Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper presents the results obtained of the phytochemical bioguide of methanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark of Guatteria pogonopus Mart., a species belonging to the family Annonaceae. The botanical material (leaves and stem bark) were collected in the National Park Serra de Itabaiana (PARNA), Sergipe, Brazil. The extracts were obtained by maceration method at room temperature initially with hexane and then methanol, resulting in the hexane (EHF e EHC) and methanol (EMF e EMC) extracts, respectively. The methanol extracts from the leaves (EMF) and stem bark (EMC) indicated the presence of alkaloids when the Dragendorff reagent was applied that was submitted to the acid-base treatment resulting in the chloroform fractions alkaloid (FCAF and FCAC), and neutral fractions (FCNF and FCNC), respectively. The alkaloid fractions (FCAF and FCAC) were then subjected to the usual chromatographic techniques allowing the isolation of alkaloids. The FCAF fraction resulted in the isolation of six alkaloids identified as: lysicamine, (S)-(+)-nuciferine, (S)-(+)-roemerine, (-)- tetrahydropseudocolumbamine, (S)-(+)-isocoridine and a mixture of govanine, liriodenine and lysicamine. The FCAC fraction led to the identification of ten different mixtures alkaloids, such as puterine, anonaine, nornuciferine, obovanine, isopiline, Omethylisopiline, launobine, oxoputerine, liriodenine and lanuginosine. The alkaloids were identified through the techniques of MS and NMR 1H and 13C 1D and 2D as well as, comparison to literature data. Furthermore, the pure alkaloids isolated from the leaves were submitted the specific optical rotation measures. The extracts, fractions, pure alkaloids and in the mixture were subjected to evaluation of the cytotoxic activity by the Alamar Blue method, which observed a high percentage of inhibition of cell proliferation for the methanol extract of the stem bark EMC (80.11 ± 8.12%) and alkaloidal fraction of FCAF leaves (80.56 ± 8.15%) against the human hepatocellular carcinoma and for the mixture of compounds govanine, liriodenine and lysicamine (IC50 3.10 μg mL-1) against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) which can be attributed to the presence of liriodenine. Most of the identified alkaloids are described in different species of Annonaceae, particularly in the Guatteria genus. Thus, it appears that G. pogonopus presents a caracteristic chemotaxonomy the Annonaceae family and, linked to this, is a promising source of substances with potential cytotoxic activity. / O referido trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos do estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado dos extratos metanólicos das folhas e cascas do caule de Guatteria pogonopus Mart., uma espécie pertencente a família Annonaceae. Os materiais botânicos (folhas e cascas do caule) foram coletados no Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (PARNA), Sergipe, Brasil. Os extratos brutos foram obtidos pelo método de maceração à temperatura ambiente inicialmente com hexano e, posteriormente com metanol obtendo os extratos hexânicos (EHF e EHC) e metanólicos (EMF e EMC), respectivamente. Os extratos metanólicos das folhas (EMF) e cascas do caule (EMC) indicaram a presença de alcaloides frente ao reagente Dragendorff sendo então submetidos ao tratamento ácidobase resultando nas frações clorofórmicas alcaloídicas (FCAF e FCAC) e, as neutras (FCNF e FCNC), respectivamente. As frações alcaloídicas (FCAF e FCAC) foram então submetidas às técnicas cromatográficas usuais permitindo o isolamento de alcaloides. A fração FCAF resultou no isolamento de seis alcaloides que foram identificados como: lisicamina, (S)-(+)-nuciferina, (S)-(+)-roemerina, (-)-tetraidropseudocolumbamina, (S)-(+)- isocoridina e uma mistura de tetraidropseudocolumbamina, liriodenina e lisicamina. A fração FCAC levou a identificação de dez alcaloides em diferentes misturas, tais como: puterina, anonaina, nornuciferina, obovanina, isopilina, O-metilisopilina, launobina, oxoputerina, liriodenina e lanuginosina. Os alcaloides foram identificados através das técnicas de EM e RMN de 1H e 13C (1D e 2D), bem como, comparação com os dados da literatura. Além disso, os alcaloides puros das folhas foram sumetidos as medidas de rotação óptica específica. Os extratos, frações, alcaloides puros e em mistura foram submetidos ao ensaio de atividade citotóxica pelo método de Alamar Blue, em que se verificou um maior percentual de inibição da proliferação celular para o extrato metanólico das cascas EMC (80,11 ± 8,12%) e da fração alcaloídica das folhas FCAF (80,56 ± 8,15%) frente ao carcinoma hepatocelular humano e, para a mistura de compostos de govanina, liriodenina e lisicamina (IC50 3,10 µg mL-1) frente a leucemia promielocítica humana (HL-60) que pode ser atribuída à presença da liriodenina. A maioria dos alcaloides identificados é descrito em diferentes espécies de Annonaceae, particularmente no gênero Guatteria. Dessa forma, infere-se que G. pogonopus apresenta uma quimiotaxonomia característica da família Annonaceae e, atrelado a isso, é uma fonte promissora de substâncias com potencial atividade citotóxica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Depression is a psychiatric disorder associated with a negative impact on quality of life. Monoaminergic system has been involved in this disease and in the action of antidepressants. This study aimed to investigate the potential antidepressant-like of 7-fluoro-1,3-diphenylisoquinoline-1-amine (FDPI) and the possible involvement of monoaminergic system. Results showed that FDPI (1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, intragastric (i.g.)) reduced the immobility time, increased swimming time, but did not alter climbing time of mice in the modified forced swimming test (FST). These effects were similar to those of paroxetine (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which was used as positive control. Pretreatments with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA, an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, 100 mg/kg, i.p., once a day for 4 consecutive days), N-[1]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY 100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection (s.c.)) and ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the antidepressant-like effect of FDPI at the dose 1 mg/kg in FST, this did not occurs with ritanserin (a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Antagonist related with dopaminergic system, as haloperidol (a D2 receptor antagonist, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) and SCH23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist, 0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) were able to reverse the antidepressant-like effect of FDPI at the dose 1 mg/kg in FST, this did not occurs with sulpiride (a D2 and D3 receptors antagonist, 50 mg/kg, i.p.). FDPI, at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, inhibited monoamine oxidase-B activity in prefrontal cortex of mice. These results suggest that FDPI produced an antidepressant-like action in the FST in mice, possibly by an involvement of the monoaminergic system. Additional studies are necessary in order to propose FDPI as a drug for depression treatment. / A depressão é uma doença psiquiátrica associada com um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. O sistema monoaminérgico parece estar envolvido nessa doença e na ação dos antidepressivos. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar o potencial do tipo antidepressivo do 7-flúor- 1,3 difenilisoquinolina-1-amino (FDPI) e o possível envolvimento do sistema monoaminérgico. Os resultados mostraram que o FDPI (1, 10 e 20 mg/kg, intragástrico (i.g.)) reduziu o tempo de imobilidade, aumentou o tempo de nado, mas não alterou o tempo de escalada dos camundongos durante o teste do nado forçado (TNF) modificado. Esses efeitos foram similares aos da paroxetina (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)), um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina, o qual foi usado como controle positivo. Os pré-tratamentos com p-clorofenilalanina (pCPA, um inibidor da síntese de serotonina (5-HT), 100 mg/kg, i.p., uma vez por dia, por 4 dias consecutivos), N-{2-[4-(2-metoxifenil)-1-piperazinil]etil}-N-(2-piridinil) ciclohexanocarboxamida (WAY 100635, um antagonista dos receptores 5-HT1A, 0,1 mg/kg, subcutâneo (s.c.)) e ondansetrona (um antagonista dos receptores 5-HT3, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) conseguiram reverter o efeito do tipo antidepressivo do FDPI na dose de 1 mg/kg no TNF, o que não aconteceu com a ritanserina (um antagonista do receptores 5-HT2A/2C, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Antagonistas relacionados com o sistema dopaminérgico, como haloperidol (um antagonista do receptor D2, 0,2 mg/kg, i.p.), e SCH23390 (um antagonista do receptor D1, 0,05 mg/kg, s.c.) foram capazes de reverter o efeito do tipo antidepressivo do FDPI na dose de 1 mg/kg no TNF, o que não aconteceu com o sulpiride (um antagonista dos receptores D2 e D3, 50mg/kg, i.p.). O composto FDPI nas doses de 10 e 20 mg/kg inibiu a atividade da monoamino oxidase B em córtex pré-frontal de camundongos. Estes resultados sugerem que o FDPI apresentou uma ação do tipo antidepressiva no TNF em camundongos, possivelmente por um envolvimento do sistema monoaminérgico. Mais estudos se fazem necessários antes que se possa propor o FDPI como uma droga para o tratamento da depressão.

<p>This thesis describes the use of copper and palladium to mediate transformations of carboranes, especially <i>p</i>-carborane.</p><p>1-(1-<i>p</i>-carboranyl)-<i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-(2-butyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide, a carborane containing analogue of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligand PK11195, has been synthesised. A key step in the reaction is the copper (I) mediated coupling of p-carborane with ethyl 1-bromo-isoquinoline-3-carboxylate. </p><p><i>p</i>-Carborane has been arylated on the 2-<i>B</i>-atom in high yields, using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Thus the reaction between 2-I-<i>p</i>-carborane and various arylboronic acids [1-naphthyl-, phenyl-, 4-MeO-C₆H₄-, 3-CH₃CONH-C₆H₄-, 4-NC-C₆H₄-, 3-NO₂-C₆H₄-], gave the corresponding 2-aryl-<i>p</i>-carboranes in DME solution when reacted in the presence of cesium fluoride and the catalytic Pd₂(dba)₃–dppb system. Under the same conditions, the boron-boron bond forming reaction of two <i>p</i>-carboranylboronic esters (2-[(pinacolato)boron]-<i>p</i>-carborane and 2-[(neopentyl glycolato)boron]-p-carborane) was also shown feasible.</p><p><i>p</i>-Carborane has been vinylated on the 2-<i>B</i>-atom in high yields by use of the Heck reaction. The coupling between 2-I-<i>p</i>-carborane and various styrenes [4-H-, 4-C₆H₄-, 4-Cl , 4-Br-, 4-NO₂-, 4-CH3O- and 4 CH₃ ] resulted in the formation of the corresponding<i>trans</i>-β-(2-<i>B</i>-<i>p</i>-carboranyl) styrene in DMF solution when reacted in the presence of silver phosphate and the palladacycle Herrmann´s catalyst. The reaction was shown to proceed at higher rate with electron rich than with electron deficient olefins.</p><p>The feasibility of palladium-catalysed isotopic exchange of an iodinated closo-carborane with a radioisotope of iodine has been studied. 2-I-<i>p</i>-carborane was selected as a model compound. It was shown, that such isotopic exchange is possible and provides a high yield (83 ± 4.2 %) during 40 min long reaction. The reaction conditions were optimised, and it was demonstrated that presence of the tetra n-butylammonium hydrogensulphate is important in order to stabilise catalyst and provide reproducibility of labelling. In this work we have modified the methodology and extended the application to a wider range of iodinated carboranes. By the use of Herrmann’s catalyst in toluene at 100 °C this [¹²⁵I]-iodide labelling could be improved and extended. 2-I-<i>p</i>- 9-I-<i>m</i>-, 9-I-<i>o</i>-, 3-I-<i>o</i>-carborane, 1-phenyl-3-I-<i>o</i>-carborane and 1,2-diphenyl-3-I-<i>o</i>-carborane could be [¹²⁵I]-iodide labelled in high to excellent yields within 5 minutes.This reported palladium catalyzed radio-iodination of the uncharged closo-carboranes might find use in pharmacokinetic studies of carborane derivatives.</p>

This thesis describes the use of copper and palladium to mediate transformations of carboranes, especially p-carborane. 1-(1-p-carboranyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-butyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide, a carborane containing analogue of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligand PK11195, has been synthesised. A key step in the reaction is the copper (I) mediated coupling of p-carborane with ethyl 1-bromo-isoquinoline-3-carboxylate. p-Carborane has been arylated on the 2-B-atom in high yields, using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Thus the reaction between 2-I-p-carborane and various arylboronic acids [1-naphthyl-, phenyl-, 4-MeO-C6H4-, 3-CH3CONH-C6H4-, 4-NC-C6H4-, 3-NO2-C6H4-], gave the corresponding 2-aryl-p-carboranes in DME solution when reacted in the presence of cesium fluoride and the catalytic Pd2(dba)3–dppb system. Under the same conditions, the boron-boron bond forming reaction of two p-carboranylboronic esters (2-[(pinacolato)boron]-p-carborane and 2-[(neopentyl glycolato)boron]-p-carborane) was also shown feasible. p-Carborane has been vinylated on the 2-B-atom in high yields by use of the Heck reaction. The coupling between 2-I-p-carborane and various styrenes [4-H-, 4-C6H4-, 4-Cl , 4-Br-, 4-NO2-, 4-CH3O- and 4 CH3 ] resulted in the formation of the correspondingtrans-β-(2-B-p-carboranyl) styrene in DMF solution when reacted in the presence of silver phosphate and the palladacycle Herrmann´s catalyst. The reaction was shown to proceed at higher rate with electron rich than with electron deficient olefins. The feasibility of palladium-catalysed isotopic exchange of an iodinated closo-carborane with a radioisotope of iodine has been studied. 2-I-p-carborane was selected as a model compound. It was shown, that such isotopic exchange is possible and provides a high yield (83 ± 4.2 %) during 40 min long reaction. The reaction conditions were optimised, and it was demonstrated that presence of the tetra n-butylammonium hydrogensulphate is important in order to stabilise catalyst and provide reproducibility of labelling. In this work we have modified the methodology and extended the application to a wider range of iodinated carboranes. By the use of Herrmann’s catalyst in toluene at 100 °C this [125I]-iodide labelling could be improved and extended. 2-I-p- 9-I-m-, 9-I-o-, 3-I-o-carborane, 1-phenyl-3-I-o-carborane and 1,2-diphenyl-3-I-o-carborane could be [125I]-iodide labelled in high to excellent yields within 5 minutes.This reported palladium catalyzed radio-iodination of the uncharged closo-carboranes might find use in pharmacokinetic studies of carborane derivatives.

Le développement de plans synthétiques de molécules de complexité variable qui utilise des réactifs aisés d’accès et qui sont économes en atomes et en étapes est constamment au cœur des préoccupations du chimiste organicien pour accroître la diversité moléculaire de façon efficace et éco-responsable. La catalyse par les métaux de transition a permis de faire des progrès considérables dans la construction et la fonctionnalisation combinées d’hétérocycles d’intérêt à valeur ajoutée dans les sciences des produits naturels et les industries pharmaceutiques et phytosanitaires. Le principe synthétique consiste en l’enchaînement de processus standards élémentaires de transformations chimiques en un seul pot au sein de la sphère catalytique métallique. Un axe de progrès contemporain repose en particulier sur l’incorporation de processus de métallation catalytique de liaisons C-CO2H et C-H. Les travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans ce jeune domaine de recherche initié au cours de la dernière décennie par plusieurs équipes de recherche dont celle de Jieping Zhu de l’école polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne compte parmi les pionnières et les plus actives. Ils ont visé notamment à implémenter consécutivement aux processus standards de carbopalladation intramoléculaire d’ortho-halogéno allénamides de Grigg de construction d’hétérocycles azotés très variés, d’une part des réactions d’allylation directe de la liaison C-H d’hétérocycles et d’énamides et d’autre part d’allylation décarboxylante d’acides propioliques. Après avoir évalué la réactivité des complexes pi-allypalladium conjugués à un atome d’azote dans la réaction, l’allylation directe de la laison C-H d’oxadiazoles et de 1,3-diazoles à fort caractère acide ainsi que des énamides, des séquences originales de construction et d’hétéroarylation combinées pallado-catalysées d’isoquinolinones et d’indoles ont été établies. Un protocole séquencé conduit en un seul pot et basé sur la génération in situ des allénamides, qui ne sont plus isolées, suivie de la réaction de construction et d’hétéroarylation combinées pallado-catalysée a ensuite été mis au point. Il a été exploité pour la préparation d’indoles, 1(2H)-isoquinoléïnones, isoquinoléïnes mais également des hétérocycles de taille supérieure, benzo-(2H)-azépine et benzo-(2H)-azocine intégrant des oxadiazoles et oxa(thia)zoles. Une première étude d’extension du concept synthétique a finalement été ciblée sur la construction et la propargylation combinée de la large gamme d’hétérocycles azotés obtenus précédemment en utilisant les acides propioliques comme partenaire de couplage. / The design of efficient and eco-friendly atom and step-economical synthetic plans of molecules using highly available starting materials is one of major objectives of organic chemist. Transition metal catalysis has allowed a bold step to build and functionalize consecutively, through a one-pot reaction, major nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are broadly present into numerous natural products, pharmaceutics and agrochemicals. The catalysis is based upon tandem inner-sphere elemental chemical transformations and one of major current challenge is to implement catalytic metallation of C-CO2H and C-H bonds. Involved in this young field of research initiated since the past decade from sevaral groups including pioneering and high active Jieping Zhu team of the Polytechnic School of Lausanne, the present study has been directed towards the design of innovative palladium-catalyzed domino Grigg nitrogen-containing heterocycles building through ortho-halogeno allenamides intramolecular carbopalladation process followed by direct C-H allylation of heterocycles and enamides or direct decarboxylative allylation of propiolic acids. After demonstrating the reactivity of nitrogen-conjugated pi-allypalladium complex in direct C-H allylation of acidic heterocycles, first palladium-catalyzed tandem build and heteroarylation of 1(2H)-isoquinoleinone and indole from ortho-halogeno allenamides was first envisaged. Efforts were next directed to the setting up of a one-pot protocol including in situ generation of allenamide followed by palladium-catalyzed domino building and functionalization of heterocycles. It was then hugely evaluated to the preparation of indole, 1(2H)-isoquinoleinones, isoquinolins as well as high-membred ring heterocycles such as benzo-(2H)-azepine and benzo-(2H)-azocine embedding with oxadiazoles and oxa(thia)zoles. An first extended synthetic concept towards the palladium-catalyzed tandem build and propargylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles using sevral propiolic acids as coupling partners.