Restorative justice emerged in the western world as an alternative to the existing retributive penal system. An alternative that no longer relied on lawyers and judges to resolve criminal matters and community disputes, but rather empowered victims, offenders, and community members to do justice themselves. Throughout the past thirty years restorative justice has distanced itself from the traditional criminal justice system by focusing on repairing the harm caused by an offence rather than charging an offender for committing a crime against the state. This study focuses on the institutionalization of restorative justice. Specifically, this thesis conducts a content analysis of five Canada institutionalized restorative justice programs with the purpose of answering one primary research question. This question asks: are institutionalized restorative justice programs within Canada structured to reflect the core values of restorative justice? In order to answer this question, this thesis analyzes all the available textual documents pertaining to the five selected restorative justice programs for evidence of core restorative justice values and values associated with the co-opting institution, the retributive criminal justice system. This thesis concludes that yes, the five analyzed restorative programs are structured to reflect the core values of restorative justice. Although, the programs are also structured to reflect the core values of the current political ideology of neo-liberalism.

This thesis aims to do what the poem Job 28 is trying to do in the Book of Job, which is to focus on prescribed biblical wisdom practice in order to ‘bring wisdom back down to earth’ within a discussion concerning divine justice (Job 22-31). Chapter 1 introduces what a “wisdom reading” is and why it is necessary. Chapters 2-5 of this thesis give a close reading of Job 28:1-28 and includes an intentional dialogue between how the words, phrase, and theological concepts are used in the poem and in the main three bible wisdom texts (Job, Proverbs and Qoheleth). Chapter 6 discusses the implications of reading Job 28 in light of its biblical wisdom tradition. Job 28 speaks of a hidden wisdom, but it is not obvious how this prescribed wisdom (“fear of God and avoiding evil”) is connected to divine justice until the poem is read within the of context of the three main biblical wisdom books (Job, Proverbs, Qoheleth). A close reading of Job 28:1-1 and 12-28 within the context of the biblical wisdom tradition, challenges the reader to redefine what the book of Job is saying about wisdom in ethical terms and, therefore, also provokes a redefinition of the divine gaze upon the earth in terms of divine justice. In this thesis, we shall see how wisdom and divine justice are both rooted in earthly matters. It is only when viewed as “down-to-earth” matters that we see that they are related to each other in sapiential literature, especially in Job 28. If ‘wisdom’ is understood as proper conduct on earth (avoiding evil action, Job 28:28b) prompted by an understanding that God gazes on this earth he created (fear of the Lord, Job 28:28a), then divine justice is to be understood as divine regulation of that proper conduct and attitude.

Using longitudinal data from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime and findings from qualitative interviews, it was found that the Children's Hearings system, in relation to young people referred on offending grounds, had no significant effect on the levels of self-reported offending in those referred to the Children's Hearings system, compared with a matched sample who had no contact with the system. In addition, no differences were found between a smaller matched sample who were placed on a Supervision Requirement and those with no contact with the system. The interventions provided within Supervision Requirements are argued to be ineffective and do not reflect the contemporary literature on effective practice. Interactions with the Children's Hearings system were not found to support labelling or deterrence theories. However, the gatekeeping practices of the police appeared to be biased and labelling in effect. The diversionary approach of the Children's Hearings system was supported through the finding that the majority of cohort members desisted from offending without requiring formal measures. It is argued that the functioning of the system could be improved by diverting more young people with offending behaviours prior to their referral to the Reporter (on the basis of their low risk and low levels of criminogenic needs). The small number of high risk offenders with high levels of criminogenic needs, who are unlikely to desist naturally, should receive structured interventions that reflect current findings in relation to effective practice.

Le mémoire de maîtrise aborde les considérations économiques entourant la conférence de règlement à I ‘amiable (CRA). L'émergence de la CRA se fait dans un contexte où les tribunaux sont aux prises avec d’importants problèmes administratifs. Dans les discours recensé, le principal objectif de cette mesure est de diminuer les coûts et les délais de l'accès à la justice. Un constat initial, menant à notre problématique, a cependant été fait : aucun cadre scientifique économique n'est mobilisé dans les différents discours pour justifier le potentiel de la CRA de faire baisser les coûts judiciaires, de procéder plus rapidement ou d'améliorer l'efficacité du système judiciaire. Ainsi, dans le mémoire nous tentons d'éclairer les considérations économiques entourant la CRA. Le mémoire comporte un deuxième niveau d'analyse; il effectue une analyse comparative des considérations économiques entre 'AED, la littérature scientifique entourant les PRD et le discours des acteurs sociaux. La recherche indique que, dans son ensemble, le bilan d'efficacité économique de la médiation judiciaire est mitigé. La CRA comporte certains avantages économiques, mais également de nombreux inconvénients. Le travail démontre également qu'il peut y avoir plusieurs manières de concevoir la nature de la médiation et sa finalité. Dans notre recherche, nous avons constaté qu'il existe un manque quant à la collecte et au traitement des données économiques. Ce mémoire propose qu'il serait intéressant pour des études subséquentes de se pencher sur la formulation d'indicateurs et d'un cadre scientifique économique pour analyser les phénomènes législatifs tels que la CRA.

The spread of human immunodeficiency virus and other infection through drug injecting and sexual risk behaviour raises important considerations for social policy. The aims of this thesis are broadly two-fold. First, to explore and understand more about the influences on drug injectors' risk behaviour and how these influences might operate inside and outside prison. Second, to consider the impact of policy on drug injectors' lives and subsequent risk behaviour. To examine these issues a qualitative approach was adopted. Four research methods were used: in-depth interviews, a vignette, small group discussions and diary field notes. Drug injectors were contacted in the community and a total of 24 drug injectors with prison experience participated. The empirical component of the research was underpinned by the development of a new theoretical framework towards conceptualising risk behaviour. Inductive and deductive qualitative data analysis categorised perceptions of risk into three broad themes revolving around risky situations, influences on and mechanisms of risk reduction, and responses to risk behaviour. Drug injectors' views and experiences on three policy topics - the role and operation of prison drug and injecting equipment markets, mandatory drug testing, and substitute drug prescribing - were explored. This thesis raises important implications for the ways drug injectors' risk behaviour is understood and how policy responses can be better informed. Ultimately, there is a need for policies to reduce drug-related harm amongst drug injectors, especially when they spend time inside prison. That this is missing from current policy agendas results in people putting themselves and others at risk of infection.

<p> This research examines how clean air advocates and authorities at the regional air pollution control district conceptualize and communicate about air pollution and environmental injustice in California&rsquo;s San Joaquin Valley. Philosophies of justice, framing, and social movement building strategies were analyzed through two case studies of campaigns that produced changes at the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District aimed at advancing public health and environmental justice. Research methods included archival analysis, semi-structured interviews, and auto-ethnographic accounting of the researcher&rsquo;s involvement in the campaigns.</p><p> Findings demonstrate that despite varying social constructions of the San Joaquin Valley&rsquo;s air pollution problems by advocates and authorities in terms of philosophies of justice, framing, and some of the strategies promoted to create clean air, these two groups cited several examples of how these case studies have resulted in emissions reductions for impacted communities and advanced environmental justice. Both groups also critiqued the political economy of the Valley, demonstrating how deeply rooted and pervasive air pollution and environmental injustice are in the region. These shared critiques and successes reveal that although these groups and individuals have notably divergent approaches on many issues, common ground can still be found through creatively harnessed conflict and negotiation.</p>

Thesis advisor: Michael Kelly / This thesis is an assessment of the notion of justice through the eyes of various philosophers including Aristotle, Montesquieu, the Federalists/Anti-Federalists, Rawls, and Sandel. These philosophies of justice are then applied to the Republican and Democratic platforms to assess which platform is the most just. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Carroll School of Management Honors Program. / Discipline: Philosophy Honors Program. / Discipline: Philosophy.

This dissertation is a philosophical inquiry into the problem of the slums that develop in and around large cities in the Global South, considered in the context of globalization. I argue first that theories of global justice must consider this new human condition engendered by the global slums; second, that the language of alienation and dignity is crucial to conceptions of global poverty; third, that this alienation is in large part predicated on the exploitation of women's labor; and finally, that this dignitarian response to alienation is a critical addition to the Capabilities Approach.

Much of contemporary mainstream political philosophy operates under the assumption that if reasonable people deliberate about matters of basic justice in the right conditions, agreement will emerge. This assumption implies that although reasonable people will likely disagree about private matters concerning the nature of the good life, they will nonetheless agree about public matters of justice. I reject this assumption, and in this dissertation I argue that reasonable people are likely to experience deep and persistent disagreements about matters of basic justice. I concede that there are some domains of justice where broad agreement has been achieved in modern democratic societies, namely those concerning the scope and content of civil and political liberties. However, when it comes to the scope and content of economic liberties, there is little agreement to be had. This is because reasonable people can be committed to radically different premises about matters of basic justice as well as the fact that basic agreed-upon concepts can be interpreted and interconnected in significantly different ways. Even in ideal theory, then, where we restrict ourselves to idealized reasonable people, rational consensus is not a feasible goal on certain core matters of justice. From here, I turn to the realm of non-ideal deliberation about justice and explore the difficult problem of rational political ignorance. I further discuss the effects of the Internet on non-ideal political deliberation, and I look at the ways in which online deliberation can fuel normal cognitive biases and deepen political polarization. I argue that matters of economic justice are characterized by both moral pluralism and epistemic complexity, both of which tend to be downplayed within the deliberative enclaves that proliferate on the Internet. How are we to deal with these problems of political disagreement and polarization? To help answer this question, I turn to the tradition of American pragmatism, and especially the writings of William James, to suggest a re-orientation of political philosophy away from the assumption of rational consensus and toward a more humble, but more constructive, vision in which the philosopher attempts to fashion new ideals that might help overcome currently entrenched disagreements.

Un proyecto de subtitulación del Centro de Servicios de Traducción de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Enero-febrero 2019.