We compute the Groebner basis of a system of polynomial equations related to the Jacobian conjecture using a recursive formula for the Catalan numbers. / En este artículo calculamos la base de Groebner de un sistema polinomial de ecuaciones relacionada con la conjetura del jacobiano utilizando una fórmula recursiva para los numeros de Catalan.

In the adaptive finite element method, the solution of a p.d.e. is approximated from finer and finer meshes, which are controlled by error estimators. So, starting from a given coarse mesh, some elements are subdivided a couple of times. We investigate the question of avoiding instabilities which limit this process from the fact that nodal coordinates of one element coincide in more and more leading digits. In a previous paper the stable calculation of the Jacobian matrices of the element mapping was given for straight line triangles, quadrilaterals and hexahedrons. Here, we generalize this ideas to linear and quadratic triangles on curved boundaries.

Les formules de Thomae classiques (1869) permettent de relier au moyen d'une relation algébrique les points branches d'une courbe hyperelliptique avec les thêta constantes de sa jacobienne. Ces formules donnent notamment un moyen de calculer les thêta constantes d'une courbe hyperelliptique connaissant ses points de ramification ou bien, à l'inverse, de retrouver la courbe en connaissant le theta null point de sa jacobienne. Ceci fournit une réalisation effective du théorème de Torelli. Plus récemment, plusieurs auteurs dont Zemel et Farkas ont proposé une généralisation de ces formules pour des courbes cycliques totalement ramifiées sur la droite projective. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à une généralisation de ces formules pour des courbes galoisiennes résolubles de degré n sur la droite projective. La construction de telles formules suit la stratégie décrite par Farkas et Zemel. Cependant, les points non totalement ramifiés ne décrivent pas des points de n-torsion de la Jacobienne de la courbe via l'application d'Abel-Jacobi. Pour remédier à cet obstacle, nous composons T par theta, où T agit comme une moyenne décrite par un sous-groupe du groupe de Galois de la courbe possédant certaines propriétés. Afin de décrire les zéros de translatés de cette application composée, nous écrivons un analogue du théorème de Riemann sur les zéros de theta. Enfin, nous exhibons un exemple d'une courbe définie par un revêtement de degré 2 suivi de deux revêtements de degré 3 dans laquelle on obtient des formules de Thomae généralisées. / The classical Thomae formulae (1869) provide algebraic relations between the branch points of an hyperelliptic curve and the theta constants of its Jacobian. These formula can be seen as a way to calculate these theta constants from the data of the ramification points of the hyperelliptic curve or in the other way around, to find the curve whose Jacobian is given by its theta null point. This can be seen as an effective version of Torelli's theorem. More recently, several authors including Zemel and Farkas have proposed a generalization of these formula for cyclic curves that are totally ramified on the projective line. In this thesis, we are interested in a generalization of these formula for curves of degree n with a solvable Galois group over the projective line. The construction of such formula follows the strategy developed by Farkas and Zemel. However, the points that are not totally ramified don't describe n-torsion points on the Jacobian of the curve via the Abel-Jacobi map. In order to solve this difficulty, we consider the composed map of T by theta, where T is a mean described by a sub-group of the Galois group of the curve with several properties. We write an analogous of the Riemann's theorem in order to describe the zeros of translates of this composed map. Finally, we show an example of a curve defined by a cover of degree 2 followed by two covers of degree 3 for which we can compute generalized Thomae formulae.

Cette thèse concerne des propriétés des variétés jacobiennes de courbes de genre 2 qui couvrent des courbes elliptiques. Soit E une courbe plane, donnée par une équation y^2=F(x), où F(x)=x^3+a2x^2+a1x+a0 est un polynôme à coefficients rationnels, qui a trois racines distinctes. Pour des raisons historiques, une telle courbe est appelée courbe elliptique. On sait que toute courbe elliptique E peut être équipée d'une structure de groupe commutatif - on peut additionner et soustraire ses points. Un point O « à l'infini », qui est contenu dans toutes les droites verticales (droites de la forme x=c), est l'élément neutre. Cette structure de groupe est décrite par la condition que trois points P,Q,R sur E satisfont P+Q+R=O si et seulement s'ils sont alignés. Les surfaces avec une structure de groupe commutatif sont appelées abéliennes. Par exemple, un produit de deux courbes elliptiques E1xE2 est une surface abélienne, de façon évidente. Considérons maintenant une courbe plane C donnée par une équation y^2=G(x), où G(x)=x^6+b5x^5+b4x^4+b3x^3+b2x^2+b1x+b0 est un polynôme à coefficients rationnels, qui a six racines distinctes. La courbe C est appelée hyperelliptique et n'a pas de structure de groupe. Par contre, nous pouvons lui associer, d'une façon naturelle, une surface abélienne Jac(C), appelée la jacobienne de C. En plus, nous pouvons plonger C dans Jac(C). Certaines courbes hyperelliptiques sont spéciales car elles couvrent des courbes elliptiques. Par exemple, considérons une courbe C donnée par l'équation y^2=x^6+ax^4+bx^2+c, dans laquelle seulement des puissances paires de x apparaissent. Si (x,y) est un point de cette courbe alors de même (-x,y), et nous pouvons définir une application algébrique f:(x,y)->(x^2,y) de degré 2, c'est-à-dire, de fibre générale à deux points. Alors (X,Y)=(x^2,y) est un point de la courbe elliptique E donnée par Y^2=X^3+aX^2+bX+c et nous disons que C est un revêtement double de E. Si E1 est une courbe elliptique, si C est une courbe hyperelliptique, et si C->E1 est un revêtement de degré n qui n'est pas une composition de revêtements, alors nous pouvons plonger E1 dans la surface Jac(C) comme un sous-groupe. De plus, il existe une autre courbe elliptique E2 et un revêtement C->E2 de degré n, tel que la surface Jac(C) a une propriété spéciale - elle peut être obtenue comme quotient de la surface E1xE2 par un sous-groupe fini. Le chapitre 1 de cette thèse traite les aspects géométriques de cette situation. Nous cherchons à savoir quelles courbes peuvent avoir une telle relation et nous nous concentrons surtout sur les cas n=2 et n=3, qui ont déjà été analysés dans la littérature. Dans le cas général, nous obtenons quelques résultats, mais une description complète s'avère très difficile de manière explicite. Le chapitre 2 traite les aspects arithmétiques de la situation, via la théorie des fonctions hauteurs, qui sont un outil très utile pour répondre à des questions concernant des points rationnels de courbes et surfaces. Pour tout nombre rationnel x=a/b, avec a et b des entiers premiers entre eux, on définit la hauteur h(x) de x, de façon très précise, comme une mesure de sa complexité arithmétique - la hauteur dit approximativement combien de chiffres sont nécessaires pour écrire les entiers a et b. De la même façon, la hauteur d'un point rationnel d'une courbe ou surface nous dit combien de chiffres ont les coordonnées. Par exemple, (3,5) et (1749/1331,-1861/1331) sont deux points rationnels de complexités plutôt différentes de la courbe y^2=x^3-x+1, tandis que (2,√7) n'est pas un point rationnel. Il est possible d'attacher une hauteur aux courbes elliptiques et aux surfaces abéliennes qui mesure leur complexité arithmétique totale. Une relation spécifique entre ces deux notions de hauteur est alors conjecturée et nous étudions cette conjecture dans la situation décrite plus haut. Nous montrons que cette relation est vraie pour E1xE2 si et seulement si elle est vraie pour Jac(C). / This thesis deals with properties of Jacobians of genus two curves that cover elliptic curves. Let E be a curve in the plane, given by an equation y^2=F(x), where F(x)=x^3+a2x^2+a1x+a0 is a polynomial with rational coefficients and with three distinct roots. For historical reasons, such a curve is known as an elliptic curve. It is known that every elliptic curve E can be equipped with a structure of a commutative group - its points can be added and subtracted. A point O "at infinity", which is contained in all vertical lines (lines of form x=c), is the neutral element. This group structure is described by the condition that three points P,Q,R in E satisfy P+Q+R=O if and only if they are collinear. Surfaces with a commutative group structure are called abelian. For example, a product of two elliptic curves E1xE2 is an abelian surface in the obvious way. Next we consider a planar curve C given by an equation y^2=G(x), where G(x)=x^6+b5x^5+b4x^4+b3x^3+b2x^2+b1x+b0 is a polynomial with rational coefficients and six distinct roots. The curve C is called hyperelliptic and it does not have a group structure. However, we can associate to it, in a natural way, an abelian surface Jac(C), called the Jacobian of C. Moreover, we can embed C into it. Some hyperelliptic curves, of the form y^2=G(x) as above, are special because they cover elliptic curves. For example, consider a curve C given by y^2=x^6+ax^4+bx^2+c, so that only even powers of x appear. If (x,y) is a point on this curve then so is (-x,y) and we can define an algebraic map f:(x,y)->(x^2,y), that is of degree 2, i.e. 2-to-1. Now (X,Y)=(x^2,y) is a point on the elliptic curve E given by Y^2=X^3+aX^2+bX+c and we say that C is a double cover of E. If E1 is an elliptic curve, C is a hyperelliptic curve, and C->E1 is an n-to-1 covering that is not a composition of coverings, then we can embed E1 into the surface Jac(C) as a subgroup. Moreover, there exists another elliptic curveE2 and an n-to-1 covering C->E2, such that the surface Jac(C) has a special property - it can be obtained as the quotient of the surface E1xE2 by a finite subgroup. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the geometric aspects of this setup. We investigate which curves can form this special relationship and we focus mostly on the cases n=2 and n=3, which have already been analysed in literature. We also gain some insight into the general case, but a full description proves to be very difficult computationally. The second chapter deals with the arithmetic aspects of the setup, via the theory of height functions, which are a very useful tool in answering questions about rational points on curves and surfaces. For every rational number x=a/b, where a and b are coprime integers, one can define its height h(x), in a very precise way, as a measurement of its arithmetic complexity - the height roughly tells us how many digits are needed to write down the integers a and b. Likewise, the height of a rational point on a curve or surface tells us about the number of digits of the coordinates. For example, (3,5) and (1749/1331,-1861/1331) are two rational points of rather different complexity on the curve y^2=x^3-x+1, while (2,√7) is not a rational point. It is also possible to associate a height to an elliptic curve or an abelian surface and measure its arithmetic complexity as a whole. A specific relation between these two heights is conjectured and we investigate it in the context of the setup above. We show that this relation holds for E1xE2 if and only if it holds for Jac(C).

Master of Science / Department of Mathematics / Ilia Zharkov / When considering an unramified double cover π: C’→ C of nonsingular algebraic curves, the Prym variety (P; θ) of the cover arises from the sheet exchange involution of C’ via extension to the Jacobian J(C’). The Prym is defined to be the anti-invariant (odd) part of this induced map on J(C’), and it carries twice a principal polarization of J(C’). The pair (P; θ), where θ is a representative of a theta divisor of J(C’) on P, makes the Prym a candidate for the Jacobian of another curve. In 1974, David Mumford proved that for an unramified double cover π : C’η →C of a plane quintic curve, where η is a point of order two in J(C), then the Prym (P; θ) is not a Jacobian if the theta characteristic L(η) is odd, L the hyperplane section. We sought to find an analog of Mumford's result in the tropical geometry setting. We consider the Prym variety of certain unramified double covers of three types of tropical plane quintics. Applying the theory of lattice dicings, which give affine invariants of the Prym lattice, we found that when the parity α(H3) is even, H3 the cycle associated to the hyperplane section and the analog to η in the classical setting, then the Prym is not a Jacobian, and is a Jacobian when the parity is odd.

Rhythmic motion is ubiquitous in nature and technology. Various motions of organisms like the heart beating and walking require stable periodic execution. The stability of the rhythmic execution of human movement can be altered by neurological or orthopedic impairment. In robotics, successful development of legged robots heavily depends on the stability of the controlled limit-cycle. An accurate measure of the stability of rhythmic execution is critical to the diagnosis of several performed tasks like walking in human locomotion. Floquet multipliers have been widely used to assess the stability of a periodic motion. The conventional approach to extract the Floquet multipliers from actual data depends on the least squares method. We devise a new way to measure the Floquet multipliers with reduced bias and estimate orbital stability more accurately. We show that the conventional measure of the orbital stability has bias in the presence of noise, which is inevitable in every experiment and observation. Compared with previous method, the new method substantially reduces the bias, providing acceptable estimate of the orbital stability with fewer cycles even with different noise distributions or higher or lower noise levels. The new method can provide an unbiased estimate of orbital stability within a reasonably small number of cycles. This is important for experiments with human subjects or clinical evaluation of patients that require effective assessment of locomotor stability in planning rehabilitation programs. / Graduate / 2018-11-22

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18460号 / 医博第3915号 / 新制||医||1005(附属図書館) / 31338 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 平岡 眞寛, 教授 福山 秀直 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

We aim to investigate the stability of various stock-flow consistent economic models, and the potential causes for economic collapse therein. Through parameter sensitivity analysis, we study models that feature a public sector, an active central bank, and a household sector with independent consumption. Our final, most comprehensive economic system combines all of the intricacies of each model, prominently featuring a demand-driven economy that is stabilized by an expansionary monetary policy. In addition, we incorporate a climate module for each economic system, and analyze public sector intervention through carbon taxes and abatement subsidies. We find that the most common feature of economic instability is a lack of demand, driven by decreases in capital investment from firms, as well as a decline in household consumption. In order to maintain a stable growth path and prevent a permanent economic contraction, we propose the implementations of an expansionary monetary policy, increased public sector subsidies of abatement costs, and stricter carbon taxes. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

<p>This thesis proposes a new analytical self-adjoint sensitivity analysis to calculate the Jacobian of the <em>S</em>-parameters for metallic shape parameters. This method is independent of the full-wave numerical analysis and the respective system matrix. The theory works for both volumetric and infinitesimally thin metallic shapes. It exploits the computational efficiency of the self-adjoint sensitivity analysis (SASA) approach where only one EM simulation suffices to obtain both the responses and their gradients in the designable parameter space.</p> <p>There are three major advantages to this development: (1) the Jacobian computation for metallic structures is completely analytical and there is no approximation involved in the sensitivity analysis of shape parameters; (2) the implementation is straightforward and in the form of a post-processing algorithm operating on the exported field solutions on the surface or around the edge of the metallic structure; and (3) it provides the possibility for exact sensitivity analysis with all electromagnetic high-frequency simulators whose system matrices are not available to export or are not differentiable with respect to shape parameters, e.g., simulators based on the FDTD method and the MoM.</p> <p>The method was verified in a number of examples using a commercial finite-element solver. The agreement between the results calculated with the proposed method and the reference self-adjoint sensitivity curves provided with the simulator are very promising.</p> <p>Suggestions for future work are provided.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)