Estudos caracterizaram o envolvimento da PDI na modulação da geração de EROs pela Nox1 como moduladores da migração de células do músculo liso vascular (VSMC) mediados por fatores de crescimento derivados de plaqueta (PDGF). Outros estudos vêm demonstrando o envolvimento do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGFR) no remodelamento vascular, após a transativação via Angiotensina II. Entretanto o papel da PDI na ativação do EGFR via Nox1 na hipertensão arterial ainda permanece desconhecido. Objetivo foi caracterizar o papel da PDI na expressão de Nox1 dependente do EGFR durante o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Resultados demonstram um aumento da expressão de HB-EGF e ativação de ERK 1/2 na aorta de animais SHR com 8 semanas e 12 semanas de idade, e no plasma de animais SHR com 12 semanas. Ainda, a OvxPDI acarretou em um aumento na expressão gênica de Nox-1 tanto na OVXPDI quanto na forma OvxPDIMUT. Resultados mostram um novo papel da PDI na expressão gênica de Nox-1 via EGFR e a participação desta tiol oxido redutase na gênese da hipertensão arterial. / Studies characterizing the involvement of PDI in the modulation of ROS by Nox1 as modulators of cell migration of vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) mediated by growth factors derived from platelets (PDGF). Other studies have demonstrated the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on vascular remodeling after transactivation via Angiotensin II. However the role of PDI in the activation of EGFR via Nox1 in hypertension remains unknown. Objective was to characterize the role of PDI in Nox1 dependent EGFR expression during the development of hypertension. Results show an increase of HB-EGF expression and ERK 1/2 activation in the aortic SHR at 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age, and plasma SHR at 12 weeks. Still, the OvxPDI resulted in an increase in gene expression of Nox-1 both in OVXPDI and in OvxPDIMUT way. Results show a new role of PDI in gene expression of Nox-1 via EGFR and the participation of this thiol reductase oxide in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Enolate formation by proton abstraction from an sp3-hybridized carbon atom situated next to a carbonyl or carboxylate group is an abundant process in nature. Since the corresponding nonenzymatic process in water is slow and unfavorable due to high intrinsic free energy barriers and high substrate pKa s, enzymes catalyzing such reaction steps must overcome both kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles. Computer simulations were used to study enolate formation catalyzed by glyoxalase I (GlxI) and 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase (KSI). The results, which reproduce experimental kinetic data, indicate that for both enzymes the free energy barrier reduction originates mainly from the balancing of substrate and catalytic base pKas. This was found to be accomplished primarily by electrostatic interactions. The results also suggest that the remaining barrier reduction can be explained by the lower reorganization energy in the preorganized enzyme compared to the solution reaction. Moreover, it seems that quantum effects, arising from zero-point vibrations and proton tunnelling, do not contribute significantly to the barrier reduction in GlxI. For KSI, the formation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond between the enzyme and the enolate, which is suggested to stabilize the enolate, was investigated and found unlikely. The low pKa of the catalytic base in the nonpolar active site of KSI may possibly be explained by the presence of a water molecule not detected by experiments. The hemoglobin-degrading aspartic proteases plasmepsinI and plasmepsin II from Plasmodium falciparum have emerged as putative drug targets against malaria. A series of C2- symmetric compounds with a 1,2-dihydroxyethylene scaffold were investigated for plasmepsin affinity, using computer simulations and enzyme inhibition assays. The calculations correctly predicted the stereochemical preferences of the scaffold and the effect of chemical modifications. Calculated absolute binding free energies reproduced experimental data well. As these inhibitors have down to subnanomolar inhibition constants of the plasmepsins and no measurable affinity to human cathepsin D, they constitute promising lead compounds for further drug development.

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Estudos caracterizaram o envolvimento da PDI na modulação da geração de EROs pela Nox1 como moduladores da migração de células do músculo liso vascular (VSMC) mediados por fatores de crescimento derivados de plaqueta (PDGF). Outros estudos vêm demonstrando o envolvimento do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGFR) no remodelamento vascular, após a transativação via Angiotensina II. Entretanto o papel da PDI na ativação do EGFR via Nox1 na hipertensão arterial ainda permanece desconhecido. Objetivo foi caracterizar o papel da PDI na expressão de Nox1 dependente do EGFR durante o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Resultados demonstram um aumento da expressão de HB-EGF e ativação de ERK 1/2 na aorta de animais SHR com 8 semanas e 12 semanas de idade, e no plasma de animais SHR com 12 semanas. Ainda, a OvxPDI acarretou em um aumento na expressão gênica de Nox-1 tanto na OVXPDI quanto na forma OvxPDIMUT. Resultados mostram um novo papel da PDI na expressão gênica de Nox-1 via EGFR e a participação desta tiol oxido redutase na gênese da hipertensão arterial. / Studies characterizing the involvement of PDI in the modulation of ROS by Nox1 as modulators of cell migration of vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) mediated by growth factors derived from platelets (PDGF). Other studies have demonstrated the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on vascular remodeling after transactivation via Angiotensin II. However the role of PDI in the activation of EGFR via Nox1 in hypertension remains unknown. Objective was to characterize the role of PDI in Nox1 dependent EGFR expression during the development of hypertension. Results show an increase of HB-EGF expression and ERK 1/2 activation in the aortic SHR at 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age, and plasma SHR at 12 weeks. Still, the OvxPDI resulted in an increase in gene expression of Nox-1 both in OVXPDI and in OvxPDIMUT way. Results show a new role of PDI in gene expression of Nox-1 via EGFR and the participation of this thiol reductase oxide in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 (DOX-CYP) fusion enzymes are present in diverse human and plant pathogenic fungi. They oxygenate fatty acids to lipid mediators which have regula­tory functions in fungal development and toxin production. These enzymes catalyze the for­mation of fatty acid hy­droperoxides which are subsequently converted by the P450 activities or reduced to the corresponding alcohols. The N-terminal DOX domains show catalytic and structural homology to mammalian cyclooxygenases, which belong to the most thoroughly studied human enzymes. 7,8-Linoleate diol synthase (LDS) of the plant pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis was the first characterized member of the DOX-CYP fusion enzyme family. It catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid to 8R-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (HPODE) and subse­quently to 7S,8S-dihy­droxylinoleic acid by its DOX and P450 domains, respectively. By now, several enzymes with homology to 7,8-LDS have been identified in im­portant fungi, e.g., psi fac­tor-producing oxygenase (ppo)A, ppoB, and ppoC, of Aspergillus nidulans and A. fumigatus. By cloning and recombinant expression, ppoA of A. fumigatus was identi­fied as 5,8-LDS. Partial expression of the 8R-DOX domains of 5,8-LDS of A. fumigatus and 7,8-LDS of G. graminis yielded active protein which demonstrates that the DOX activities of LDS are independent of their P450 domains. The latter domains were shown to contain a conserved motif with catalytically important amide residues. As judged by site-directed mutagene­sis studies, 5,8- and 7,8-LDS seem to facilitate heterolytic cleavage of the oxygen-oxygen bond of 8R-HPODE by aid of a glutamine and an asparagine residue, respectively. Cloning and expression of putative DOX-CYP fusion proteins of A. terreus and Fusarium oxysporum led to the discovery of novel enzyme activities, e.g., linoleate 9S-DOX and two allene oxide synthases (AOS), specific for 9R- and 9S-HPODE, respectively. The fungal AOS are present in the P450 domains of two DOX-CYP fusion enzymes and show higher se­quence homology to LDS than to plant AOS and constitute therefore a novel class of AOS. In summary, this thesis describes the discovery of novel fatty acid oxy­genases of human and plant pathogenic fungi and the characterization of their reaction mechanisms.

Les réactions de phosphorylation / déphosphorylation chez les bactéries régulent plusieurs fonctions cellulaires telles que croissance, différenciation, pathogénie, résistance aux antibiotiques, réponse au stress, formation des biofilms ainsi que plusieurs processus impliqués dans le métabolisme secondaire. Cependant, les signaux qui déclenchent la cascade de signalisation par phosphorylation/déphosphorylation intracellulaire restent encore peu connus. Staphylococcus aureus est une bactérie à Gram-positif pathogène pour l‟homme. Elle est l‟une des principales causes des infections nosocomiales et ce pathogène opportuniste est capable de provoquer de multiples infections allant du furoncle à la septicémie. Nos études se sont basées sur la caractérisation aux niveaux structural et fonctionnel de deux protéines de cette bactérie : une sérine/thréonine kinase nommée Stk1 ainsi que l‟un de ses substrats, la triose phosphate isomérase. Stk1 a déjà été identifiée comme responsable de la phosphorylation de plusieurs enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme central de la bactérie ainsi que dans les phénomènes de virulence et de résistance à l‟antibiotique phosphomycine. Cependant, à ce jour, aucune caractérisation structurale n‟a été conduite sur cette kinase. Nous avons ainsi mené une étude cristallographique de plusieurs domaines de cette protéine et nous présentons, plus particulièrement, la structure de trois domaines extracellulaires dits « PASTA », ainsi qu‟un modèle tridimensionnel de la protéine entière. Les domaines PASTA sont spécifiques des Ser/Thr kinases et des Penicillin-Binding Proteins et sont impliqués dans la synthèse du peptidoglycane. Par conséquent, la connaissance de la structure de ces domaines chez Stk1 pourrait servir de base à la conception rationnelle de nouveaux inhibiteurs à visée thérapeutique. Enfin, nous avons démontré que l‟activité de l‟un des substrats de Stk1, la triose phosphate isomérase, était régulée par phosphorylation / déphosphorylation, et nous avons décrit le mécanisme qui contrôle son activation/inactivation réversible. / The phosphorylation /dephosphorylation reactions in bacteria regulate various cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, stress response, biofilm formation as well as several processes involved in secondary metabolism. However, detailed understanding of their complete signaling pathways induced by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is still unclear. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and a human pathogen. It is one of the primary causes of nosocomial infections and this opportunist pathogen is able to cause multiple infections ranging from furuncle to septicemia. This study is focused on the structural and functional characterizations of two proteins from this bacterium: the serine/threonine kinase Stk1 and one of its substrates, the triose phosphate isomerase. Stk1 has been previously identified as responsible for the phosphorylation of several enzymes involved in the central metabolism of this bacterium as well as virulence and resistance to the antibiotic phosphomycin. However, no structural characterization has been done to date. We have performed a crystallographic study of several domains of this protein. We now present the structure of three extracellular domains designated “PASTA” in addition to the 3D molecular model of the entire protein. PASTA domains are specific to bacterial Ser/Thr kinases and to Penicillin-Binding Proteins which are involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis. Thus, the structural knowledge of PASTA domains from Stk1 could be of particular interest in the rational drug-design of new inhibitors with therapeutic aims. Finally, we have demonstrated that triose phosphate isomerase activity is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and we have described the reversible activation/inactivation mechanism.

The Sun is the ultimate energy source on Earth. Photosynthetic organisms are able to catalyze the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy by a reaction called photosynthesis. In plants, this process occurs inside a green organelle called the chloroplast. The protein complexes involved in the photosynthetic light reactions are situated in the thylakoid membrane, which encloses a tiny space called lumen. The Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase (PPIase) family is the most abundant protein family in the thylakoid lumen. The three PPIase subfamilies, cyclophilins, FKBPs (FK506 binding proteins) and parvulins form a group by their enzymatic activity despite lack of sequence similarity between the subfamilies. Cyclophilins and FKBPs, collectively called immunophilins, were originally discovered as the targets of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine A and FK506, respectively. By suppressing the immune response in humans, these immunophilin-drug complexes revolutionized the field of organ transplantation by preventing graft rejection. Cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds preceding the amino acid proline is the rate-limiting step of protein folding and several immunophilins have been shown to be important for catalysis of protein folding in vivo. PPIases have been found to be part of large protein complexes as well as in functions such as signalling, protein secretion, RNA processing and cell cycle control. A picture is therefore emerging in which the actual interaction between the PPIase and its target is perhaps more important than the PPIase activity. In the present work, PPIases have been characterized in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). The most active PPIase in the spinach lumen was identified as the cyclophilin TLP20. AtCYP20-2, the Arabidopsis homologue of TLP20, was found to be upregulated at high light and attached to the thylakoid membrane, more precisely to the outer regions of photosystem II supercomplexes. In Arabidopsis, up to 5 cyclophilins and 11 FKBPs were predicted to reside in the lumen. Of these 16 immunophilins, only 2 were identified as active PPIases and significant differences were observed between the two plant species. AtCYP20-2, like TLP20, is an active isomerase although AtFKBP13 is the most active PPIase in the lumen of Arabidopsis. Mutant Arabidopsis plants deficient in AtCYP20-2 displayed no phenothypical changes or decrease in total lumenal PPIase activity. Being the only active PPIase in the mutants, the redox sensitive AtFKBP13 is proposed to compensate for the lack of AtCYP20-2 by oxidative activation. In agreement with the experimental data, the sequence analyses of catalytic domains of lumenal immunophilins demonstrate that only AtCYP20-2 and AtFKBP13 possess the amino acids found essential for PPIase activity in earlier studies of human cyclophilin A and FKBP12. It is concluded that with the exception of AtCYP20-2 and AtFKBP13 most immunophilins in the lumen of Arabidopsis lost their PPIase activity on peptide substrates and developed other specialized functions.

In this study, the effects of bioprocess parameters on glucose isomerase roduction by Bacillus thermoantarcticus (DSMZ 9572) were investigated. For his purpose, firstly, in laboratory scale shake-bioreactors, a defined medium was designed in terms of its carbon and nitrogen sources, to achieve the highest glucose isomerase activity. Optimum concentrations of medium components were determined by a statistical approach, namely Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM defined the relationship between the response, glucose isomerase activity and the independent variables, medium components. The highest glucose isomerase volumetric activity was obtained as 1630 U L-1 in the optimized medium containing 10.64 kg m-3 xylan, 5.66 kg m-3 yeast extract, 5.92 kg m-3 (NH4)2SO4, 0.25 kg m-3 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.001 kg m-3 FeSO4.7H2O, 0.001 kg m-3 ZnSO4.7H2O , 0.000075 kg m-3 MnSO4. H2O, and 0.00001 kg m-3 CuSO4.5H2O at conditions: pH0= 6.0, T=55&deg / C, N=200 min-1. Then by using the designed medium, pH and oxygen transfer conditions of the bioprocess were investigated in 3.0 dm3 pilot scale bioreactor. The effect of pH was analyzed at pH=6 uncontrolled and controlled operations with the following conditions: air inlet rate of Q0/VR=0.5 vvm and agitation rate of N=500 min-1. The effects of oxygen transfer parameters were examined, at pH=6 controlled condition, at an air inlet rate of Q0/VR=0.5 vvm and the agitation rates of N=300,500,750 min-1. The variations in glucose isomerase activity, cell, amino acid and organic acid concentrations with the cell cultivation time, specific cell growth rate, the oxygen uptake rate, the liquid phase coefficient by using the dynamic method, maintenance coefficient for oxygen and yield coefficients were determined. The highest glucose isomerase volumetric activity and cell concentration, 1838 U L-1 and 2.26 kg m-3 at the 24th of the cell cultivation were attained at 0.5 vvm, 500 min 1 and pH=6 uncontrolled operation.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Neurosciences : Lille 2 : 2009. / Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 120-133.

An efficient and expedient synthetic method was developed for the preparation of chiral poly-substituted morpholine and oxazepine derivatives. The method was designed in the objective of applying the synthesis to the preparation of Cyclophilin A inhibitors. / The stereo- and regioselective method involves the reaction of enantiopure beta-amino alcohols with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. The synthesis proceeds through three steps; i) Reductive amination, ii) N-alkylation/ N-tosylation and iii) intramolecular-haloetherification. Stereoselectivity of this last step was controlled by N-alkyl/ N-tosyl groups and substitution across the double bond, and was enhanced by the addition of Bronsted acids. Substitution across the double bond of the starting material controlled the regioselectivity of the method. Morpholines were obtained through 6- exo cyclization and oxazepines were obtained through 7-endo cyclization. / A small library of morpholine-based derivatives was designed in-silico. Affinity and binding modes to the Cyclophilin A were investigated through a docking-based virtual screening study.