L’infection par le Virus Respiratoire Syncytial cause des affections pulmonaires aiguës en pédiatrie caractérisée par une réponse inflammatoire excessive médiée par la production de cytokines par les cellules épithéliales des voies aériennes. Les gènes codant pour ces cytokines sont régulés par le facteur de transcription NF-κB (p50/p65) dont l’activation est classiquement induite par la phosphorylation de son inhibiteur IκBα, ce qui permet l’accumulation de l’hétérodimère au noyau. Par contre, nous avons récemment identifié la phosphorylation en sérine 536 de la sous-unité p65 comme une autre étape essentielle à son activation lors de l’infection des AEC par RSV. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a permis de démontrer que l’inhibition de l’expression de RIG-I, de Cardif ou de TRAF6, 3 protéines impliquées dans la reconnaissance cellulaire des virus, conduit à l’inhibition de cette phosphorylation en réponse à RSV. Nous avons également établi à l’aide d’inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et d’ARNi que, parmi les diverses kinases connues pour phosphoryler p65 en réponse à divers stimulus, IKKα/β sont essentielles à cette phosphorylation lors d’une stimulation par RSV. Puisque TRAF6 est bien connu dans la littérature pour activer le complexe IKK, nous proposons que TRAF6, après reconnaissance de l’ARN viral de RSV par RIG-I, active le complexe IKK qui induit la phosphorylation de la sousunité p65 de NF-κB, permettant l’expression de gènes cibles. D’autre part, nous avions précédemment démontré que Nox2, un isoforme de NADPH oxydase, contrôle l’activation de NF-κB en régulant les phosphorylations de IκBα et p65. Nous montrons ici que l’inhibition de Nox2 réduit fortement l’activité du complexe kinase IKK. De plus, la présence au niveau basal de Nox2 est critique pour le niveau d’ARN messager de Cardif. Nous proposons donc que la régulation de la phosphorylation de p65 en ser536 par Nox2 soit via son effet sur Cardif en permettant la fonctionnalité de la voie RIG-I. / The infection by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus causes acute respiratory tract affections among children characterized by an excessive inflammatory response mediated by airway epithelial cells production of cytokines. The genes coding for theses cytokines are regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB (p50/p65) which is classically activated by phosphorylation of its inhibitor IκBα, permitting the nuclear accumulation of the heterodimer. The work presented in this master’s thesis allowed demonstrating that the inhibition of either RIG-I, Cardif or TRAF6, 3 proteins implicated in the cellular recognition of virus, leads to the inhibition of this phosphorylation in response to RSV. Moreover, we established with pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA that, among all kinases known to phosphorylate p65 in response to various stimulus, IKKα/β are essential to this phosphorylation in RSV stimulation. Since TRAF6 is a well-known IKK complex activator in the literature, we propose that TRAF6, after the recognition of the RSV viral RNA by RIG-I, activates the IKK complex witch induces the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65, allowing the expression of targets genes. Furthermore, we had previously demonstrated that Nox2, a NADPH oxydase isoform, controls the activation of NF-κB by regulating the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. We show here that the inhibition of Nox2 by siRNA reduces strongly the activity of the IKK complex. Moreover, the basal level presence of Nox2 is critic for the messenger RNA level of Cardif. Thus, we propose that the Nox2 regulation of p65 ser536 is done by its effect on Cardif, which allows the integrity of the RIG-I pathway.

Memory is subdivided into short- and long-term memory. The interaction between transcription factors (TF) and expressed genes are essential steps in memory formation. Some TFs that might be involved in memory formation include CREB, NF-kB and Egr-2. We hypothesized that there would be a difference in the expression levels of these TFs following learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). In study one, CD1 mice were categorized into two groups. Group 1 assigned as non-trained control group. Group 2 (experimental group) underwent 9 consecutive days of MWM training. In the second study, male C57BL/6 mice were categorized into four groups. Group 1 was a non-trained control group (allowed to swim randomly). Groups 2, 3, and 4 (experimental groups) had variations in their MWM training. Search strategies, escape latency, time spending in the target quadrant and number of attempts passing the missing platform, were measured. To evaluate the expression levels of TFs pre- versus post-learning, mice were sacrificed at the end of MWM. Hippocampi were separated and Western blot and immunohistochemical procedures were done. In study one, the escape latency decreased progressively toward the end of the acquisition phase in the trained group. The search pattern showed that the mice used primarily spatial strategies. Mice spent more time in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The number of passes over the missing platform peaked on the first day of the retention phase. NF-kB and CREB were expressed significantly higher in the control group versus the MWM trained mice (p = 0.0031 and p < 0.0001 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in expression of Egr-2 between the two groups (p = 0.3092). In study two, Group 4 showed the highest and Group 1 the lowest levels of CREB expression. CREB and NF-kB were decreased following MWM training in study one. In study two CREB levels were highest in the Group 4 which had interval between the acquisition and retention phases. These differences could be due to multiphasic expression patterns and/or other experimental design issues. Further studies are warranted to examine time dependent differential expression of TFs in memory.

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite formed during glucose, protein and fatty acid metabolism. In hyperglycemic conditions, an increased MG level has been linked to the development of diabetes and the accompanying vascular inflammation encountered at both macro- and microvascular levels. The present study explores the mechanisms of MG-induced leukocyte recruitment in mouse cremasteric microvasculature. Biochemical and intravital microscopy studies performed suggest that administration of MG (25 and 50 mg/kg) to mouse cremaster muscle tissue induces dose-dependent leukocyte recruitment in cremasteric vasculature with 84-92% recruited cells being neutrophils. MG treatment up-regulated the expression of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecules P-selectin, E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) via the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway and contributed to the increased leukocyte rolling flux, reduced leukocyte rolling velocity, and increased leukocyte adhesion, respectively. The inhibition of NF-κB blunted MG-induced endothelial adhesion molecule expression and thus attenuated leukocyte recruitment. Further study of signalling pathways revealed that MG induced Akt-regulated transient glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activation in ECs, which was responsible for NF-κB activation at early time-points (< 1 h). After MG activation for 1 h, the endothelial GSK3 activity was decreased due to the up-regulation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), which was responsible for maintaining NF-κB activity at later time-points. Silencing GSK3 or SGK1 attenuated P-selectin, E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression in ECs, and abated MG-induced leukocyte recruitment. SGK1 also promoted cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) activity which was partially involved in ICAM-1 expression. Silencing CREB blunted ICAM-1 expression while P-selectin and E-selectin levels remained unaffected. MG also induced GSK3 activation in isolated neutrophils after 30 min treatment, an effect that was not responsible for MG-elicited Mac-1 expression. These data suggest the sequential activation of GSK3 and SGK1 in ECs as the pivotal signalling mechanism in MG-elicited leukocyte recruitment. Additionally, MG-treatment led to uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) following MG-induced superoxide generation in ECs. MG triggered eNOS uncoupling and hypophosphorylation associated with superoxide generation and biopterin depletion in EA.hy926 ECs. In cremaster muscle, as well as in cultured murine and human primary ECs, MG increased eNOS monomerization and decreased 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroboipterin (BH4)/total biopterin ratio, effects that were significantly mitigated by supplementation of BH4 or its precursor sepiapterin but not by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroneopterin (NH4). These observations confirm that MG administration triggers eNOS uncoupling. In murine cremaster muscle, MG triggered the reduction of leukocyte rolling velocity and the increases in rolling flux, adhesion, emigration and microvascular permeability. MG-induced leukocyte recruitment was significantly attenuated by supplementation of BH4 or sepiapterin or suppression of superoxide by L-NAME confirming the role of eNOS uncoupling in MG-elicited leukocyte recruitment. MG treatment further decreased the expression of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I in murine primary ECs, suggesting the impaired BH4 biosynthesis caused by MG. Taken together, these data suggest that vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction occurring in diabetes may be linked to GSK3/SGK1 regulated adhesion molecule expression, as well as the uncoupling of eNOS evoked by elevated levels of MG. These findings not only provide a better understanding of the role of MG in the development of diabetic vascular inflammation, but also suggest the potential therapeutic targets for MG-sensitive endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.

Memory is subdivided into short- and long-term memory. The interaction between transcription factors (TF) and expressed genes are essential steps in memory formation. Some TFs that might be involved in memory formation include CREB, NF-kB and Egr-2. We hypothesized that there would be a difference in the expression levels of these TFs following learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). In study one, CD1 mice were categorized into two groups. Group 1 assigned as non-trained control group. Group 2 (experimental group) underwent 9 consecutive days of MWM training. In the second study, male C57BL/6 mice were categorized into four groups. Group 1 was a non-trained control group (allowed to swim randomly). Groups 2, 3, and 4 (experimental groups) had variations in their MWM training. Search strategies, escape latency, time spending in the target quadrant and number of attempts passing the missing platform, were measured. To evaluate the expression levels of TFs pre- versus post-learning, mice were sacrificed at the end of MWM. Hippocampi were separated and Western blot and immunohistochemical procedures were done. In study one, the escape latency decreased progressively toward the end of the acquisition phase in the trained group. The search pattern showed that the mice used primarily spatial strategies. Mice spent more time in the target quadrant during the retention phase. The number of passes over the missing platform peaked on the first day of the retention phase. NF-kB and CREB were expressed significantly higher in the control group versus the MWM trained mice (p = 0.0031 and p < 0.0001 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in expression of Egr-2 between the two groups (p = 0.3092). In study two, Group 4 showed the highest and Group 1 the lowest levels of CREB expression. CREB and NF-kB were decreased following MWM training in study one. In study two CREB levels were highest in the Group 4 which had interval between the acquisition and retention phases. These differences could be due to multiphasic expression patterns and/or other experimental design issues. Further studies are warranted to examine time dependent differential expression of TFs in memory.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Philip R. Hardwidge / Microbial pathogens have evolved secretion systems to deliver arsenals of virulence proteins (effectors) to disrupt host homeostasis and manipulate host immune defenses. The best-characterized system mediating effector delivery into host cells is type III secretion system (T3SS) expressed by Gram-negative bacteria, including enteric pathogens enteropathogenic/enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC/EHEC), Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella. Pathogen-host cell protein interactions within the host cell alter host cell signaling and ultimately subvert pathogen-induced inflammatory response. In the first project, we identified the Salmonella Secreted Effector L (SseL) that deubiquitinated ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) to inhibit its nuclear translocation. RPS3 guides the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-B) subunits to specific B sites and plays an important role in the innate response to bacterial infection. Two E. coli effectors block RPS3 nuclear translocation. Non-locus-of-enterocyte-effacement (non-LEE) encoded effector NleH1 inhibits RPS3 phosphorylation by IKK-, an essential aspect of the RPS3 nuclear translocation process. NleC proteolysis of p65 generates an N-terminal p65 fragment that competes for full-length p65 binding to RPS3, thus also inhibiting RPS3 nuclear translocation. Thus, E. coli has multiple mechanisms by which to block RPS3-mediated transcriptional activation. With this in mind, we considered whether other enteric pathogens also encode T3SS effectors that impact this important host regulatory pathway. In this study, we report that SseL, which was previously shown to function as a deubiquitinase and inhibit NF-B signaling, also inhibits RPS3 nuclear translocation by deubiquitinating this important host transcriptional co-factor. RPS3 deubiquitination by SseL was restricted to K63-linkages and mutating the active-site cysteine of SseL abolished its ability to deubiquitinate and subsequently inhibit RPS3 nuclear translocation. Thus, Salmonella also encodes at least one T3SS effector that impacts RPS3 activities in the host nucleus. In the second project, we attempted to identify a cofactor involved in the interaction between E. coli effector NleH1 and host kinase the IB kinase- (IKK). The EHEC NleH1 effector inhibits NF-B pathway by reducing the nuclear translocation of RPS3. NleH1 prevents RPS3 phosphorylation by IKKIKK is a central kinase in the NF-B signaling pathway, yet the EHEC NleH1 effector only restricts the phosphorylation of a subset of the IKK substrates. We hypothesized that a protein cofactor might dictate the inhibitory specificity of NleH1 on IKK. We used mass spectrometry and determined that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) interacts with both NleH1 and IKK, and that inhibiting Hsp90 activity reduces RPS3 nuclear translocation. In the third project, we focused on the crystal structures of Salmonella secreted effector SseK1 and SseK2 from Salmonella typhimurium SL1344, and non-LEE encoded effector NleB2 from E. coli O145:H28 and propose catalytic residues for arginine glycosylation. Salmonella SseK1 and SseK2 are E. coli NleB1 orthologs that behave as NleB1-like glycosyltransferases, although they differ in protein substrate specificity. The bacterial effectors SseK and NleB1 glycosylate host cell death domain target proteins on arginine residues that inhibits death receptor signaling. We report crystal structures of SseK1, SseK2, and NleB2 and found they are highly similar to each other and comprises three domains including helix-loop-helix (HLH), lid, and catalytic domain. His-Glu-Asn (HEN) motif in the active site is essential for enzyme catalysis. We observe differences between SseK1 and SseK2 in interactions with substrates and identify substrate residues that are important for enzyme recognition.

The nucleolus is a multifunctional organelle that, in addition to its primary role in ribosome biogenesis, has emerged as a critical stress sensor and coordinator of stress response. However, the molecular nature of how nucleoli sense stress and coordinate downstream cellular consequence remains poorly understood. NF-κB signalling is a critical regulator of stress response. Many cellular stresses that disrupt nucleolar function also stimulate the NF-κB pathway. However, the role of NF-κB as a downstream effector of nucleolar stress has not yet been examined. Aspirin, a known chemopreventative agent, stimulates the NF-κB pathway to mediate apoptosis but the upstream mechanisms are unclear. In this thesis, I identified a novel nucleolar stress response pathway that culminates in activation of NF-κB signalling, and demonstrated the significance of this nucleolar pathway in the anti-tumour effects of aspirin. Using multiple approaches, I made the novel observations that disruption of the Pol I complex activates the cytoplasmic NF-κB signalling pathway. I show that multiple stress stimuli of NF-κB pathway induce degradation of the crucial Pol I complex component, rDNA transcription initiation factor IA (TIF-IA). I identified the tumour suppressor, p14ARF and the Pol I complex component, upstream binding factor (UBF) as mediators of this degradation. I revealed that inhibition of CDK4 activity lies upstream of UBF/p14ARF-facilitated TIF-IA degradation. Furthermore, using different approaches I show that blocking aspirin/CDK4i-mediated degradation of TIF-IA blocks the effects of these agents on nucleolar morphology and NF-κB signalling. Finally, I show this nucleolar stress response pathway, containing a UBF/p14ARF/TIF-IA axis, is utilized by aspirin to kill colon cancer cells. Taken together, this data presented in this thesis advances understanding of nucleolar stress response, and has therapeutic implications with regard to the anti-tumour effects of aspirin.

A aterosclerose é uma doença cardiovascular (DCV) que afeta 4 em cada 1.000 pessoas, e é caracterizada por lesões arteriais inflamatórias que evoluem com o desenvolvimento da doença. Está envolvida neste processo uma alta produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias cuja expressão é mediada pela ativação do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B (NF-B), responsável por desencadear processos de proliferação celular e migração de células musculares lisas nas regiões de lesões arteriais, contribuindo para o agravamento da doença. Estudos de nosso laboratório mostraram que prostaglandinas ciclopentenônicas (CP-PGs), que são anti-inflamatórias, revertem as lesões ateromatosas em modelos animais, num processo que depende da indução de proteínas de choque térmico - HSP (do inglês Heat Shock Protein) por estas CP-PGs. HSPs impedem a desnaturação de proteínas intracelulares e “desligam” o fator nuclear NF-B, que é um dos principais envolvidos na doença inflamatória vascular da aterosclerose. Por isso, decidimos investigar o efeito direto da expressão de HSPs via choque térmico, no processo inflamatório da aterosclerose, pelo método de “hot tub” realizado semanalmente em camundongos machos nocaute para o receptor de LDL (KO-LDLr), em dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica. Para avaliar estes efeitos os animais foram semanalmente (num período de oito semanas) submetidos a um banho térmico elevando a temperatura corporal para 41,5°C por 15 min. Os resultados demonstraram que, na aorta torácica, o choque térmico aumentou a expressão da HSP70 em cerca de 50% o que foi acompanhado de aumento de 100% na expressão do fator de choque térmico – HSF e dramática queda na ativação do fator NF-kB (75%). Em paralelo, o choque térmico reduziu em mais de 50% a deposição de lípides na parede da aorta e na gordura epididimal e a lipoperoxidação em cerca de 40%. As análises com ultrassonografia Doppler demonstraram que o choque térmico melhorou o fluxo sanguíneo, reduziu a espessura da parede aórtica e melhorou a performance cardíaca. O tratamento também melhorou o status glicêmico (redução de glicemia de jejum e aumento de sensibilidade à insulina) além de reduzir significativamente os valores de colesterol total e LDL, aumentando a proporção de HDL. Os mecanismos envolvidos nestes efeitos benéficos do tratamento com choque térmico encontram-se em estudo em nosso laboratório. / Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) that affects four in every 1,000 people, and is characterized by inflammatory arterial lesions which evolve with the development of the disease. It is involved in this process a high production of proinflammatory cytokines whose expression is mediated by the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-B), responsible for triggering the processes of cell proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells into the arterial lesions, thus contributing to the worsening of the disease. Studies of our laboratory have shown that cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CP-PGs), which are anti-inflammatory, revert atherosclerotic lesions in animal models in a process that depends on the induction of heat shock proteins - HSPs by these CP-PGs. HSPs prevent denaturation of intracellular proteins and "turn off" nuclear factor NF-B, which is a major player involved in the inflammatory vascular disease that accompanies atherosclerosis. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of the direct expression of HSPs via heat shock, on the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis, by the "hot tub" method performed weekly in male mice knockout for the LDL receptor (LDLr-KO) under a high fat and hypercholesterolemic diet. To assess these effects, the animals were weekly subjected to a thermal bath (for a period of eight weeks) by raising the body temperature to 41.5 ° C for 15 min. The results demonstrated that in the thoracic aorta, the heat shock increased HSP70 expression approximately 50%, which was accompanied by an increase of 100% in the expression of heat shock factor - HSF and a dramatic decrease in the activation of nuclear factor NF-kB (75%). In parallel, heat shock decreased by more than 50% lipid deposition in the aortic wall and in the epididymal fat, and lipid peroxidation by about 40%. Ultrasound with Doppler analysis showed that heat shock improved blood flow, reduced thickness of the aortic wall and improved cardiac performance. The treatment also improved the glycemic status (reduction of fasting blood glucose and increased insulin sensitivity) and significantly lower levels of total and LDL cholesterol and by increasing the rates of HDL. The mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects of treatment with heat shock are under investigation in our laboratory.

La cryptosporidiose est une zoonose intestinale qui affecte les ruminants nouveau-nés et les individus immunodéficients (enfants, immunodéprimés) et pour laquelle les traitements sont limités et ne sont pas totalement efficaces. Le développement du parasite peut être contrôlé par une réponse immunitaire protectrice dans laquelle les productions d’IL-12 et d’IFNγ sont prépondérantes. Les laboratoires AIM, IPV et la société VitamFero ont décidé de mettre leurs compétences en commun pour évaluer si l’administration d’une souche vaccinale de Toxoplasma gondii atténuée (Toxo Mic1-3KO) pouvait permettre de stimuler efficacement le système immunitaire des nouveau-nés et favoriser le contrôle de la cryptosporidiose. La première partie des travaux de ma thèse Cifre a permis d’obtenir une preuve de concept. En effet, des expérimentations préliminaires sur souriceaux et agneaux dans lesquelles la souche Toxo Mic1-3KO s’était développée suffisamment montraient une diminution de la charge parasitaire suite à une infection d’épreuve par C. parvum. Fort de ces résultats, nous avons souhaité développer deux axes complémentaires pour nous aider à améliorer la souche vaccinale et son utilisation chez les nouveau-nés. / Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease that affects newborn ruminants and young or immunocompromised individuals and for which treatments are limited and are not fully effective. Parasite development can be controlled by a protective immune response in which IL-12 and IFN-gamma productions are essentials. Laboratories AIM, IPV and VitamFero Start-up Company decided to pool their skills to evaluate whether the administration of an attenuated vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii (MIC1-3KO) could stimulate the immune system of neonates and favor the control of cryptosporidiosis. The first part of the work of my Cifre thesis was performed to obtain a proof of concept. Indeed, preliminary experiments on mice and lambs in which MIC1-3KO strain had developed sufficiently showed a decrease in parasite burden following an infectious challenge with C. parvum. Based on these encouraging results we decided to develop two complementary approaches to further improve the vaccine strain and our knowledge on newborn immune response to T.

A aterosclerose é uma doença cardiovascular (DCV) que afeta 4 em cada 1.000 pessoas, e é caracterizada por lesões arteriais inflamatórias que evoluem com o desenvolvimento da doença. Está envolvida neste processo uma alta produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias cuja expressão é mediada pela ativação do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B (NF-B), responsável por desencadear processos de proliferação celular e migração de células musculares lisas nas regiões de lesões arteriais, contribuindo para o agravamento da doença. Estudos de nosso laboratório mostraram que prostaglandinas ciclopentenônicas (CP-PGs), que são anti-inflamatórias, revertem as lesões ateromatosas em modelos animais, num processo que depende da indução de proteínas de choque térmico - HSP (do inglês Heat Shock Protein) por estas CP-PGs. HSPs impedem a desnaturação de proteínas intracelulares e “desligam” o fator nuclear NF-B, que é um dos principais envolvidos na doença inflamatória vascular da aterosclerose. Por isso, decidimos investigar o efeito direto da expressão de HSPs via choque térmico, no processo inflamatório da aterosclerose, pelo método de “hot tub” realizado semanalmente em camundongos machos nocaute para o receptor de LDL (KO-LDLr), em dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica. Para avaliar estes efeitos os animais foram semanalmente (num período de oito semanas) submetidos a um banho térmico elevando a temperatura corporal para 41,5°C por 15 min. Os resultados demonstraram que, na aorta torácica, o choque térmico aumentou a expressão da HSP70 em cerca de 50% o que foi acompanhado de aumento de 100% na expressão do fator de choque térmico – HSF e dramática queda na ativação do fator NF-kB (75%). Em paralelo, o choque térmico reduziu em mais de 50% a deposição de lípides na parede da aorta e na gordura epididimal e a lipoperoxidação em cerca de 40%. As análises com ultrassonografia Doppler demonstraram que o choque térmico melhorou o fluxo sanguíneo, reduziu a espessura da parede aórtica e melhorou a performance cardíaca. O tratamento também melhorou o status glicêmico (redução de glicemia de jejum e aumento de sensibilidade à insulina) além de reduzir significativamente os valores de colesterol total e LDL, aumentando a proporção de HDL. Os mecanismos envolvidos nestes efeitos benéficos do tratamento com choque térmico encontram-se em estudo em nosso laboratório. / Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) that affects four in every 1,000 people, and is characterized by inflammatory arterial lesions which evolve with the development of the disease. It is involved in this process a high production of proinflammatory cytokines whose expression is mediated by the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-B), responsible for triggering the processes of cell proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells into the arterial lesions, thus contributing to the worsening of the disease. Studies of our laboratory have shown that cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CP-PGs), which are anti-inflammatory, revert atherosclerotic lesions in animal models in a process that depends on the induction of heat shock proteins - HSPs by these CP-PGs. HSPs prevent denaturation of intracellular proteins and "turn off" nuclear factor NF-B, which is a major player involved in the inflammatory vascular disease that accompanies atherosclerosis. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of the direct expression of HSPs via heat shock, on the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis, by the "hot tub" method performed weekly in male mice knockout for the LDL receptor (LDLr-KO) under a high fat and hypercholesterolemic diet. To assess these effects, the animals were weekly subjected to a thermal bath (for a period of eight weeks) by raising the body temperature to 41.5 ° C for 15 min. The results demonstrated that in the thoracic aorta, the heat shock increased HSP70 expression approximately 50%, which was accompanied by an increase of 100% in the expression of heat shock factor - HSF and a dramatic decrease in the activation of nuclear factor NF-kB (75%). In parallel, heat shock decreased by more than 50% lipid deposition in the aortic wall and in the epididymal fat, and lipid peroxidation by about 40%. Ultrasound with Doppler analysis showed that heat shock improved blood flow, reduced thickness of the aortic wall and improved cardiac performance. The treatment also improved the glycemic status (reduction of fasting blood glucose and increased insulin sensitivity) and significantly lower levels of total and LDL cholesterol and by increasing the rates of HDL. The mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects of treatment with heat shock are under investigation in our laboratory.

A aterosclerose é uma doença cardiovascular (DCV) que afeta 4 em cada 1.000 pessoas, e é caracterizada por lesões arteriais inflamatórias que evoluem com o desenvolvimento da doença. Está envolvida neste processo uma alta produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias cuja expressão é mediada pela ativação do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B (NF-B), responsável por desencadear processos de proliferação celular e migração de células musculares lisas nas regiões de lesões arteriais, contribuindo para o agravamento da doença. Estudos de nosso laboratório mostraram que prostaglandinas ciclopentenônicas (CP-PGs), que são anti-inflamatórias, revertem as lesões ateromatosas em modelos animais, num processo que depende da indução de proteínas de choque térmico - HSP (do inglês Heat Shock Protein) por estas CP-PGs. HSPs impedem a desnaturação de proteínas intracelulares e “desligam” o fator nuclear NF-B, que é um dos principais envolvidos na doença inflamatória vascular da aterosclerose. Por isso, decidimos investigar o efeito direto da expressão de HSPs via choque térmico, no processo inflamatório da aterosclerose, pelo método de “hot tub” realizado semanalmente em camundongos machos nocaute para o receptor de LDL (KO-LDLr), em dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica. Para avaliar estes efeitos os animais foram semanalmente (num período de oito semanas) submetidos a um banho térmico elevando a temperatura corporal para 41,5°C por 15 min. Os resultados demonstraram que, na aorta torácica, o choque térmico aumentou a expressão da HSP70 em cerca de 50% o que foi acompanhado de aumento de 100% na expressão do fator de choque térmico – HSF e dramática queda na ativação do fator NF-kB (75%). Em paralelo, o choque térmico reduziu em mais de 50% a deposição de lípides na parede da aorta e na gordura epididimal e a lipoperoxidação em cerca de 40%. As análises com ultrassonografia Doppler demonstraram que o choque térmico melhorou o fluxo sanguíneo, reduziu a espessura da parede aórtica e melhorou a performance cardíaca. O tratamento também melhorou o status glicêmico (redução de glicemia de jejum e aumento de sensibilidade à insulina) além de reduzir significativamente os valores de colesterol total e LDL, aumentando a proporção de HDL. Os mecanismos envolvidos nestes efeitos benéficos do tratamento com choque térmico encontram-se em estudo em nosso laboratório. / Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) that affects four in every 1,000 people, and is characterized by inflammatory arterial lesions which evolve with the development of the disease. It is involved in this process a high production of proinflammatory cytokines whose expression is mediated by the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-B), responsible for triggering the processes of cell proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells into the arterial lesions, thus contributing to the worsening of the disease. Studies of our laboratory have shown that cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CP-PGs), which are anti-inflammatory, revert atherosclerotic lesions in animal models in a process that depends on the induction of heat shock proteins - HSPs by these CP-PGs. HSPs prevent denaturation of intracellular proteins and "turn off" nuclear factor NF-B, which is a major player involved in the inflammatory vascular disease that accompanies atherosclerosis. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of the direct expression of HSPs via heat shock, on the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis, by the "hot tub" method performed weekly in male mice knockout for the LDL receptor (LDLr-KO) under a high fat and hypercholesterolemic diet. To assess these effects, the animals were weekly subjected to a thermal bath (for a period of eight weeks) by raising the body temperature to 41.5 ° C for 15 min. The results demonstrated that in the thoracic aorta, the heat shock increased HSP70 expression approximately 50%, which was accompanied by an increase of 100% in the expression of heat shock factor - HSF and a dramatic decrease in the activation of nuclear factor NF-kB (75%). In parallel, heat shock decreased by more than 50% lipid deposition in the aortic wall and in the epididymal fat, and lipid peroxidation by about 40%. Ultrasound with Doppler analysis showed that heat shock improved blood flow, reduced thickness of the aortic wall and improved cardiac performance. The treatment also improved the glycemic status (reduction of fasting blood glucose and increased insulin sensitivity) and significantly lower levels of total and LDL cholesterol and by increasing the rates of HDL. The mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects of treatment with heat shock are under investigation in our laboratory.