Des résultats obtenus antérieurement au laboratoire ont démontré l'induction des facteurs de transcription C/EBPs par l'IL-1? ainsi que leur implication dans la régulation de la transcription de gènes de réponse inflammatoire telle que l'haptoglobine au niveau de la cellule épithéliale intestinale. En outre, il a déjà été démontré que la phosphoiylation des C/EBPs peut moduler leur activité et des études au laboratoire ont démontré l'interaction in vitro entre l'isoforme C/EBP? et la kinase DNA-PK. Par l'utilisation de l'inhibiteur non spécifique de la famille PI(3)K, la wortmannine, il a été observé que la DNA-PK phosphoryle C/EBP?. La DNA-PK est une kinase qui répare les bris d'ADN double brin en participant au processus de jonction des extrémités non-homologues. Ainsi, nous avons étudié la modulation de la réponse inflammatoire intestinale par la DNA-PK, en s'attardant plus particulièrement à deux familles de facteurs de transcription, soit NF-?B et les C/EBPs. Par l'utilisation d'un inhibiteur sélectif de la DNA-PK, le IC60211, la phosphorylation in vitro de la région N-terminale de C/EBP? par la DNA-PK a d'abord été confirmé. Puisque la DNA-PK est activée par les bris d'ADN double brin, la doxorubicine, un agent génotoxique, a été utilisé pour la suite du projet. Nous avons montré que la doxorubicine engendre une hausse de la capacité de liaison à l'ADN de NF-?B induite par l'IL-1? et que les complexes formés comprenaient surtout la sousunité p65. Ceci s'accompagne d'une hausse des niveaux nucléaires de p65 ainsi que d'une baisse d'expression de l'inhibiteur cytoplasmique de NF-?B, I?B?. Par contre, par l'utilisation de l'inhibiteur sélectif de la DNA-PK, le NU7026, nos résultats suggèrent que ces effets sont DNA-PK indépendants. En effet, un rétablissement de la capacité de liaison à l'ADN de NF-?B n'est pas observé lors d'une préincubation avec cet inhibiteur avant de traiter à la doxorubicine puis à l'IL-1?. En ce qui concerne les C/EBPs, nos résultats démontrent que la doxorubicine diminue l'activité transcriptionnelle de l'isoforme C/EBP? sur le promoteur du gène haptoglobine. Alors qu'un traitement à l'IL-1? induit une augmentation de la liaison des C/EBPs à HaptoA, nos résultats montrent qu'un pré-traitement à la doxorubicine empêche cette induction. De plus, les niveaux protéiques de C/EBP? et C/EBP? induits par l'IL-1? sont abaissés par la doxorubicine. Également, les niveaux d'ARNm de C/EBP? induits par l'IL-1 p et de deux de ses gènes cibles inflammatoires, l'haptoglobine et lipocalin2, sont diminués par un prétraitement à la doxorubicine. Par l'utilisation du NU7026, nous démontrons un rétablissement partiel de la capacité de liaison à l'ADN de C/EB13? et de C/EBP? qui était réduite par un traitement à la doxorubicine, à des niveaux comparables à la condition sans traitement et à la condition IL-1?, respectivement. Cependant, cet inhibiteur permet le rétablissement des niveaux de protéine et d'ARNm de C/EBP? (induits par l'IL-1?) qui étaient réprimés par un prétraitement à la doxorubicine mais non des niveaux protéiques de C/EBP?. Nos résultats suggèrent que la DNA-PK régule, au moins partiellement, la transcription de l'isoforme C/EBP? ainsi que son activité transcriptionnelle sur le promoteur de l'haptoglobine. Par contre, nos résultats suggèrent aussi que la DNA-PK module la capacité de liaison à l'ADN de C/EBP? et que l'effondrement des niveaux protéiques de C/EBP? par la doxorubicine est DNA-PK indépendant. [Symboles non conformes]

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Meduloblastoma é um câncer do sistema nervoso central, altamente invasivo, de origem embrionária, localizado no cerebelo. É mais comum em crianças e corresponde a aproximadamente 20% de todos os tumores intracranianos pediátricos. Os tratamentos mais utilizados são cirurgia e quimioterapia, sendo que a radioterapia é aplicada somente em crianças com mais de 3 anos devido aos seus efeitos colaterais. Diversos estudos têm mostrado o papel do NF-B na regulação de genes envolvidos com o processo neoplásico. NF-B é um fator de transcrição chave na regulação da resposta imune e no processo de inflamação e está envolvido na regulação da transcrição de um grande número de genes relacionados ao processo de tumorigênese, além de ser constitutivamente ativo em diversos tipos de câncer, sendo um importante potencial alvo terapêutico. O DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) é uma droga que inibe a translocação do NF-B do citoplasma para o núcleo, inibindo assim a sua atuação como ativador transcricional. Vários trabalhos tem mostrado os efeitos antineoplásicos do DHMEQ em inúmeros tipos tumorais, entretanto, não há trabalhos que evidenciem esses efeitos em meduloblastoma. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos dessa droga nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 de meduloblastoma pediátrico através de estudos funcionais e moleculares. Os resultados de proliferação demostraram uma significativa diminuição do crescimento celular nas linhagens de meduloblastoma, inibindo cerca de 80, 70 e 60% nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76, respectivamente, na dose de 20 g/mL, e apresentou um IC50 de 10g/mL em 48h para as linhagens UW402 e UW473 e em 72h na linhagem ONS-76. Adicionalmente, elevou o nível de apoptose para 50, 17 e 31% nessas linhagens, respectivamente, inibiu fortemente a capacidade clonogênica, a migração e a invasão celular nas três linhagens e foi sinérgico na combinação com outros quimioterápicos em grande parte dos pontos de combinação, além de radiossensibilizar fortemente as três linhagens. Os resultados são congruentes com o potencial efeito antitumoral de DHMEQ. / Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the central nervous system, highly invasive, of embryonic origin, located in the cerebellum. It is more common among children and accounts for approximately 20% of all pediatric intracranial tumors. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is only to children older than 3 years old due to its side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the role of NF-B in the regulation of genes involved in the neoplastic process. NF-B is a key transcription factor in the regulation of immune response and inflammation process, and it is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes related to the tumorigenesis process, and constitutively active in many types of cancer, being an important potential therapeutic target. DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) is a drug that inhibits the translocation of NF-B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its activity as a transcriptional activator. Several studies have shown the antineoplastic effects of DHMEQ in numerous tumor types, however, there is no surveys that have tested their effects in medulloblastoma. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug in UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines through functional and molecular studies. The proliferation test results demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell growth in the medulloblastoma cell lines, inhibiting approximately 80, 70 and 60% for UW402, UW473 and ONS-76, respectively, at a dose of 20g/mL, and showed an IC50 of 10g/mL at 48h for UW402 and UW473 and at 72h in ONS-76. Additionally, increased the level of apoptosis to 50, 17 and 31% in these cell lines, respectively, strongly inhibited the clonogenic capacity, the migration and cell invasion in the three lines and it was synergistic in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in most combination points, and radiosensitization strongly the three cell lines. The results are congruent with the potential antitumor effect of DHMEQ.

La protéine Damaged DNA-Binding 2 (DDB2) est connue pour son rôle dans la réparation de l'ADN lésé par les UV. Cependant, le laboratoire a montré que cette protéine est surexprimée naturellement dans les cellules tumorales mammaires non métastatiques et active leur prolifération, en favorisant leur entrée en phase de transition G1/S du cycle cellulaire. Il a été montré que cette nouvelle activité biologique de DDB2 dépend de sa capacité à intervenir dans la transcription de gènes cibles, comme celui codant l'enzyme anti-oxydante, la superoxyde dismutase à manganèse (SOD Mn). Sur la base que DDB2 est peu ou pas exprimée dans les cellules tumorales mammaires métastatiques, ce travail a consisté à étudier le rôle de cette protéine dans les capacités invasives de ces cellules. Dans un 1er temps, nous avons montré que les cellules tumorales mammaires hautement métastatiques (MDA-MB231 et SKBR3), lorsqu'elles surexpriment DDB2 après introduction de son gène, ont des capacités migratrices et invasives in vitro, ainsi que des propriétés in vivo à développer des métastases pulmonaires, fortement réduites, en association avec une diminution importante de l'expression de la métalloprotéase matricielle 9 (MMP-9). De même, lors d'une analyse rétrospective sur 92 échantillons cliniques provenant de patientes, une corrélation inverse entre l'expression de DDB2 et le haut grade (SBR>ou =3) des tumeurs mammaires est observée. Dans un 2ème temps, nous avons identifié le mécanisme moléculaire par lequel DDB2 agit négativement sur les capacités invasives des cellules tumorales mammaires. Nous avons montré que DDB2 intervient positivement sur l'expression du gène codant I kappa B alpha (IkBa), en se fixant sur une séquence d'ADN localisée dans la région proximale du promoteur, qui entraîne en conséquence une forte diminution de l'activité du facteur de transcription NF-kB. Ce dernier est connu pour son rôle dans les capacités invasives et migratrices des cellules tumorales mammaires métastatiques, en régulant de nombreux gènes cibles comme celui codant la MMP-9. Nous avons montré, que l?inhibition de l'expression d'IkBa, par ARN interférence restaure en partie les propriétés invasives des cellules tumorales mammaires métastatiques surexprimant DDB2, en association avec une réexpression de MMP-9. Dans un 3ème temps, nous avons également montré dans les cellules tumorales mammaires métastatiques, que l?expression constitutivement élevée de la SOD Mn, en l'absence de DDB2, dépend de l'activité conjointe des facteurs de transcription NF-kB et Sp1, révélant ainsi un autre mécanisme moléculaire impliqué dans les propriétés invasives de ces cellules. L'ensemble de ce travail contribue ainsi à mieux comprendre comment les cellules tumorales mammaires progressent vers un statut invasif et renforce également l'idée que DDB2 présente un intérêt clinique potentiel, comme marqueur prédictif de la progression métastatique des tumeurs mammaires. Enfin, la relation entre la DDB2, NF-kB et la SOD Mn représente une voie intéressante pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies anticancéreuses / The Damaged DNA-Binding 2 protein (DDB2) is known to play a role in repair of UV-induced DNA damages. However, the laboratory has shown that this protein is overexpressed in nonmetastatic breast tumor cells and stimulates their proliferation by favouring their entry in G1/S transition phase of cell cycle. This novel biological activity of DDB2 depends on its ability to modulate transcription of target genes, such as that encoding the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidant enzyme. The fact that DDB2 is not expressed in metastatic breast tumor cells led us to focuse this work on the role of DDB2 in the invasive abilities of these cells. In a 1st time, we have shown that highly metastatic breast tumor cells (MDA-MB231 et SKBR3), when they overexpress DDB2 after introduction of its gene, have a strong decrease in their in vitro migratory and invasive abilities, and in their properties to develop in vivo lung metastasis, associated with a highly reduced expression of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9). In addition, DDB2 expression was analyzed in a cohort of 92 breast samples from patients. An inverse correlation is observed between DDB2 level and the high-grade (SBR>=3) breast tumors. In a 2nd time, we identified the molecular mechanism by which DDB2 controls negatively the invasive abilities of breast tumor cells. We have shown that DDB2 plays a positive role in the expression of gene encoding I kappa B alpha gene (IkB?), though its binding to a specific DNA sequence localized in the proximal promoter, and which promotes a strong decrease in the NF-kB activity. This transcription factor is well known to play a role in migratory and invasive abilities of metastatic breast tumor cells by regulating many target genes, such as that encoding MMP-9. We have shown that inhibition by RNA interference of I?B? expression restores in part the invasive properties of DDB2-overexpressing metastatic breast tumor cells, associated with an induction of MMP-9 gene expression. In a 3rd time, we have also shown in metastatic breast tumor cells, that the high basal MnSOD expression, when DDB2 is lacking, depends on the related activity of the NF-kB and Sp1 transcription factors, considering that this other molecular mechanism is involved in invasive properties of these cells. Taken together, this work contributes to a better understanding how breast tumor cells progress toward an invasive phenotype and underlines also the idea that DDB2 has a clinical relevance as a good potential marker for predicting breast tumor progression toward metastasis. Finally, the relationship between DDB2, NF-kB and MnSOD may be considered as an interesting pathway for development of new anticancer therapies

This thesis purpose is to investigate the sociopolitical factors and causes that led to why KB chose not to use the criteria and guidelines for their digitization activities are described in DIGSAM. To do this I focused on three research questions;- What factors (internal / external) led to the decision not to use the criteria guidelines for digitization, which is described in the policy document DIGSAM and what arguments and opinions formed the basis for the decision.- What is the Library's digitization activities, the factors, criteria and guidelines governing activity in the current situation? - Will KB's choice not to use DIGSAM as a whole in their digitization activities affect national library's role as a beacon for the Swedish libraries digital work? In what way and why? In order to answer these questions I interviewed three of KB:s librarians who had extensive knowledge of digitization and DIGSAM. I chose to also use a pilotstudy that was conducted at KB in the of spring 2010. The idea was to use this material as a basis to build on.As a theoretical framework, I chose to use a socio-political theory of Ingrid Mason. The results of my study was that KB's choice not to use DIGSAM was due to economic, infrastructural and organizational elements. / Program: Bibliotekarie

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24194号 / 医博第4888号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 伊藤 能永, 教授 中川 一路 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Mucositis refers to the widespread damage of mucosal surfaces throughout the length of the alimentary tract (AT) that can occur during cancer treatment. Its development is an important clinical problem that complicates and limits treatment options as well as adversely affecting the quality of life and treatment outcomes for patients. Recent studies directed at determining the pathobiology of mucositis have indicated increasing evidence for the role of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, for example tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin- 6 (IL-6), in its development. This thesis developed from an initial clinical investigation in which the expression of NF-κB and COX-2 in oral mucosa was investigated in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Increased levels of NF-κB were demonstrated in the buccal mucosa following chemotherapy. It is well established that mucositis occurs in different sites of the AT. The aims of this research, therefore, were to compare and contrast the changes that do occur at different sites of the AT following chemotherapy in an established animal model (Dark Agouti (DA) rat). Furthermore, the studies were conducted to determine whether changes in tissue and serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines occurred following chemotherapy and, with respect to tissue levels, identify whether there were differences in expression at different sites throughout the AT. The final aim was to examine whether the histological changes and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines were affected by the type of chemotherapy drug used. The effects of three chemotherapy drugs with different mechanisms of action (irinotecan, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) were investigated, all of which can cause mucositis in the clinical setting. The thesis is divided into a Literature Review (Chapter 1) followed by 4 research papers: Chapter 2 – “Nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the oral mucosa following cancer chemotherapy” Chapter 3 -“Characterisation of mucosal changes in the alimentary tract following administration of irinotecan: Implications for the pathobiology of mucositis” Chapter 4 – “Is the pathobiology of chemotherapy-induced alimentary tract mucositis influenced by the type of mucotoxic drug administered?”, Chapter 5 – “Serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines following administration of mucotoxic drugs”. Chapter 6 provides an overall summary and discussion of the results. Previous research has indicated that following administration of chemotherapeutic agents there may be subclinical changes occurring in the mucosa prior to obvious clinical manifestations. The results presented in this thesis also demonstrate this in both humans and animals following administration of chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue taken from the oral cavity, jejunum and colon from the DA rats following chemotherapy demonstrated that changes in NF-κB and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF, IL-1β and IL- 6, occurred at all sites over a 72 hour time period. This was evident before severe histological evidence of mucositis were observed such as epithelial atrophy in the oral mucosa, atrophy, blunting and fusion of the villi in the jejunum and crypt ablation in the jejunum and colon. Furthermore, each of the three drugs caused different patterns of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the tissues; in spite of this, however, histological features of damage were similar. With respect to serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, differences were observed between the serum and tissue levels. Generally, serum changes followed initial histological changes in the tissues, or occurred simultaneously with histological changes. The mechanisms behind this are unclear; however it may be that elevated cytokines in the tissues “overflow” into the serum as tissue damage increases. Furthermore, the use of serum cytokine level measurement to predict mucosal damage is limited because of the differences in timing and short time intervals between changes in the serum and tissues. This thesis has provided additional important information on mucositis pathobiology and highlights its complexity. In particular, it has provided new evidence supporting the notion that mucositis is not restricted to the oral cavity and that other sites of the AT are also affected. Furthermore, these results confirm previous data indicating that subclinical changes occur in the mucosa prior to the development of obvious histological damage or clinical manifestations of mucositis. Contrary to previous reports, these studies have indicated that, although the clinical and histological changes may be similar, the alterations in NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tissues are affected by the type of drug used. This has important implications in the management and prevention of mucositis in the clinical setting particularly when multi-drug or chemotherapy-radiotherapy regimens are used. A common pathway that leads to mucosal damage is yet to be determined. The fact that serum levels appear to reflect the “global” nature of the effects of chemotherapy, highlights the fact that ongoing research needs to be directed, not necessarily at specific side effects, but rather how side effects of chemotherapy are interrelated so that better patient management can be achieved and ultimately provide optimum treatment and better survival for patients with cancer. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1321557 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008