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1	A Critical Study of Doubt (Shakk) and Certainty (Yaqīn) in Ghazālī’s Epistemology Mohamed, Nabil Yasien January 2021 (has links) Magister Artium - MA / Our secular age is a period of scepticism and ubiquitous doubt. The epistemology of a paradigmatic figure like Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) is central to Islamic intellectual thought, but also speaks to our modern world. In this research dissertation we embark on a critical study of doubt (shakk) and certainty (yaqīn) in Ghazālī’s epistemology. We ask, what is the nature and function of doubt, and how do we best acquire truth and certainty according to Ghazālī? In our evaluation of scepticism in Ghazālī’s epistemology, we analyse the notion of existential doubt and his methodological doubt. In the latter, we look at his scepticism of the methods of knowing as a means to establish the foundations of knowledge. Also, we look at his scepticism as an instrument to cast doubt upon heterodox doctrines and show the limitations of philosophical logic. In this study we assess Ghazālī’s attitude to philosophical demonstration and Sufism as a means to certainty. In early scholarship surrounding Ghazālī, it was assumed that he was a vehement adversary to philosophy. On the other hand, in much of contemporary scholarship, Ghazālī has been understood to give preference to philosophy as the ultimate means to certainty, undermining the place of Sufism. In this study we evaluate these claims; we argue that he was not antagonistic to philosophy and regarded it as a legitimate approach to certainty, but recognised Sufism as a superior approach. Much of previous scholarship has either focused on Ghazālī as a Sufi or a philosopher; we attempt to embark on a parallel approach in which we acknowledge each discipline in its right place within Ghazālī’s epistemology. Thus, in analysing Ghazālī’s approach to acquiring certainty, we evaluate his foundationalism, his attitude to authoritative instruction (taʿlim), and the place of philosophical demonstration and Sufism. Doubt Scepticism Certainty Foundationalism Taʾlīm Kalām Sufism Philosophy Taqlīd Fiṭrah Burhān Mukāshafa
2	Rethinking Causality: Thomas Aquinas' Argument From Motion & the Kalām Cosmological Argument Sánchez, Derwin, Jr. 01 January 2020 (has links) Ever since they were formulated in the Middle Ages, St. Thomas Aquinas' famous Five Ways to demonstrate the existence of God have been frequently debated. During this process there have been several misconceptions of what Aquinas actually meant, especially when discussing his cosmological arguments. While previous researchers have managed to tease out why Aquinas accepts some infinite regresses and rejects others, I attempt to add on to this by demonstrating the centrality of his metaphysics in his argument from motion. Aquinas cannot be properly understood or debated with a contemporary view of causality, but rather must wrestle with the concepts he actually employs in the arguments. To demonstrate this, I will compare the Thomistic argument from motion to the contemporary Kalām cosmological argument of William Lane Craig. Although some may consider it beneficial to base theistic arguments on more modern principles, this analysis shows that the metaphysical framework used by Aquinas is much less vulnerable to the rebuttals that otherwise challenge the Kalām argument, and that their differences in strength rest on their differences in metaphysics. Thomas Aquinas argument from motion Kalām cosmological argument Thomistic metaphysics William Lane Craig existence of God Philosophy
3	Al-Shahrastānī and the Shīʻī doctrine of Imāma : an analysis of the views expressed in his al-Milal wa al-Niḥal and Nihāyat al-Iqdām fī ʻIlm al-Kalām / Al-Shahrastānī and the Shīʻī doctrine of Imāma Syamsiyatun, Siti. January 1998 (has links) This study seeks to analyze the views of al-Shahrastani (479/1086--548/1153) on the issue of Shi`i imama as presented in his works al-Milil wa al-Nih&dotbelow;al and Nihayat al-Iqdam fi `Ilm al-Kalam. In each of these he devotes several chapters to a discussion of the leadership of the Shi`i community since the days of `Ali b. Abi T&dotbelow;alib. The study shows that both books under discussion were designed by al-Shahrastani to serve different purposes and were composed according to different methodologies. He takes completely different approaches to his treatment of Shi`i doctrine in al-Milal and the Nihaya. Acting as a "historian of religion" in al-Milal, the author shows considerable objectivity and avoids passing judgement. He supports his account of Shi`ism with arguments acknowledged by the Shi`is themselves. This is because al-Shahrastani intended al-Milal as a scientific and systematic account of religions. However, as a "theologian" he held certain of his own beliefs regarding several doctrinal problems, which he also wished to make it public. It was to serve this purpose that the Nihaya was composed. Furthermore, in this work the author does not hesitate to attack opinions different from his own, including the doctrine of imama. Imamate.
4	Edition and Translation of the Arabic Manuscript Collection Belonged to Fakhr al-din al-Razi on Kalam Atomism / Edition et traduction d'un recueil manuscrit en langue arabe de Fakhr al-dis al-Razi Sur ’atomisme dans le Kalam Eftekhari, Banafsheh 17 March 2017 (has links) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is a significant philosopher who is famous for his critics on Avicenna. He also made effective dialogues between two rival doctrines (namely Kalam and Peripateticism) in the Islamic world in Middle Ages. He defended Kalam Atomism in last decades of his life. This thesis is working on his two treatises as manuscripts and translating it into English. One of the treatises is about proving atom and another one is rejecting Hylomorphism. These two treatises are attached together as a manuscript book titled as Proving Atomism. / Au Moyen Âge, dans le monde islamique, il y avait deux groupes d'érudits qui avaient deux indications différentes sur l'existence. Le premier groupe était des philosophes, ḥukamā, qui ont approuvé falsafah ou ḥikmah. Cette doctrine avait des bases aristotéliciennes. Un autre groupe était des théologiens, mutikalimūn qui était pour la plupart atomistes. Les théologiens constituaient le kalām qui se traduisait parfois par théologie islamique.Fakhr-e-Razi ou Fakhr al-Din al-Razi était un philosophe et théologien important au 12ème siècle qui a fait des dialogues et des débats entre ces deux doctrines. Il a écrit des critiques sur les livres d'Avicenne et a défendu la doctrine de l'atomisme de Kalam. Bien qu'il ait défendu l'atomisme de Kalam dans beaucoup de livres, il a écrit un traité indépendant sur ce sujet. Cette thèse est l'édition et la traduction d'un livre manuscrit qui comprend deux traités indépendants, dont l'un, prouve atomisme et un autre réfute Hylémorphisme.Cette thèse inclut des commentaires sur l'atomisme et l'hylémorphisme (l'introduction du livre). L'atomisme comme vue générale et l'atomisme de Kalam en particulier sont étudiés. L'histoire de l'atomisme est brièvement passée en revue en tant que racines de l'atomisme de Kalam. Puis la vue de Razi sur l'atomisme est étudiée selon ce livre présent et ses autres livres. Le contraste entre la vision de Razi et la doctrine d'Avicenne comme son rival sont également analysés. Atomisme Kalām Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Atomisme géométrique Atomism Kalam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Mathematical Atomism Islamic Scholars 100
5	Al-Shahrastānī and the Shīʻī doctrine of Imāma : an analysis of the views expressed in his al-Milal wa al-Niḥal and Nihāyat al-Iqdām fī ʻIlm al-Kalām Syamsiyatun, Siti. January 1998 (has links) No description available. Imamate.
6	Hétérodoxes et non musulmans dans la pensée d’Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (m. 1111) / Unorthodox and non-Muslims in the writings of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (d. 1111) Pisani, Emmanuel 09 January 2014 (has links) Face aux divisions fratricides de son temps au sein de la communauté musulmane, Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (m. 505/1111) est amené à développer une synthèse conciliatrice entre les différents courants et mouvements de l’islam afin de combattre la dynamique d’exclusion et d’anathémisation (takfīr) qui menace la communauté. Notre recherche montre que plus al-Ġazālī bataille sur le plan juridique, théologique et mystique pour un grand mouvement d’intégration des différences doctrinales, de conciliation et de respect des différences de lectures ou d’interprétation du Coran, plus son regard sur les non musulmans devient inclusif et ses jugements parfois tranchés cèdent à une appréciation pondérée au point de suggérer des propositions eschatologiques audacieuses quant à leur devenir dans le monde de l’au-delà. / Faced in his lifetime with fratricidal divisions within the muslim community, Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī favoured over the years a conciliatory synthesis of the various strains and movements within Islam in order to combat the spiral of exclusion and denunciation (tafkīr) which threatened the community. The research undertaken here reveals that the more al-Ġazālī militates on a legal, theologial, and mystical level for a wide- sweeping integration of doctrinal differences, and for the acceptance and respect of different readings or interpretations of the Coran, the more understanding and tolerant his attitude to non-muslims becomes, and his sometimes stern judgements give way to a more reasonable appreciation, even to the point of putting forward bold eschatological propositions concerning the future of non-Muslims in the next world. Ghazali Al-Ġazālī Islam Kufr Takfīr Shirk Širk Imān Bātinisme Soufisme Aš‘arisme Fiṭra Zindīq Zandaqa Mulḥid Murtadd Fāsiq Ḥulūl Iṭṭiḥād Ḏimmī Ğihād Eschatologie Théologie des religions Apocatastase Salut Hétérodoxes Innovateurs Kalām Falsafa Ghazali Al-Ġazālī Islam Kufr Takfīr Shirk Širk Imān Bātinisme Soufism Aš‘arism Fiṭra Zindīq Zandaqa Mulḥid Murtadd Fāsiq Ḥulūl Iṭṭiḥād Ḏimmī Ğihād Eschatology Theology of religions Apocatastasis Heterodox Innovators Kalām Falsafa. 210

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