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Bakgrund: Stressrelaterad ohälsa och utmattningssyndrom ökar i Sverige vilket leder till fler långtidssjukskrivningar. Detta innebär ett stort lidande för de drabbade och höga kostnader för samhället. Stress som kvarstår under längre tid påverkar kroppen negativt och leder till kognitiv utmattning, sömnproblematik, utbredd trötthet, somatiska besvär, irritabilitet och negativ affekt. Utsatta personer är även i riskgrupper för allvarliga somatiska sjukdomar. Syfte: Att beskriva förekomsten av stressrelaterad ohälsa och utmattningssyndrom i en storstads-region. Metod: Data samlades in genom ett tvärsnittsurval bland kvinnor och män i arbetsför ålder boende i en storstadsregion. Mätinstrumentet som användes var Karolinska Exhaustion Scale (KES) (26). Korrelationsanalyser gjordes för att sedan jämföras med en tidigare studie där patienter diagnostiserade med utmattningssyndrom ingick i urvalet. Resultat: Respondenterna uppgav att symtom på fatigue och sömnsvårigheter var mest utbredda följt av irritabilitet. Ingen signifikant skillnad påvisades mellan kvinnor och män, ensam- eller sammanboende i urvalsgruppen. Studien påvisar en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan studiens urvalsgrupp och en patientgrupp från en tidigare studie. Detta indikerar sämre stressrelaterad hälsa bland patientgruppen. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar fatigue och sömnsvårigheter var mest förekommande av symtomen på stressrelaterad ohälsa i urvalsgruppen. Någon slutsats om skillnader mellan kön, ensamboende och sammanboende inom urvalsgruppen har inte kunnat konstateras. Stor signifikant skillnad kunde påvisas mellan urvalsgruppen och patientgruppen från en tidigare studie. Klinisk betydelse: Sammanställd data från studien kommer att användas för vidare forskning. / Background: Stress related illness and burnout are increasing which contributes to further long term sick leaves in Sweden. This causes great suffer for the individual and high expenses to the society. Being a subject to long term stress will have a negative impact on the body and may lead to cognitive exhaustion, disturbed sleep, excessive fatigue, somatic symptoms, irritability and negative affectivity. Exposed people are also at risk for other severe somatic illness. Aim: To describe the presence of stress related illness and burnout in a conurbation. Method: Data was gathered from cross-sectional samples consisting of women and men in a working age living in a conurbation. The study’s instrument was the Karolinska Exhaustion Scale (KES) (26). Correlation analyses were employed to compare with a sample from a previous study with patients diagnosed with burnout. Result: The findings show that individuals in the study had most difficulties with symptoms referring to fatigue and disturbed sleep, followed by irritability. No conclusion was made referring to differences between men and women or between those living alone and the cohabitants as no significant difference could be proven. There was a significant difference between the sample of the study and the sample from patients of the previous study. Conclusion: The findings of the study shows that of all the symptoms of stress related illness fatigue and disturbed sleep had the highest prevalence among the sample. Conclusions referring to differences between gender, individuals living alone and the cohabitants could not be proven. High significance level was found when comparing the sample of the study with a sample from a previous study with patients diagnosed with burnout. Clinical implication: Gathered data from the study will be used for further research. / <p>Röda Korsets sjuksköterskeförening stipendium 2014</p>

This diploma thesis describes Sudetenland in environmental, economic and sociological view. The main question of this research is if Sudetenland still exist as a marginal area. The theoretical part contains a summary of basic terms, for example amenity migration, a plan of development of a municipality and a coefficient of the ecological stability (KES). It also contains explanation of the word "Sudetenland" as a geographical, socio-economic and histroric-political term and so on the historical consequences, which influenced Sudetenland. The practical part of this diploma thesis is focused on observation the socio-economic behaviour of inhabitants of particular part of the Sudetenland, village Celnice and on a calculation of KES of its cadastral area. This thesis is designed as a case study. It considers the amenity migration as a solution of some socio-economic problems of this area.

Seam quality is affected by various fabric mechanical properties with a combination of their sewing parameters. Previously, a lot of research has been done on identifying the parameters that influencing seam quality by looking into correlation between fabric properties and sewing parameters. The purpose of this current study was to investigate the performance of seam quality in terms of seam appearance and strength constructed with different sewing parameters. Another aim was to identify parameters that influence the seam quality using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) by AMOS and leads to the development of multivariable predictive equations using SPSS. Finally, the validation between experimental and predicted results using newly developed equations was examined using a new set of fabrics. The investigation was done for five different fabric categories, namely light, light to medium, medium, medium to heavy and heavy weight. A total of 45 fabrics with different weave densities, fibre types and structures were used. Seams were produced using various sewing parameters such as threads with different fibre types and structures, needle sizes and stitch densities. All fabrics were tested for their mechanical properties using two established items of equipment known as Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F) and Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing (FAST). Seam evaluations together with thread and fabric mechanical properties obtained from KES-F and FAST were used as input for modelling. From the experimental work, it was concluded that the usage of thicker threads did not always give better strength and the seam appearance was also poor. A combination of finer thread with moderate strength and a medium level of stitch density according to fabric weight category provided an effective result for both seam appearance and strength. From the modelling work, it was found that the extensibility, bending and shearing properties, together with thread properties including extensibility, tensile strength and size, were among the properties selected by SEM to be included in the predictive equations. The validation results showed that the standard deviation between fabric properties used to develop the equations and new fabric properties used for validation plays an important role. The principal conclusion was that the prediction equations developed using SEM and SPSS possible to be used and gave a strong validation between experimental and predicted results when the new fabric properties were within one standard deviation.

Axial compressors are used in a wide variety of aerodynamic applications and are one of the most important components in aero-engines. The operability of compressors is however limited at low-mass flow rates by fluid dynamic instabilities such as stall and surge. These instabilities can lead to engine failure and loss of engine power which can compromise the aircraft safety and reliability. Therefore, a better understanding of how stall occurs and the causes behind its inception is extremely important. In the vicinity of the stall line, the flow field is inherently unsteady due to the interactions between adjacent rows of blades, formation of separation cells, and the viscous effects including shock-boundary layer interaction. Accurate modeling of these phenomena requires a proper set of stable and accurate boundary conditions at the rotorstator interface that conserve mass, momentum and energy, while eliminating false reflections. As a part of this effort, an existing 3D Navier-Stokes analysis for modeling single stage compressors has been modified to model multi-stage axial compressors and turbines. Several rotor-stator interface boundary conditions have been implemented. These have been evaluated for the first stage (a stator and a rotor) of the two stage fuel turbine on the space shuttle main engine (SSME). Their effectiveness in conserving global properties such as mass, momentum, and energy across the interface, while yielding good performance predictions has been evaluated. While all the methods gave satisfactory results, a characteristic based approach and an unsteady sliding mesh approach are found to work best. Accurate modeling of the formation of stall cells requires the use of advanced turbulence models. As a part of this effort, a new advanced turbulence model called Hybrid RANS/KES (HRKES) has been developed and implemented. This model solves Menter's k--SST model near walls and switches to a Kinetic Eddy Simulation (KES) model away from walls. The KES model solves directly for local turbulent kinetic energy and local turbulent length scales, alleviating the grid spacing dependency of the length scales found in other Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and Hybrid RANS/LES (HRLES) models. Within the HRKES model, combinations of two different blending functions have been evaluated for blending the near wall model to the KES model. The use of realizability constraints to bound the KES model parameters has also been studied for several internal and external flows. The current methodology is used in the prediction of the performance map for the NASA Stage 35 compressor configuration as a representative of a modern compressor stage. The present approach is found to satisfactory predict the onset of stall. It is found that the rotor blade tip leakage vortex and its interaction with the shock wave is mainly the reason behind the stall inception in this compressor stage.

Diese Arbeit berichtet über die Suche nach gepulster und ungepulster hochenergetischer (VHE) Gammastrahlung mit dem High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) im Energiebereich von 100 GeV bis 100 TeV von drei Pulsaren. Gepulste VHE Gammastrahlung wurde bisher nur fuer den jungen Krebspulsar gefunden. Eine besondere Gruppe von Pulsarwindnebeln (PWN) sind die zusammengesetzten Supernovaüberreste (SNR), bei denen sich ein PWN im Zentrum einer expandierenden SNR Schale befindet. Die Resultate der Suche nach gepulster und ungepulster VHE Gammastrahlung von zwei Millisekundenpulsaren, PSR J0437-4715 und PSR J1824-2452, werden im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Teile der Beobachtungen wurden in einer speziellen Triggerkonfiguration (dem Topologischen Trigger mit konvergenter Ausrichtung) durchgeführt, um die Energieschwelle des Instruments zu senken. Kein Hinweis auf gepulste oder ungepulste Emission wurde gefunden und obere Grenzen auf den gepulsten und ungepulsten Fluss wurden bestimmt. Die oberen Grenzen auf den gepulsten Fluss werden mit bestehenden Modellvorhersagen verglichen und erlauben für PSR J1824-2452 den Bereich möglicher Geometrien in einigen Modellen einzuschränken. Die Resultate der Suche nach gepulster und ungepulster VHE Gammastrahlung aus der Richtung des zusammengesetzten SNR Kes 75 werden im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit präsentiert. Der PWN im Zentrum von Kes 75 wird von einem sehr jungen und energiereichen Pulsar, PSR J1846-0258, angetrieben, der ein aussergewöhnlich starkes Magnetfeld besitzt. Während kein Hinweis auf gepulste Strahlung gefunden wurde, konnte ungepulste Emission von VHE Gammastrahlung von einer Punktquelle mit einer statistischen Signifikanz von 10 sigma nachgewiesen werden. Die VHE Gammastrahlung ist räumlich koinzident mit dem PWN und mit der SNR Schale. Beide werden als mögliche Quelle für die beobachtete Emission diskutiert. Der Pulsar von Kes 75 wäre der jüngste bisher bekannte Pulsar, der einen Pulsarwindnebel antreibt. / This work reports on the search for pulsed and steady very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission in the energy range extending from 100 GeV up to 100 TeV from the direction of three pulsars with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). Pulsed gamma-ray radiation from pulsars with energies beyond 100 GeV was found thus far only for the young and energetic Crab pulsar. A special class of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) is associated with composite supernova remnants (SNRs) where the PWN is centered in an expanding SNR shell. In the first part of this thesis, the results on the search for pulsed and steady VHE gamma-ray emission from the two millisecond pulsars, PSR J0437-4715 and PSR J1824-2452, are presented. Parts of the observations were conducted in a special trigger setup (the topological trigger with convergent pointing) to reduce the energy threshold of the instrument. No signal of pulsed or steady emission is found and upper limits on the pulsed and steady gamma-ray flux are derived. The upper limits on the pulsed gamma-ray flux are compared to existing model predictions and, in the case of PSR J1824-2452, allow the range of possible viewing geometries in some models to be constrained. In the second part of this work, results on the search for pulsed and steady VHE gamma-ray emission from the direction of the composite SNR Kes 75 are presented. The PWN in the center of Kes 75 is powered by a very young and powerful pulsar, PSR J1846-0258, that has an exceptionally high magnetic field. While no hint for pulsed emission is found, steady VHE gamma-ray emission is detected with a statistical significance of 10 sigma from a point-like source. The VHE gamma-ray emission is spatially coincident with the PWN and the SNR shell. Both are discussed as a possible origin for the observed emission. The pulsar of Kes 75 would be the youngest pulsar known to date to power a VHE PWN.

This work evaluates evolution changes of socio-economical structure and Territorial System of Ecological Stability (ÚSES) in Territory Zone. Territory Zone is meant nearer surround of river dam Hněvkovice, that is used for needs of technological water in JETE (nuclear power station Temelín). There can be found villages Buzkov, Dobřejovice, Hroznějovice, Jaroslavice, Jeznice, Kostelec, Litoradlice, Poněšice, Pořežany, Purkarec and Třitim. This work also solves evolution of number of population, age structure and employment from 1982 to 2001 as well as other specific development factors of this territory. The part of this work is the KES (Coefficient of the Ecological Stability) of the territory before and after the Hněvkovice dam was built. The basic characteristics of whole territory and list of historical interests is also important.

En förväntad ökning av jordens befolkning ställer den redan ökande fiberkonsumtionen på sin spets. Bomull är en av de mest frekvent använda textilfibrerna men dess vatten- och kemikalieanvändning i framställningsprocessen har lett till förödande konsekvenser för människa och miljö. Flera alternativa, hållbara fibrer behöver därmed introduceras på marknaden. Garn av papper från råvaran abacá har länge använts till textila ändamål till följd av dess goda mekaniska egenskaper. På senare år har intresset för fibern ökat främst på grund av dess miljömässiga fördelar i jämförelse med bomull. Garn av papper är dock styvt och känns strävt mot huden. För att vidga pappersgarnets användningsområden måste därför dess taktila egenskaper förbättras genom någon typ av behandling. Textilproduktion är kemikaliekrävande och flertalet av kemikalierna som används är miljö- och hälsofarliga. Det är därför av intresse att hitta en mekanisk metod för mjukgöring snarare än en kemisk. En sådan mjukgöring har därav utvecklats och undersökts inom projektets ramar. Mjukgöringen är en smärglingsbehandling i garnform där garnet leds genom en bladspännare utrustad med två sandpapper som smärgeldukar. Behandlingen ämnar öka antalet utstickande fiberändar och på så vis efterlikna känslan av ett stapelfibergarn. Genom att garnet behandlas redan i garnstadiet kan det sedan användas till valfri textil konstruktionsteknik. För att undersöka effekten av smärglingsbehandlingen har studien delats in i två delar. Den ena delen undersöker två klassiska denimvävar av 100 % papper där väftgarnet i den ena väven har smärglats en gång medan väftgarnet i den andra är obehandlat. Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) har använts för att objektivt analysera vävarnas taktila egenskaper, alltså hur de känns vid beröring. För att undersöka hur vävens ytstruktur förändrats till följd av behandlingen har provkropparna fotograferats i svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) och ljusmikroskop. Studiens andra del undersöker effekten av upprepade smärglingsbehandlingar på garn. Pappersgarner som behandlats mellan noll och fem gånger undersöks dels gällande dess mekaniska egenskaper men även visuellt i SEM och med hjälp av ljusmikroskop. Behandlingen förväntas minska garnets styrka. För att kontrollera om de behandlade garnerna är tillräckligt starka för att användas i en industriell vävprocess trots den mekaniska degraderingen jämfördes deras styrka med ett referensgarn av bomull. Majoriteten av resultaten från KES-testerna visar på att det inte är någon skillnad mellan en obehandlad väv och en väv vars väftgarn är smärglat en gång. Den behandlade väven är dock lättare att komprimera och har en större initial tjocklek än den obehandlade väven. Detta tyder på att smärglingen kan ha ändrat garnernas diameter vilket resulterat i högre invävning och därmed ökad vikt och tjocklek. Den visuella undersökningen av garnerna i ljusmikroskop pekar mot ett ökat antal utstickande fiberändar i takt med ökat antal behandlingar. Dock är skillnaden mellan det osmärglade garnet och det garn som enbart smärglats en gång liten. Dragprovning av garn visar att det pappersgarn som smärglats fem gånger har signifikant lägre brottkraft än de övriga pappersgarnerna men är starkare än referensgarnet i bomull. Detta styrker förväntningen om att smärgling försämrar styrkan på garnet men visar också att de behandlade garnerna, trots den minskade styrkan, bör vara tillräckligt starka för att användas som väftgarn i maskinell vävning. Fiberändarnas effekt i en denimväv behöver undersökas vidare för att en slutsats kring hur de påverkar den taktila komforten ska kunna dras. Metoden för garnsmärgling är i sin initiala fas och flera parametrar behöver undersökas närmare innan metoden skulle kunna implementeras på industriell skala som en metod för mjukgöring av pappersgarn med syfte att främja den framtida fibermångfalden. / An expected population increase and rising consumption of textile fibres creates a demand for both new materials and processes. Cotton is one of the most frequently used fibres but its use is resource intensive both in terms of water and chemical agents. To meet these demands a range of alternative, sustainable fibres need to be developed and introduced into the market. Due to its good mechanical properties paper yarns produced from the abacá plant have long been used in textile applications. In recent years it has also garnered increased interest as a result of its environmental benefits in comparison to cotton. However, paper yarns tend to be stiff and feel coarse in contact with skin. In order for paper yarns to have larger fields of use its tactile qualities must therefore be improved. The production of textiles is generally reliant on the use of chemicals that in varying degree pose threats both to human health and the environment as a whole. It would therefore be beneficial to develop a method for the softening of paper yarns that is based on a mechanical approach, rather than a chemical one. In this project a mechanical method of softening paper yarns has been developed and tested. The softening process is an altered approach to conventional emery grinding and is performed on yarn rather than fabric. The yarn is guided through a leaf tensioner fitted with two sand papers with the purpose to increase the number of protruding fibre ends, thereby reproducing the feel of staple fibre yarns. In order to investigate the effects of the emery grinding two classical denim weaves were produced from 100 % paper yarn. The weft yarn in one of the weaves was emery ground once while the other was left untreated. Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) was used to objectively analyze the tactile qualities of the differently treated weaves. In addition to KES-tests Scanning Electron Microscopy and light microscopy was utilized for a visual analysis. Since it would also be of interest to study the effects of repeated treatments, yarn treated up to five times was inspected both visually and mechanically. The emery grinding process is expected to decrease the strength of the yarn. To check whether the emery ground yarns were strong enough to be used in an industrial weaving process, its strength was compared to a cotton yarn previously used as a weft yarn in a denim weave. Results from KES show no significant changes concerning the majority of parameters tested on the weaves. The treated weave is however easier to compress and presents an increase in initial thickness when compared to the untreated one. This indicates that the emery grinding may have altered the yarns diameter resulting in a higher crimp in the weave causing an increase in the weight and thickness of the fabric. The visual inspection of the yarns using a digital microscope point to an increase in protruding fibre ends as the number of treatments increase. The difference between untreated paper yarn and yarn that had been emery ground once was however small. The tensile test shows that yarn that had been treated five times had a significantly lower tensile strength compared to the other paper yarns but was still stronger than the cotton yarn. This indicates that emery grinding does indeed decrease the tensile strength of the paper yarn, but that it still should be strong enough to be used in industrial weaving. Paper yarn treated more than once would have to be studied further in order to come to a conclusion about their impact on the tactile comfort of the weave. The method of emery grinding is in its initial phase and a number of parameters can be assumed to have an effect on the results of the process. In the interest of creating more diversity in textile fibres the effects of these parameters would all have to be explored before this method can be implemented on an industrial scale for the softening of paper yarns.