Abstract A description is provided of children's concepts and conceptions of time and the processes by which these are learned. Learning is approached from a phenomenological frame of reference in which the main concepts are intentionality, meaning, the creation of meaningful relationships and learning experiences. This philosophical and theoretical approach also draws attention to language and action and to cognitions and emotions in connection with learning. The empirical analysis of meaningful relationships and learning experiences is based on encounters between the individual and various factors in the learning environment such as the teacher, other pupils and learning tasks. The descriptive problems addressed here were focused on the products of learning, the learning process and the context. The intentions of the individual with regard to his or her situation are examined in the contexts of environmental inquiry, activity and voluntary working. The material was compiled in three stages. A preliminary survey was conducted in 1993-1994 with 22 second-grade pupils, after which the data acquisition proper took place in the didactic process laboratory of the Department of Teacher Education in Kajaani in 1994 and 1995 with a group of 10 first-grade pupils. The early stages comprised largely basic research, while the final stage of data acquisition performed in the light of the previous experiences resembled action research. Video recordings of the learning process were transcribed and analysed to produce content analysis. Material from the last round of data acquisition were analysed using a computerized observation program. The concepts and conceptions acquired by the pupils were deduced from the learning tasks and their experiences were gathered from pupil and teacher evaluations. The longitudinal study was monitored by means of field notes. All the pupils achieved conceptualization after the teaching period in accordance with the goals of the learning event. The principal nodes in the inquiry process were described as being formulation of the problem to be studied and conceptualization of the information. A meaningless problem would be reflected in direct copying of another pupil's question or of text from a source of information. The teacher occupied an important position in supporting conceptualization and sharing experiences in all the contexts, while the guiding process was structured by symbols recorded by the pupils. The girls in particular expressed a desire to share their experiences with others, although this sociability did not always imply sharing the meanings. The most important aids in the boys' meaningful learning experiences were computers, while the girls favoured concrete activities such as drawing or modelling. The tasks differed in the kinds of discussions that they aroused, with the investigatory tasks and demonstrations leading to the greatest amounts of purposeful discussion. Language had an important function for coping with the learning environment and for the expression of learning intentions. On the other hand, linguistic expressions alone tended to convey misleading impressions of either the progress of the pupil's conceptualization process or his or her meaningful experiences.

Abstract The starting point for the research is to examine the educational perspectives of Axel Honneth’s recognition theory to find useful contents for educational institutions. The method of the thesis is conceptual analysis which gets a dual role: chapters two and three of the treatise define and analyse Honneth’s concept of recognition and its historic-philosophical context and with help of critical analyses, the articles (I, II and III) and chapter four of the dissertation connects the concept of recognition to the field of educational science. The starting points in the articles and the summary aim to respect Honneth’s own methodological starting points to discover new perspectives through criticism of criticism. Honneth’s methodological starting points, differing from the first and the second generations of critical theory, lie in a critique of critical theory resulting in the idea of normative reconstruction. The articles and chapter four elaborate on the central argument of the dissertation, demonstrating how social freedom as an ideal of democratic education leads to insurmountable problems. The argument is that from the perspective of education, Honneth’s idea of social freedom appears a rough initiation and socialisation to the prevailing culture. In these formulations, intentional pedagogical action vanishes in the background, and the process of Bildung gets a controversial character as an adaptation process. Education and Bildung are defined as homing processes on which the educator is unable to have an influence. This study concludes that this problem, peculiar to pragmatism, compels Honneth’s critical theory at a cross-roads; whether to follow the commitments to German idealism in the old critical theory or to abandon them by following pragmatism and Dewey. The danger is that by choosing the road of pragmatism, all the critical potential inherent in German idealism and old critical theory might be lost. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on selvittää Axel Honnethin kriittisen teorian kasvatuksellisia ja sivistyksellisiä ulottuvuuksia. Tutkielman metodologiassa sovelletaan käsiteanalyysin kaksoistulkinnallista luonnetta; toisaalta tutkimus analysoi Honnethin tunnustamisen käsitteen semanttisia rakenteita ja toisaalta historiallisen tarkastelun avulla sovittaa nämä määritelmät kansankielelle kytkien ne relevantteihin kasvatustieteellisiin diskursseihin. Tutkielman luvut kaksi ja kolme vastaavat tulkinnan ensimmäistä ulottuvuutta ja tutkielman artikkelit (I, II ja III) sekä neljäs luku toista ulottuvuutta. Tutkimuksen lähtökohdat pyrkivät tekemään kunniaa Honnethin omia lähtökohtia kohtaan; löytää kritiikillä kritiikistä hedelmällisiä näkökulmia. Honnethin kritiikin kritiikki, poiketen ensimmäisen ja toisen sukupolven kriittisestä teoriasta, kulminoituu normatiivisen rekonstruktion ideaan pyrkien palauttamaan Hegelin Oikeusfilosofialle ominaisen intention filosofis-normatiivisesta rekonstruktiosta, jota aikaisempi kriittinen teoria ei Honnethin mukaan kyennyt toteuttamaan. Tutkimuksen artikkelit ja luku neljä tuovat esille tutkimuksen keskeisimmän tuloksen osoittaen kuinka sosiaalinen vapaus demokratiakasvatuksen ideaalina johtaa ylitsepääsemättömiin ongelmiin. Honnethin muotoilema sosiaalisen vapauden idea näyttäytyy kasvatuksen kannalta pelkkänä initiaationa ja sosialisaationa olemassa olevaan kulttuuriin. Näin pedagogisen toiminnan kehittelyt jäävät taka-alalle ja sivistysprosessien kuvaukset muistuttavat luonnon prosesseille ominaista sopeutumista. Kasvatus ja sivistys kuvataan ongelmallisesti itsestään tapahtuvina prosesseina kasvattajan kykenemättä vaikuttamaan näihin prosesseihin. Tutkielman teesinä onkin, ajautuuko Honneth tienhaaraan sivuuttaessaan pragmatismin ongelmat – seuratako ensimmäisen sukupolven kriittistä teoriaa pysyen uskollisena saksalaiselle idealismille vai kulkeako pragmatismin tietä hyläten saksalaisen idealismin ja kriittisen teorian kriittinen potentiaali?