This thesis investigates the role Christian communities in the United States play in eco-justice work. Eco-justice is the recognition that human rights and environmental rights are indivisible. Christianity had a deep impact on Western culture in Europe during the Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment periods. Evangelizing and carrying out God’s will were used repeatedly as justification for the colonial escapades of European powers. The notion of a Covenant with God permeated American culture and influenced the identity of the nation and of American environmentalism. However, Christian communities were also active in resisting the exploitation of people and the Earth. Today, Christian communities and activists bring resources – both material and moral – to the fight for eco-justice, they provide a space for inclusive organizing, and they practice rituals that encourage an active, transformative hope for the world.

Despite its immense personal significance, procreation is an inherently other-regarding endeavor. By its very nature, the decision to procreate is the decision to bring into existence another morally considerable being, one who will be exposed to the full range of harms, benefits, and risks that accompany a typical human life, and one who cannot by its nature ever consent to being born. Moreover, when this decision is undertaken in a community of persons, it is also a decision to affect the lives of others in a host of profound (if often underappreciated) ways, from its effects on population size and environmental sustainability, to its consequences for a community's distribution of resources. In many cases, of course, these interests coincide: adults need children for their parenting projects, societies need citizens for the maintenance of their institutions, and children themselves are often happy to have been brought into existence. However, as a burgeoning literature is beginning to demonstrate, the various interests that are implicated by procreative decision-making can also come into conflict as well, and in ways that raise basic questions of justice. This thesis explores five of these questions, and in so doing, seeks to contribute to our understanding of the normative significance of procreation. Chapter One considers the relationship between procreation and child welfare, asking what role (if any) prospective children's interests play in limiting the scope of the right to procreate. Chapters Two and Three consider the relationship between procreation and parenthood, asking whether the act of creating a child generates special rights and/or obligations to parent that child. Chapter Four considers how the significant costs of procreation and parenting ought to be distributed through society, asking whether parents are responsible for paying the full cost of their childrearing projects, or whether childrearing costs should be shared in some way among parents and non-parents alike. Finally, Chapter Five considers our moral obligations to orphaned children, asking whether it is permissible to create new children in conditions where there are already existing children in need of parental care. While numerous positions are defended on each of these interrelated questions, one general conclusion runs through all of them: rather than being viewed as something that is immune from moral scrutiny, or as something that individuals have an unqualified right to do, procreation ought to be viewed as the site of potentially conflicting interests that must be carefully balanced against one another.

Corporations - their power and impact on society - are a neglected topic in political philosophy. In this thesis, I attempt to address this neglect by using the framework of Rawlsian justice to examine what corporations' relationship to social and international justice ought to be. The first part of the thesis is on domestic social justice. I urge that Rawlsians should not begin their inquiry by taking the corporate form as given because the corporation's existence requires a specific set of private-ordering and property rules to be in place. What we should ask, instead, is whether these rules are actually permitted by the two principles of justice as fairness. This question leads to an examination of different economic regimes that are compatible with Rawlsian justice. I focus on one particular regime - that of property-owning democracy. What I find is that while not all versions of property-owning democracy would permit the corporate form, some would actually welcome it due to the feature of 'the separation of ownership and control' that is typical of modern corporations. The second part of the thesis is on international justice. I argue that the best way to situate corporations in Rawls's theory of international justice - his Law of Peoples - is to connect them to the duty of assistance. This is not a straightforward task because a relatively strict reading of the duty of assistance would disallow treating corporations as primarily responsible for discharging it. However, a revisionist approach to the Law of Peoples shows that we can understand the duty of assistance as a part of transitional justice. The significance of this is that Rawls's prescribed ideal theory of international justice does not determine who the agents for transitional justice ought to be or the grounds for attributing responsibility to such agents. We are thus free to adopt David Miller's criteria for attribution of remedial responsibilities to assign to corporations responsibilities for the duty of assistance. What is more, in a particular area of international justice - that of fairness in trade - we can establish that corporations can be primary agents of transitional justice.

This paper deals with the concept of juslice considering its approaching from the abstraction or appreciation and the perception or action of coming to fruition in each social group. The concept of social group is emphasized, and, within this, the process how the justice is constructed. / El presente artículo trata de aproximarse al concepto de justicia desde la abstracción o valorización y la percepción o materialización que hace cada grupo social. Se resalta el concepto de grupo social y dentro de éste el proceso de construcción de la justicia.

Au XIXe siècle, différents genres du prétoire apparaissent pour représenter les procès, devenus publics avec la Révolution. À partir de 1825 avec le premier quotidien judiciaire, la Gazette des tribunaux, cette médiatisation du tribunal ne cesse de prendre de l’importance, aussi bien dans les journaux politiques que plus tard dans la presse bon marché et en 1887 leSyndicat de la Presse Judiciaire est fondé. Le genre journalistique repose sur deux prototypes : le grand compte rendu sténographique pour la cour d’assises et la petite chronique comique pour les débats de police correctionnelle. Non dépourvu de potentialités littéraires, celles-ci sont développées au cours du siècle dans des avatars de l’article venantenrichir sa poétique. Une presse spécialisée non quotidienne avec des titres comme L’Audience (1839) ou Le Tribunal illustré (1879) se révèle particulièrement innovante. De plus l’influence d’autres genres se fait sentir : la « cause célèbre du jour » désigne la chaîne médiatique entre fait divers et compte rendu qui se forme lors de procès retentissants, la« nouvelle chronique judiciaire » des années 1880 naît au confluent du compte rendu et du reportage, tandis que des rubriques comme les « souvenirs judiciaires » oscillent entre histoire et fiction. Enfin la rencontre des trois champs, littéraire, médiatique et judiciaire entraîne la création de « fictions du prétoire », prenant à la fois le procès pour objet et structure. On retrouve celles-ci dans différents domaines, la littérature panoramique, le roman mais aussi le théâtre. / In the 19th Century, new Court genres appeared to represent trials, which became public after the Revolution. Since 1825 when the first Court newspaper the Gazette des tribunaux was created, the popularization through the media of the Court became more and more successful, first in political newspapers, then later at the end of the century in cheap newspapers and in 1887 when the Court Press Union was founded. The newspaper genre is based on two prototypes: the stenographic report of the Crown Court and the comic little chronicle for the debates of the magistrate’s Court. They contained literary qualities, which were developed during the century in some changes of the article, which enriched her poetics. A specializedpress, which was not daily, entitled L’Audience (1839) or Le Tribunal illustré (1879) turned out to be very innovative. But other genres were also influential: the “ cause célèbre du jour” was a media chain between a “fait divers” and a report created during resounding trials; the new “ Court chronicle “ of the 1880s appeared between a review and a report and some columns like « les souvenirs judiciaires » were situated between History and Fiction. Finally, when the literary, media, and Court fields met, it created the « court fictions », in which trial was at the same time the main subject and the structure. We find them in different fields: in panoramic literature, in novels and also in plays.

abstract: Environmental Justice Witnessing in the Modernist Poetry of Lola Ridge, Muriel Rukeyser, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Elizabeth Bishop analyzes the poetic forms used by four modernist American women poets to trace depictions of social oppression that are tied to specific landscapes. My focus is on what I term "environmental justice witnessing," which I define as accounts that testify to experiences of injustices that affect humans and the environments they inhabit. Integrating theories of witnessing, which to date have focused exclusively on humans, with environmental justice criticism, I fashion a lens that highlights the interconnectedness of social and environmental problems. In this way, I theorize the study of texts of witness and how they document the decay, disease, and exploitation of urban and rural landscapes in the twentieth century. In this dissertation, I focus on Lola Ridge's "The Ghetto" (1918), Muriel Rukeyser's "The Book of the Dead" (1938), Gwendolyn Brooks' "In the Mecca" (1968), and poems about Brazil from Elizabeth Bishop's Questions of Travel (1965) and New Poems (1979). I argue that these women poets depict environmental injustices as an inherent facet of social injustice and do so by poetically connecting human bodies to environmental bodies through sound, diction, figurative language, and imagery. In Environmental Justice Witnessing, I expand arguments made by environmental scholars about the exchange of environmental elements among humans, animals, and landscapes to include the way poets reflect this transfer poetically. The poetry of Ridge, Rukeyser, Brooks, and Bishop allows me to investigate the ways the categories of race, gender, and class, typically thought of as human qualities, are integrally tied to the geographic, national, and cultural bounds in which those categories are formulated. This argument has clear implications on the study of poetry and its environmental contexts as it invites discussions of the transnational conceptions of global citizenship, examinations of the relationships among communities, the environment, and overarching power structures, and arguments surrounding the ways that poetry as art can bring about long-term social and environmental awareness. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2015

Cette thèse porte sur la théorie de la justice comme égal respect et sollicitude de Ronald Dworkin. Nous y étudions l’interaction entre ses principes et le développement de l’identité de l’agent. L’intuition qui l’anime concerne le problème de la commensurabilité posé par les compréhensions de la justice fondées en égale liberté : comment s’assurer que les individus disposent réellement d’une liberté égale? Nous suggérons que l’actualisation de l’égal respect et sollicitude aurait pour effet secondaire l’assimilation du sujet aux circonstances qui l’entourent à cause des comparaisons nécessaires à l’identification de son dû. Cette dynamique se manifesterait par une différenciation nuisible au maintien du lien politique de la communauté. L’égalité libérale devrait donc accorder une importance particulière à l’éducation comme développement de la capacité d’action. En appui sur les deux principes de dignité humaine, nous proposons une conception libérale de l’éducation. / This thesis is about Ronald Dworkin’s conception of justice as equal respect and concern from which we study the interaction between its principles and the development of personal identity. The idea behind it is that justice as equal liberty involves a problem of commensurability : how do we ascertain that each individual really has an equal share of freedom? Our hypothesis is that the structure through which equal respect and concern is made tangible may have the side effect of dictating membership, whereby one’s identity is fused with his circumstances, on account of the comparison needed to evaluate what he is entitled to. This dynamic would result in a differentiation which weaken the political bonds within the community. Therefore, liberal equality should give education a special place, as a mean of developing agency and its resilience. Using as stepping stones the two principles of human dignity, we define what a liberal education would entail.

Si l’étude de la mouvance dite « communautarienne » semble si digne d’attention, c’est précisément parce que ses arguments ne sont pas avancés au nom de communautés closes et régressives mais au nom de la démocratie elle-même. Le « communautarisme philosophique » qui nous intéresse ici se distingue radicalement d’une vision ethnique ou holistique du lien politique. De façon synthétique, l’argument communautarien soutient la priorité du bien sur le juste (right), priorité au double sens d’un primat politique et d’une antériorité morale et culturelle, c’est-à-dire du contenu du bien sur les procédures garantissant l’équité. Inversement, pour les « libéraux », la priorité du juste sur le bien signifie que les droits individuels ne peuvent pas être sacrifiés au nom d’un bien commun, et que les principes de justice (les droits fondamentaux) ne peuvent être dérivés d’une conception du bien et doivent au contraire être établis indépendamment de toute conception du bien. Libéral, John Rawls, situe le malaise de la tradition démocratique par l’incapacité de cette dernière à articuler de manière équitable les notions de liberté et de l’égalité. S’amorce ainsi un débat, pour les communautariens, autour de la définition de l’identité démocratique : le politique et le culturel précèdent-t-ils le droit ou les droits subjectifs libéraux l’emportent toujours par leur priorité ? / If the study of the movement known as ‘‘communitarianism’’ seams worthy of attention, this is precisely because its arguments are not advanced on behalf of regressed and closed communities but in the name of democracy itself. The ‘‘philosophical communitarianism’’ that interests us here is radically different vision of holistic ethnic or political link. In brief, the communitarian argument supports the priority of the good on the right, priority in the double meaning of a primate politic and has a prior moral and cultural anteriority, that is to say, the content of the course procedures guaranteeing fairness. Conversely, for the liberals, priority of the right over the good means that individuals rights can’t be sacrified in the name of a common good, and that the principles of justice (human rights) cannot be derived from a conception of the good and instead must be established independently of any conception of the good. Liberal, John Rawls, situates the discomfort of the democratic tradition by the inability of the latter was handed manner to articulate the concepts of liberty and equality. Begins as a debate, for communitarians, around the definition of democratic identity : do the political and the cultural define the right or are the liberal subjective rights won by their priority?

This Master's Thesis deals with the issue of crime victim in criminology. The aim of this work is to create an integrated document that presents a current victimological knowledge and to evaluate current law in this area in the (relatively new) Statute about crime victims and eventually to propose changes where convenient. Besides the introduction and the conclusion, the thesis consists of eight chapters, which are then further divided into relevant subsections. The first presents historical insight into the role of a victim in criminal proceedings. The second introduces victimology, a science about victims, which is usually perceived as a part of criminology. Further chapters of the thesis deals with main areas of victimology. It is biological and psychological characteristics of a victim in the third chapter and victimization process in chapter four, including the role of a victim in her victimization and a relationship between her and an offender. It also deals with the role of victims in criminal proceedings. The sixth chapter consider means of help provided to victims by both, lay persons and professionals, especially by a range of nongovernmental organisations, eg. Bílý kruh bezpečí. Another important issue is informing of the society and education of the public in order to prevent crimes in...

Portant sur la consistance historique de la « justice internationale », cette thèse essaie de repérer et d’analyser certains des grands processus ayant eu part à la formation historique, depuis deux siècles environ, d’une judiciabilité universaliste. Par judiciabilité, elle désigne et se donne pour objet une forme historique d’autorité, à la fois générale et spécifique. Cherchant à réduire l’écart entre sociologies de l’institutionnalisation des cours internationales et sociologies du jugement, elle s’écarte ainsi des perspectives centrées sur telle ou telle juridiction en particulier, des rapprochements opérés entre certaines juridictions en raison d’un horizon normatif commun supposé comme des comparaisons à l’aune d’une éventuelle fonction politique. Par judiciabilité universaliste plus précisément, elle entend une forme d’autorité liée à l’ensemble approximativement systématique des connotations de l’expression « justice internationale », c’est-à-dire à un certain horizon de sens : il en va en l’occurrence de justice et de guerre et de paix, d’apaisement et de réconciliation, d’attentes de consolation, de réforme, voire de délivrance. Fondée sur un présentisme de méthode, privilégiant les expériences de justice internationale les plus intensives, qui se trouvent être aussi les plus récentes, la thèse tente de démontrer deux choses : premièrement, que la consistance historique de la justice internationale ne saurait être saisie sans que l’on s’intéresse à des processus de relativement longue durée - deuxièmement, que dans ce champ de judiciabilité universaliste dont la formation s’étend sur deux siècles se multiplient, outre les enjeux normatifs, les enjeux de vérité. / This dissertation addresses the concrete historicity of “international justice”. It tries to map and analyze some important processes involved in the formation of a universalist judiciability since the 19th Century. By “judiciability”, it highlights a historical form of authority, general as well as specific – the very object of the inquiry. It therefore endeavours to bridge the gap between the sociology of the institutionalization of international courts on the one hand and the sociology of justice in action on the other and departs from analyses focusing on such or such international court, from assumptions of a common normative horizon allowing connections to be made between various courts, and from comparisons between courts and their respective political function, if any. More precisely, “universalist judiciability” refers to a form of authority associated with a particular horizon of meaning, the approximately systematic set of connotations of the phrase “international justice”: it is about justice and war and peace, appeasement, and reconciliation, expectations of solace, reform, or even wordly redemption. Based on a methodological presentism, the dissertation’s primary focus is on the most intensive experiments in international justice, which also happen to be the most recent ones. Two claims are made: firstly, that the concrete historicity of “international justice” cannot be grasped properly if due attention is not paid to relatively long range processes- secondly, that besides normative issues issues of truth have been multiplying in this field of universalist judiciability whose historical formation spans two centuries.