MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / The aims of the study were to evaluate the effects of dilution and chilled storage time on the quality of semen, and of different artificial insemination techniques on fertility in artificially inseminated indigenous Venda does. Fresh semen was collected using an artificial vagina from three Boer bucks aged 4±1.55 years once every four days during July and August 2016. Semen was pooled and samples were divided into two equal parts, which were extended using Biladyl® extender at ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 v/v (semen to extender), before refrigeration for 120 hours at 5 °C. The fresh undiluted semen and freshly extended semen were evaluated in six replicates for sperm motility, live-dead and sperm morphology using the Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA). Extended semen continued to be evaluated at 24 hour intervals for 120 hours. Ninety indigenous Venda does were obtained from different flocks in the Vhembe district and kept intensively in one 10 m x 40 m pen at the University of Venda experimental farm in the goat feedlot. The does were fed and watered ad libitum. After acclimatization for 14 days, estrus was synchronized using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) containing 0.3 g of progesterone. Upon removal of the CIDR, does were injected 10 mg of PGF2α (Lutalyse® dinoprost tromethamine) Sterile Solution. At 24 hours after the removal of the CIDR, the does were injected intramuscularly with 300 international units (IU) of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Forty eight hours after the removal of the progesterone, freshly collected and diluted (1:5 ratio ~150x106 sperm/ml), five day-stored semen were used to inseminate the does using cervical (CAI), trans-cervical (TAI), and laparoscopic artificial (LAI) insemination methods in a complete randomized design (CRD) with a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of the treatments with 15 replications per treatment. The does were tested for pregnancy after 30 days using ultrasonography. Analyses of variance was performed on the pregnancy, kidding rates and on prolificacy using the GLM procedure of Minitab (Minitab 2013). Significant differences in all motility parameters were observed between the extension ratios and storage time (P<0.01). There were significant interactions between the extension ratio and storage time (P<0.05) on the sub-population of sperm cells with non-progressive motility (NON-P). Significant (P<0.01) interaction was observed between the semen extension ratio and storage time on medium and slow spermatozoa (P<0.01). The method of insemination did not (P>0.05) affect fertility, though both pregnancy and kidding rates numerically decreased in the order laparoscopic insemination (LAI)≥ trans-cervical insemination (TAI)≥ cervical insemination (CAI). Overall, 71% kidding rate was achieved.

O estresse por calor influencia a fisiologia da fêmea causando modificações placentárias que interferem no desenvolvimento fetal e desempenho dos cabritos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico durante o terço final da gestação sobre a placenta de cabras Saanen, o comportamento materno-filial, as respostas termorregulatórias e peso dos cabritos do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida. Neste projeto de pesquisa foram utilizadas 47 cabras no terço final da gestação, 24 animais foram submetidos ao estresse por calor na câmara climática (tratamento estresse térmico - ET) e 23 cabras permaneceram em ambiente de termoneutralidade (tratamento controle - CT). O experimento foi organizado em 3 fases distintas: gestação, parto e desenvolvimento dos cabritos. Em cada fase os animais foram acompanhados diariamente e quinzenalmente, foi obtido plasma para dosagem de cortisol. Todos partos foram acompanhados, sendo colhidas amostras do líquido amniótico e placenta, da qual foi realizado análise histológica e expressão gênica das HSPs 27, 70 e 90, enzima 11&beta;-HSD tipo 1 e tipo 2, CRH e ACTH-R. No nascimento, foi realizado o escore APGAR dos cabritos e avaliações do comportamento materno-filial. Os cabritos foram pesados semanalmente e acompanhados do nascimento até o desmame. As concentrações de cortisol no líquido amniótico das cabras do tratamento ET (39,42 &plusmn; 1,3 ng/mL) foram significativamente maiores que o tratamento CT (31,87 &plusmn; 2,04 ng/mL) e o inverso ocorreu para a concentração plasmática dos cabritos no nascimento que foram significativamente maiores para o tratamento CT (94,83 &plusmn; 5,49 ng/mL) que para o ET (70,20 &plusmn; 5,41 ng/mL). O estresse térmico causou redução significativa na eficiência placentária das cabras ET (9,98 &plusmn; 0,41) quando comparada as cabras CT (13,06 &plusmn; 2,16), assim como na expressão gênica da enzima 11&beta;-HSD tipo 2 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (4,16 &plusmn; 1,79) e aumento na expressão gênica do ACTH-R (9,4 &plusmn; 1,00) quando comparadas ao tecido placentário das cabras CT (25,06 &plusmn; 3,85 e 3,44 &plusmn; 1,00, respectivamente). Como forma de proteção celular, houve maior expressão gênica da HSP 70 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (5,44 &plusmn; 0,46) que das cabras CT (3,05 &plusmn; 0,64). Os cabritos ET apresentaram maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios que os cabritos CT. As cabras ET apresentaram maior frequência na atividade de estimulo a cria a levantar. Os cabritos ET também tiveram maior frequência na tentativa de levantar que os cabritos CT. Houve diferença no peso dos cabritos CT (3,97&plusmn;0,07 Kg) e ET (3,71&plusmn;0,07 Kg) aos 8 dias de vida, e tendência no nascimento e 15 dias de vida. No entanto, o tratamento térmico não influenciou o peso ao desmame. Em conclusão, o estresse térmico por calor no terço final de gestação de cabras, estimulou maior atividade de cuidados das cabras com os cabritos, assim como teve impacto negativo na eficiência placentária, tendo como reflexo maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios, e menor ganho de peso dos cabritos nos primeiros 15 dias de vida, mas sem interferir no desempenho ao desmame. / Heat stress influences the physiology of female causing placental changes that interfere in the fetal development and performance of goatlings. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thermal stress during the final third of gestation on the placental of Saanen goats, thermoregulatory responses and goatlings\' performance. In this research, 47 goats at final third of gestation were used, 24 animals were submitted to heat stress in climatic chamber (heat stress treatment - HS) and 23 goats remained in thermoneutral environment (control treatment - CT). The experiment was organized in three distinct phases: gestation, kidding and development of kids. At each stage the animals were monitored daily and biweekly, it was obtained the plasma for cortisol analysis. The kidding of all goats was assisted and samples of amniotic fluid and placenta were collected, it was performed histological analysis and gene expression of HSPs 27, 70 and 90, 11&beta;-HSD enzyme type 1 and type 2, CRH and ACTH-R. At birth, was evaluated the APGAR score of the goatlings and was observed the maternal-filial behaviors. The kids were weighed weekly and were accompanied from birth to weaning at 60 days years old. The concentrations of cortisol in the amniotic fluid for the HS goats (39.42 &plusmn; 1.3 ng/mL) were significantly higher than the CT goats (31.87 &plusmn; 2.04 ng/mL) and the opposite occurred for the goatlings cortisol plasma concentration at birth that was significantly higher for the CT treatment (94.83 &plusmn; 5.49 ng/mL) than for HS (70.20 &plusmn; 5.41 ng/mL). The heat treatment promoted a significant reduction in the placental efficiency for HS goats (9.98 &plusmn; 0.41) when compared to CT goats (13.06 &plusmn; 2.16), there was also a significant reduction in 11&beta;-HSD type 2 enzyme gene expression in placental tissue of HS goats (4.16 &plusmn; 1.79) and an increase in the gene expression of ACTH-R (9.4 &plusmn; 1,00) when compared to the placental tissue of CT goats (25.06 &plusmn; 3.85 and 3.44 &plusmn; 1,00, respectively). In order to protect cells, there was more gene expression in the HSP 70 in placental tissue of HS goats (5.44 &plusmn; 0.46) than the CT goats (3,05 &plusmn; 0,64). The HS kids showed greater mobilization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms than the goatlings of the CT treatment. The HS goats showed higher frequency in the stimulation activity of offspring to raise. HS kids had higher frequency in the attempt to raise than those in CT. At 8 days of life, was observed a difference in the goatling\'s weight, CT (3.97 &plusmn; 0.07 kg) and HS (3.71 &plusmn; 0.07 kg). However, the heat treatment did not influence the weight at weaning. In conclusion, heat stress in the final third of gestation of goats stimulated greater goat care with goats, as well as having a negative impact on the placental efficiency, with a greater mobilization of thermoregulatory mechanisms, and the lowest weight gain of kids goats in the first 15 days of life, but without interfering in the performance of animals at weaning.

Orientador: Jacira dos Santos Isepon / Banca: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Olair José Isepon / Resumo: Este trabalho visou estudar a influência do estágio de lactação e da ordem de parição em relação às características físico-químicas e verificar a composição geral do leite de cabra no decorrer da lactação. Para o experimento, foram observadas vinte cabras Saanen mantidas em regime de confinamento. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente e, após a coleta, foram refrigeradas e encaminhadas para análise no Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, onde foram realizadas as determinações físico-químicas: pH (25°C), acidez titulável (°D), densidade (g/l) a 15°C, teor de gordura (%), cinzas (%), extrato seco total (EST %), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD %), nitrogênio total (%), proteína bruta (%). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitiram chegar aos seguintes valores médios para a composição geral: 3,01% para proteína total (PB), 2,74% para teor de gordura, 0,78% para cinzas; para o perfil nitrogenado distribuindo-se em: 3,01% para proteína bruta (PB), 0,48% para fração nitrogenada não-proteíca (NNP); para as características: 1.030,07 g/l para a densidade a 15°C, 6,62 para pH a 25°C, 16,69°D para acidez titulável, 11,07% para extrato seco total (EST) calculado e 8,32% para extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), também calculado. Do ponto de vista da Inspeção, o perfil do leite de cabra em relação ao experimento está de acordo com o Decreto n.º 9525 de 15/12/1986 para leite de cabra, apresentando-se apto para o consumo. / Abstract: This work aimed to study the influence of the stage of lactation and of the order of kidding according to the physicochemical characteristics and to verify the general composition of the milk of goats during the lactation. For the experiment twenty Saanen goats kept in the regime of confinement were observed. The samples were collected weekly and after the collection were refrigerated and sent for analysis in the Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, where the determinations physicochemical were made: pH (25°C), titrable acidity (°D), density (g/l) a 15°C, fat content (%), ashes (%), total solids (ST %), defatted solids(SD%), total nitrogen (%), crude protein (%).The results obtained in this study permited to arrive to the following medium values to the general composition: 3,01% to crude protein (PB), 2,74% to fat content, 0,78% to ashes; to the nitrogen profile distributing in: 3,01% to crude protein (PB), 0,48% to fraction no protein nitrogen (NNP); to the characteristics: 1.030,07 g/l to density a 15°C, 6,62 to pH a 25°C, 16,69°D to titrable acidity, 11,07% to total solids (ST) calculated and 8,32% to defatted solids (SD), also calculated. From Inspection the point of view of the profile of the goat milk in relation to the experiment is in agreement with the Decreet nº 9525 of 15/12/1986 for goat milk, presenting apt to the consume. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_sa_me_ilha.pdf: 174767 bytes, checksum: 00eaef19c447b10678eb7b2301bc27aa (MD5) / Este trabalho visou estudar a influência do estágio de lactação e da ordem de parição em relação às características físico-químicas e verificar a composição geral do leite de cabra no decorrer da lactação. Para o experimento, foram observadas vinte cabras Saanen mantidas em regime de confinamento. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente e, após a coleta, foram refrigeradas e encaminhadas para análise no Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, onde foram realizadas as determinações físico-químicas: pH (25°C), acidez titulável (°D), densidade (g/l) a 15°C, teor de gordura (%), cinzas (%), extrato seco total (EST %), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD %), nitrogênio total (%), proteína bruta (%). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitiram chegar aos seguintes valores médios para a composição geral: 3,01% para proteína total (PB), 2,74% para teor de gordura, 0,78% para cinzas; para o perfil nitrogenado distribuindo-se em: 3,01% para proteína bruta (PB), 0,48% para fração nitrogenada não-proteíca (NNP); para as características: 1.030,07 g/l para a densidade a 15°C, 6,62 para pH a 25°C, 16,69°D para acidez titulável, 11,07% para extrato seco total (EST) calculado e 8,32% para extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), também calculado. Do ponto de vista da Inspeção, o perfil do leite de cabra em relação ao experimento está de acordo com o Decreto n.º 9525 de 15/12/1986 para leite de cabra, apresentando-se apto para o consumo. / This work aimed to study the influence of the stage of lactation and of the order of kidding according to the physicochemical characteristics and to verify the general composition of the milk of goats during the lactation. For the experiment twenty Saanen goats kept in the regime of confinement were observed. The samples were collected weekly and after the collection were refrigerated and sent for analysis in the Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, where the determinations physicochemical were made: pH (25°C), titrable acidity (°D), density (g/l) a 15°C, fat content (%), ashes (%), total solids (ST %), defatted solids(SD%), total nitrogen (%), crude protein (%).The results obtained in this study permited to arrive to the following medium values to the general composition: 3,01% to crude protein (PB), 2,74% to fat content, 0,78% to ashes; to the nitrogen profile distributing in: 3,01% to crude protein (PB), 0,48% to fraction no protein nitrogen (NNP); to the characteristics: 1.030,07 g/l to density a 15°C, 6,62 to pH a 25°C, 16,69°D to titrable acidity, 11,07% to total solids (ST) calculated and 8,32% to defatted solids (SD), also calculated. From Inspection the point of view of the profile of the goat milk in relation to the experiment is in agreement with the Decreet nº 9525 of 15/12/1986 for goat milk, presenting apt to the consume.

O estresse por calor influencia a fisiologia da fêmea causando modificações placentárias que interferem no desenvolvimento fetal e desempenho dos cabritos. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico durante o terço final da gestação sobre a placenta de cabras Saanen, o comportamento materno-filial, as respostas termorregulatórias e peso dos cabritos do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida. Neste projeto de pesquisa foram utilizadas 47 cabras no terço final da gestação, 24 animais foram submetidos ao estresse por calor na câmara climática (tratamento estresse térmico - ET) e 23 cabras permaneceram em ambiente de termoneutralidade (tratamento controle - CT). O experimento foi organizado em 3 fases distintas: gestação, parto e desenvolvimento dos cabritos. Em cada fase os animais foram acompanhados diariamente e quinzenalmente, foi obtido plasma para dosagem de cortisol. Todos partos foram acompanhados, sendo colhidas amostras do líquido amniótico e placenta, da qual foi realizado análise histológica e expressão gênica das HSPs 27, 70 e 90, enzima 11&beta;-HSD tipo 1 e tipo 2, CRH e ACTH-R. No nascimento, foi realizado o escore APGAR dos cabritos e avaliações do comportamento materno-filial. Os cabritos foram pesados semanalmente e acompanhados do nascimento até o desmame. As concentrações de cortisol no líquido amniótico das cabras do tratamento ET (39,42 &plusmn; 1,3 ng/mL) foram significativamente maiores que o tratamento CT (31,87 &plusmn; 2,04 ng/mL) e o inverso ocorreu para a concentração plasmática dos cabritos no nascimento que foram significativamente maiores para o tratamento CT (94,83 &plusmn; 5,49 ng/mL) que para o ET (70,20 &plusmn; 5,41 ng/mL). O estresse térmico causou redução significativa na eficiência placentária das cabras ET (9,98 &plusmn; 0,41) quando comparada as cabras CT (13,06 &plusmn; 2,16), assim como na expressão gênica da enzima 11&beta;-HSD tipo 2 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (4,16 &plusmn; 1,79) e aumento na expressão gênica do ACTH-R (9,4 &plusmn; 1,00) quando comparadas ao tecido placentário das cabras CT (25,06 &plusmn; 3,85 e 3,44 &plusmn; 1,00, respectivamente). Como forma de proteção celular, houve maior expressão gênica da HSP 70 no tecido placentário das cabras ET (5,44 &plusmn; 0,46) que das cabras CT (3,05 &plusmn; 0,64). Os cabritos ET apresentaram maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios que os cabritos CT. As cabras ET apresentaram maior frequência na atividade de estimulo a cria a levantar. Os cabritos ET também tiveram maior frequência na tentativa de levantar que os cabritos CT. Houve diferença no peso dos cabritos CT (3,97&plusmn;0,07 Kg) e ET (3,71&plusmn;0,07 Kg) aos 8 dias de vida, e tendência no nascimento e 15 dias de vida. No entanto, o tratamento térmico não influenciou o peso ao desmame. Em conclusão, o estresse térmico por calor no terço final de gestação de cabras, estimulou maior atividade de cuidados das cabras com os cabritos, assim como teve impacto negativo na eficiência placentária, tendo como reflexo maior mobilização dos mecanismos termorregulatórios, e menor ganho de peso dos cabritos nos primeiros 15 dias de vida, mas sem interferir no desempenho ao desmame. / Heat stress influences the physiology of female causing placental changes that interfere in the fetal development and performance of goatlings. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thermal stress during the final third of gestation on the placental of Saanen goats, thermoregulatory responses and goatlings\' performance. In this research, 47 goats at final third of gestation were used, 24 animals were submitted to heat stress in climatic chamber (heat stress treatment - HS) and 23 goats remained in thermoneutral environment (control treatment - CT). The experiment was organized in three distinct phases: gestation, kidding and development of kids. At each stage the animals were monitored daily and biweekly, it was obtained the plasma for cortisol analysis. The kidding of all goats was assisted and samples of amniotic fluid and placenta were collected, it was performed histological analysis and gene expression of HSPs 27, 70 and 90, 11&beta;-HSD enzyme type 1 and type 2, CRH and ACTH-R. At birth, was evaluated the APGAR score of the goatlings and was observed the maternal-filial behaviors. The kids were weighed weekly and were accompanied from birth to weaning at 60 days years old. The concentrations of cortisol in the amniotic fluid for the HS goats (39.42 &plusmn; 1.3 ng/mL) were significantly higher than the CT goats (31.87 &plusmn; 2.04 ng/mL) and the opposite occurred for the goatlings cortisol plasma concentration at birth that was significantly higher for the CT treatment (94.83 &plusmn; 5.49 ng/mL) than for HS (70.20 &plusmn; 5.41 ng/mL). The heat treatment promoted a significant reduction in the placental efficiency for HS goats (9.98 &plusmn; 0.41) when compared to CT goats (13.06 &plusmn; 2.16), there was also a significant reduction in 11&beta;-HSD type 2 enzyme gene expression in placental tissue of HS goats (4.16 &plusmn; 1.79) and an increase in the gene expression of ACTH-R (9.4 &plusmn; 1,00) when compared to the placental tissue of CT goats (25.06 &plusmn; 3.85 and 3.44 &plusmn; 1,00, respectively). In order to protect cells, there was more gene expression in the HSP 70 in placental tissue of HS goats (5.44 &plusmn; 0.46) than the CT goats (3,05 &plusmn; 0,64). The HS kids showed greater mobilization of the thermoregulatory mechanisms than the goatlings of the CT treatment. The HS goats showed higher frequency in the stimulation activity of offspring to raise. HS kids had higher frequency in the attempt to raise than those in CT. At 8 days of life, was observed a difference in the goatling\'s weight, CT (3.97 &plusmn; 0.07 kg) and HS (3.71 &plusmn; 0.07 kg). However, the heat treatment did not influence the weight at weaning. In conclusion, heat stress in the final third of gestation of goats stimulated greater goat care with goats, as well as having a negative impact on the placental efficiency, with a greater mobilization of thermoregulatory mechanisms, and the lowest weight gain of kids goats in the first 15 days of life, but without interfering in the performance of animals at weaning.

No description available.