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Effects of clozapine and alprazolam on cognitive deficits and anxiety-like behaviors in a ketamine-induced rat model of schizophrenia /Phillips, Jennifer M. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).
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Avaliação dos efeitos psíquicos, hemodinâmicos e da qualidade da analgesia, relacionados ao uso combinado de clonidina, S+ cetamina e midazolam durante a realização de curativos ou debridamentos cirúrgicos em pacientes grandes queima / Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychic effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns, a RCTGiorgio Pretto 14 August 2014 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A clonidina é um agonista seletivo do receptor adrenérgico alfa2 com propriedades sedativas, analgésicas e possibilita a redução do consumo de outros anestésicos. Suas ações podem mitigar o impacto hemodinâmico e psíquico da S+ Cetamina. Os grandes queimados são de difícil manejo e ainda não existe uma técnica anestésica padrão para estes pacientes, sendo a cetamina amplamente utilizada nestes pacientes em regimes muito variados, apresentando várias vantagens. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e psíquicos da interação da clonidina e da S+ cetamina e propor uma técnica anestésica para grandes queimados. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi prospectivo, duplo encoberto, aleatório e placebo controlado, planejado para 48 pacientes adultos grandes queimados, estado físico ASA II ou III, que foram agendados para trocas de curativos ou debridamentos cirúrgicos. Para a anestesia foi usado midazolam 0,07mg/kg e duas doses de 1 mg/kg de S+ cetamina. No Grupo Clonidina foi usada a dose de 2 mcg/kg e soro fisiológico no Grupo Placebo. Foram avaliadas as alterações hemodinâmicas durante o intra-operatório. Durante as duas primeiras horas foram avaliadas detalhadamente as alterações psíquicas utilizando 13 variáveis, o retorno da consciência, a analgesia e a ocorrência de complicações. Após 24 horas foram avaliadas a analgesia, a ocorrência de sonhos e delírios. RESULTADOS: O Grupo Clonidina apresentou redução estatisticamente significativa nas pressões arteriais durante o procedimento. Dentre as 13 variáveis psíquicas analisadas, 5 foram menores com significância estatística no Grupo Clonidina durante a avaliação de 30 minutos, incluindo Corpo, Arredores, Pensamento, Sonolento e Ansioso. Na avaliação de duas horas, apenas a variável Ansioso teve redução estatisticamente significativa no Grupo Clonidina. A frequência cardíaca, a ocorrência de delírio e sonhos e a analgesia pós-operatória foram similares nos dois grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na ocorrência de complicações. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de Clonidina em anestesia para pacientes grandes queimados, com S+ cetamina e midazolam reduz as pressões arteriais durante o procedimento e os efeitos psíquicos, sem aumentar a ocorrência de complicações / Abstract: Clonidine is a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic and anesthetic sparing properties. Because of its sympathoinhibitory activity, it may reduce the hemodynamic and psychic effects of S+ ketamine and improve analgesia. The ketamine is commonly used in burned patients worldwide. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the interactions between clonidine and ketamine in hemodynamic and psychic effects and also to propose an anesthetic technique for major burned patients. Method: A prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled study designed for 48 patients with major burns, aged 18-60 years, physical status ASA II or III, that were scheduled for dressing changes and wound debridements. For the anesthesia was used midazolam 0,07mg/kg, two doses of S+ ketamine 1 mg/kg, placebo or clonidine 2mcg/kg. Intraoperative hemodynamic alterations over time were assessed. During the first two hours after the procedures were evaluated, psychic effects in detail using 13 variables, the return of conscience, analgesia, dreaming and delirium and after 24 hours, analgesia, dreaming and delirium. Results: The Clonidine Group had low arterial pressure during the procedure. At the 30 minute evaluation of the psychic variables 5 out of 13 were lower in the Clonidine Group with statistically significance, these being Body, Surroundings, Thoughts, Drowsy and Anxious. At the 2 hour evaluation only the Anxious variable was lower in the Clonidine Group with statistically significance. Cardiac frequency, postoperative analgesia, occurrence of delirium and dreaming weren\'t different between both groups. There wasn\'t any difference in complication rates between both groups. Conclusion: We concluded that the use of Clonidine in S+ ketamine plus midazolam anesthesia in patients with major burns reduces the arterial pressures and the postoperative psychic effects, without increasing the complications
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Increasing Practitioner Knowledge of Ketamine as an Adjunct Analgesic for Postoperative PainGoldfarb, Allison 01 January 2014 (has links)
Postoperative pain is of serious concern to patients and anesthesia providers alike. Management of a patients’ pain is a central component of anesthesia care. Ketamine as an anesthetic agent has been available for 50 years. It has been utilized as a general anesthetic and selectively as an anesthetic agent for high-risk patients. Due to dysphoric side effects associated with the dosage required to render general anesthesia, anesthesia providers may be reluctant to utilize this medication to its full potential. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in ketamine as an analgesic agent. The researcher for this project performed a thorough literature review focusing on intravenous ketamine as an adjunct to standard opioid-based analgesia for postoperative pain. Four systematic reviews published in the last 10 years support the safety and efficacy of ketamine when administered intravenously in sub-anesthetic doses. The purpose of this project was to provide evidence-based education to anesthesia providers regarding the benefits of ketamine and follow-up to evaluate for evidence of changes in practice after the educational At a large community hospital data concerning ketamine utilization by anesthesia providers as a component of multimodal analgesia was collected for a six-month period, including three months pre- and three months post-educational intervention. Despite various methods utilized to present evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of ketamine, the results of this study demonstrated no significant change in practice. Based upon the extensive published literature the evidence is compelling that the addition of a sub-anesthetic (0.5 mg/kg) dose of ketamine to the surgical patient’s operative pain management plan would improve comfort and decrease opioid-related side effects with minimal negative impact.
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A Pilot Study of the Pharmacogenetics of Ketamine-Induced Emergence Phenomena: A DissertationAroke, Edwin N. 21 April 2016 (has links)
Background: Up to 55% of patients administered ketamine, experience an emergence phenomena (EP) that closely mimics schizophrenia and increases their risk of injury. While genetics accounts for about 50% of severe adverse drug reactions, no studies have investigated genetic association of ketamine-induced EP in healthy patients. Ketamine is metabolized by CYP 2B6 enzymes and CYP 2B^8^ allele significantly alter ketamine metabolism. In addition, ketamine exerts most of its effects by inhibiting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMADR), and NMDAR genes (GRIN2B) are associated with learning and memory impairment and schizophrenia.
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between CYP2B6*6 and GRIN2B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ketamine-induced emergence phenomena (EP).
Methods: This cross-sectional pharmacogenetic study recruited 75 patients having minor orthopedic, hand, foot, anorectal surgeries from two outpatient surgical centers. EP was measured with the Clinician Administered Dissociative State Scale (CADSS). DNA was genotyped using standard Taqman assays and protocols. Genetic association of CYP2B6*6 and GRIN2B (rs1019385 & rs1806191) SNPs and ketamine induced EP occurrence and severity were tested using multivariate logistic and linear regression, adjusting for age, ketamine dose, duration of anesthesia, and time since ketamine administration.
Results: Forty-seven patients (63%) received ketamine and were genotyped. Nineteen EP cases were identified (CADSS > 4), leaving 28 non-EP controls. For our population, CADSS has an internal consistency reliability Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, and could reliably distinguish ketamine from non-ketamine cases. Occurrence and severity of EP were not associated with CYP2B6*6 or GRIN2B (p > 0.1). Models removing genotype and containing age, ketamine dose, duration of v anesthesia, and time since ketamine administration significantly predicted EP occurrence (p = 0.001) and severity (p = 0.007). Presence and severity of EP did not affect patient satisfaction with care.
Discussion: Younger age, higher dose and longer duration of anesthesia significantly predicted EP occurrence and severity among our sample. This study provides effect size estimates useful for the design of adequately powered future genetic association studies. The feasibility of recruitment from patients undergoing elective, outpatient surgeries and ease of post-operative EP assessment with CADSS supports our approach. However, the small sample size may have limited about ability to determine significant differences.
Conclusion: Fully powered studies are needed to investigate this important phenomena. Determining factors for anesthesia-related EP symptoms may reduce risks and costs associated with this adverse medication effect.
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Sex Differences in the Rapid and the Sustained Antidepressant-like Effects of Ketamine in Stress-naive and “Depressed” Mice Exposed to Chronic Mild StressFranceschelli, Anthony Albert 27 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Problemas direto e inverso de processos de separação em leito móvel simulado mediante mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção / Direct and inverse problems of separation processes moving bed simulated by kinetic mechanisms of adsorptionKamilla Vogas Romualdo 21 December 2012 (has links)
Diversas aplicações industriais relevantes envolvem os processos de adsorção, citando
como exemplos a purificação de produtos, separação de substâncias, controle de poluição e
umidade entre outros. O interesse crescente pelos processos de purificação de biomoléculas
deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e à demanda das indústrias
farmacêutica e química por produtos com alto grau de pureza. O leito móvel simulado (LMS)
é um processo cromatográfico contínuo que tem sido aplicado para simular o movimento do
leito de adsorvente, de forma contracorrente ao movimento do líquido, através da troca
periódica das posições das correntes de entrada e saída, sendo operado de forma contínua,
sem prejuízo da pureza das correntes de saída. Esta consiste no extrato, rico no componente
mais fortemente adsorvido, e no rafinado, rico no componente mais fracamente adsorvido,
sendo o processo particularmente adequado a separações binárias. O objetivo desta tese é
estudar e avaliar diferentes abordagens utilizando métodos estocásticos de otimização para o
problema inverso dos fenômenos envolvidos no processo de separação em LMS. Foram
utilizados modelos discretos com diferentes abordagens de transferência de massa, com a
vantagem da utilização de um grande número de pratos teóricos em uma coluna de
comprimento moderado, neste processo a separação cresce à medida que os solutos fluem
através do leito, isto é, ao maior número de vezes que as moléculas interagem entre a fase
móvel e a fase estacionária alcançando assim o equilíbrio. A modelagem e a simulação
verificadas nestas abordagens permitiram a avaliação e a identificação das principais
características de uma unidade de separação do LMS. A aplicação em estudo refere-se à
simulação de processos de separação do Baclofen e da Cetamina. Estes compostos foram
escolhidos por estarem bem caracterizados na literatura, estando disponíveis em estudos de
cinética e de equilíbrio de adsorção nos resultados experimentais. De posse de resultados
experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do problema direto e inverso de uma unidade de
separação LMS visando comparar os resultados obtidos com os experimentais, sempre se
baseando em critérios de eficiência de separação entre as fases móvel e estacionária. Os
métodos estudados foram o GA (Genetic Algorithm) e o PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) e
também foi feita uma hibridização entre o GA e o PCA. Como resultado desta tese analisouse
e comparou-se os métodos de otimização em diferentes aspectos relacionados com o
mecanismo cinético de transferência de massa por adsorção e dessorção entre as fases sólidas
do adsorvente. / Several important industrial applications involving adsorption processes, citing as an
example the product purification, separation of substances, pollution control and moisture
among others. The growing interest in processes of purification of biomolecules is mainly due
to the development of biotechnology and the demand of pharmaceutical and chemical
products with high purity. The simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is a continuous
process that has been applied to simulate the movement of the adsorbent bed, in a
countercurrent to the movement of liquid through the periodic exchange of the positions of
input and output currents, being operated so continuous, notwithstanding the purity of the
outlet streams. This is the extract, rich in the more strongly adsorbed component, and the
raffinate, rich in the more weakly adsorbed component, the method being particularly suited
to binary separations. The aim of this thesis is to study and evaluate different approaches
using stochastic optimization methods for the inverse problem of the phenomena involved in
the separation process in LMS. We used discrete models with different approaches to mass
transfer. With the benefit of using a large number of theoretical plates in a column of
moderate length, in this process the separation increases as the solute flowing through the bed,
i.e. as many times as molecules interact between the mobile phase and stationary phase thus
achieving the equilibrium. The modeling and simulation verified in these approaches allowed
the assessment and identification of the main characteristics of a separation unit LMS. The
application under consideration refers to the simulation of the separation of Ketamine and
Baclofen. These compounds were chosen because they are well characterized in the literature
and are available in kinetic studies and equilibrium adsorption on experimental results. With
the results of experiments evaluated the behavior of the direct and inverse problem of a
separation unit LMS in order to compare these results, always based on the criteria of
separation efficiency between the mobile and stationary phases. The methods studied were the
GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) and we also made a
hybridization between the GA and PCA. This thesis, we analyzed and compared the
optimization methods in different aspects of the kinetic mechanism for mass transfer between
the adsorption and desorption of the adsorbent solid phases.
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Problemas direto e inverso de processos de separação em leito móvel simulado mediante mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção / Direct and inverse problems of separation processes moving bed simulated by kinetic mechanisms of adsorptionKamilla Vogas Romualdo 21 December 2012 (has links)
Diversas aplicações industriais relevantes envolvem os processos de adsorção, citando
como exemplos a purificação de produtos, separação de substâncias, controle de poluição e
umidade entre outros. O interesse crescente pelos processos de purificação de biomoléculas
deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e à demanda das indústrias
farmacêutica e química por produtos com alto grau de pureza. O leito móvel simulado (LMS)
é um processo cromatográfico contínuo que tem sido aplicado para simular o movimento do
leito de adsorvente, de forma contracorrente ao movimento do líquido, através da troca
periódica das posições das correntes de entrada e saída, sendo operado de forma contínua,
sem prejuízo da pureza das correntes de saída. Esta consiste no extrato, rico no componente
mais fortemente adsorvido, e no rafinado, rico no componente mais fracamente adsorvido,
sendo o processo particularmente adequado a separações binárias. O objetivo desta tese é
estudar e avaliar diferentes abordagens utilizando métodos estocásticos de otimização para o
problema inverso dos fenômenos envolvidos no processo de separação em LMS. Foram
utilizados modelos discretos com diferentes abordagens de transferência de massa, com a
vantagem da utilização de um grande número de pratos teóricos em uma coluna de
comprimento moderado, neste processo a separação cresce à medida que os solutos fluem
através do leito, isto é, ao maior número de vezes que as moléculas interagem entre a fase
móvel e a fase estacionária alcançando assim o equilíbrio. A modelagem e a simulação
verificadas nestas abordagens permitiram a avaliação e a identificação das principais
características de uma unidade de separação do LMS. A aplicação em estudo refere-se à
simulação de processos de separação do Baclofen e da Cetamina. Estes compostos foram
escolhidos por estarem bem caracterizados na literatura, estando disponíveis em estudos de
cinética e de equilíbrio de adsorção nos resultados experimentais. De posse de resultados
experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do problema direto e inverso de uma unidade de
separação LMS visando comparar os resultados obtidos com os experimentais, sempre se
baseando em critérios de eficiência de separação entre as fases móvel e estacionária. Os
métodos estudados foram o GA (Genetic Algorithm) e o PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) e
também foi feita uma hibridização entre o GA e o PCA. Como resultado desta tese analisouse
e comparou-se os métodos de otimização em diferentes aspectos relacionados com o
mecanismo cinético de transferência de massa por adsorção e dessorção entre as fases sólidas
do adsorvente. / Several important industrial applications involving adsorption processes, citing as an
example the product purification, separation of substances, pollution control and moisture
among others. The growing interest in processes of purification of biomolecules is mainly due
to the development of biotechnology and the demand of pharmaceutical and chemical
products with high purity. The simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is a continuous
process that has been applied to simulate the movement of the adsorbent bed, in a
countercurrent to the movement of liquid through the periodic exchange of the positions of
input and output currents, being operated so continuous, notwithstanding the purity of the
outlet streams. This is the extract, rich in the more strongly adsorbed component, and the
raffinate, rich in the more weakly adsorbed component, the method being particularly suited
to binary separations. The aim of this thesis is to study and evaluate different approaches
using stochastic optimization methods for the inverse problem of the phenomena involved in
the separation process in LMS. We used discrete models with different approaches to mass
transfer. With the benefit of using a large number of theoretical plates in a column of
moderate length, in this process the separation increases as the solute flowing through the bed,
i.e. as many times as molecules interact between the mobile phase and stationary phase thus
achieving the equilibrium. The modeling and simulation verified in these approaches allowed
the assessment and identification of the main characteristics of a separation unit LMS. The
application under consideration refers to the simulation of the separation of Ketamine and
Baclofen. These compounds were chosen because they are well characterized in the literature
and are available in kinetic studies and equilibrium adsorption on experimental results. With
the results of experiments evaluated the behavior of the direct and inverse problem of a
separation unit LMS in order to compare these results, always based on the criteria of
separation efficiency between the mobile and stationary phases. The methods studied were the
GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) and we also made a
hybridization between the GA and PCA. This thesis, we analyzed and compared the
optimization methods in different aspects of the kinetic mechanism for mass transfer between
the adsorption and desorption of the adsorbent solid phases.
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