patients.

El síndrome de intestino irritable (SII) es una entidad cuya prevalencia varía según el método utilizado para diagnosticarlo. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del SII en Chiclayo-Perú durante el año 2011. Materiales y métodos: población diaria: personas entre 18 y 60 años; diseño de estudio: descriptivo transversal. Tamaño muestral: 195 personas, muestreo aleatorio, estratificado multietápico. Se entrevistó casa a casa usando una ficha de recolección de datos basada en los criterios de Roma III. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y análisis bivariado para medir asociación entre SII y variables epidemiológicas. Resultados: 200 personas fueron entrevistadas, 76 varones (38%) y 124 mujeres (62%). La media de edad fue 38,8 años ± 12,7. La prevalencia de SII fue de 15%; siendo la localización del dolor más frecuente el mesogastrio (26,7%); predominando las heces “pastosas” (30%) y la “diarrea” (36,7%). 20 personas con SII (66,7%) trabajaban y/o estudiaban. No hubo asociación entre SII y sexo femenino ni “ocupación” (Odds de prevalencia: 1,51; IC95%: 0,31-3,99 y 1,23; IC95%: 0,51-3,15 respectivamente). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de SII en Chiclayo es elevada, más frecuente en mujeres y quienes laboran o estudian; la diarrea, la consistencia pastosa de las heces y el dolor mesogástrico fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Bakgrund: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) är en sjukdom som finns hos ca 15- 20 % av befolkningen och som mest drabbar kvinnor. Symtom som diarré, förstoppning, magsmärtor, illamående, ångest och depression är vanliga. IBS påverkar patienter både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Sjukdomen kan medföra minskad livskvalitet för patienter. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få en ökad förståelse om hur Irritable bowel syndrome påverkar livskvaliteten hos patienter med sjukdomen. Metod: 10 vetenskapliga artiklar hittades i sökningar i databaser och 2 stycken via manuell sökning, artiklarna granskades och relevant information som passade in i syftet och frågeställningar markerades och skrevs ner till ett resultat. Resultat: IBS har en negativ inverkan på livskvaliteten. IBS påverkade även den psykiska hälsan negativt. Bakgrundsfaktorer som arbete, ekonomi och kön spelade en viktig roll. Kvinnor med IBS hade sämre livskvalitet än män. Kunskap om sjukdomen gav en positiv inverkan på livskvalitet. Diskussion: Vid IBS är det viktigt med en holistisk vård där både fysiska och psykiska symtom har betydelse i diagnostisering och omvårdnad. IBS anses vara en kvinnosjukdom då det är fler kvinnor som har diagnosen, men det är fler män som söker vård för IBS symtom utan att få en diagnos. Slutsats: IBS påverkar livskvalitet negativt. Mer kvalitativ forskning behövs.

Thesis (M. Pharm.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.