The goal of this master thesis is a complex description of blood diamonds issues and assessment of existing efforts, specific steps and presented ideas, conceptions and strategies on the ground of Kimberley Process, as well as suggestions of possible solutions and future steps of organizations like Global Witness, Partnership Africa Canada, Human Rights Watch and other interested groups fighting against occurence of illicit diamonds. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters. The first chapter describes characteristics and significance of diamonds. The second chapter focuses on organizations agitating against blood diamonds in the world. The third chapter is subsequently designated for definition and features of the term of failed state, which is often highly connected with the blood diamonds issue. The fourth chapter analyses concrete conflicts or illegal activities in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe.

No description available.

Ce mémoire porte un regard sur les dynamiques identitaires et relationnelles des jeunes Aborigènes du Kimberley – une région située au nord de l’Australie-Occidentale – plus précisément à Kununurra et à Kalumburu. Il résulte d’un pré-terrain (2010) et d’une recherche sur le terrain (2012). C’est à travers la pratique sportive, notamment le football australien (Australian Rules Football) et le basketball, ainsi que par les activités ludiques, dont la danse, que j’ai pu rendre compte des particularités de ces jeunes Aborigènes. D’autres sphères de leur vie ont aussi retenu mon attention, dont l’importance de la famille élargie dans les formes aborigènes de socialité et de solidarité, ainsi que les relations, souvent difficiles, avec la société dominante (les Euro-Australiens). À l’aide d’un survol socio-historique global mais aussi local – distinguant la vie semi-urbaine (Kununurra) versus la vie en communauté éloignée (Kalumburu) – il m’a été possible de déployer certains aspects de leur contemporanéité. / This Master’s thesis relate some relational dynamics of Aboriginal youth of the Kimberley – which is situated at the top end of Western Australia – specifically from Kununurra and Kalumburu. It results from a pre-fieldwork (2010) and a field research (2012). It is through sport, especially Australian football (Australian Rules Football) and basketball, as well as playful activities, including dance, that I could account for the peculiarities of these young Aborigines. Other spheres of their lives also caught my attention, mainly the importance of the extended family in aboriginal forms of sociality and solidarity, and relationships, often difficult, with the dominant society (Euro-Australians). Using an overview of the wide but also local socio-historical context – distinguishing the semi-urban life (Kununurra) versus remote community life (Kalumburu) – I could better explain various aspects of their contemporaneity.

L'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant se pratique dans tous les pays de l'Union du Fleuve Mano (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria et Sierra Leone) de façon rudimentaire et parfois de façon informelle. L'exploitation minière artisanale du diamant offre cependant une importante stratégie de subsistance aux communautés locales car elle constitue l'activité principale de la plupart des travailleurs mineurs dans l'Union du Fleuve Mano (UFM). Il ressort de nos études de terrain et des enquêtes auprès des artisans mineurs que ce type d'exploitation minière a des impacts directs sur les galeries forestières, le sol et les cours d'eau. De plus, nous montrons que la réduction des impacts environnementaux engendrés par l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants n'est pas ressentie comme une nécessité ni comme une préoccupation majeure au sein de la communauté des artisans mineurs. Il y a souvent de la part des artisans mineurs un manque de compréhension des problèmes environnementaux et une insuffisante capacité à y faire face, comme le révèle notre étude menée sur trois sites Bobi, Toubabouko et Tortiya en Côte d'Ivoire. Les aires protégées au titre de leurs biodiversités, qui revêtent une importance écologique et socioéconomique majeure pour les populations des pays de la région de l'UFM, subissent malheureusement des pressions importantes du fait de cette exploitation minière artisanale du diamant. D'autant que bien souvent la population des artisans mineurs des sites enquêtés se révèle être en situation socio-économique très précaire et être souvent préoccupée par sa survie dans des conditions très difficiles. Ces dernières années, le Processus de Kimberley a pris l'initiative de concentrer sa réflexion et son action sur les questions environnementales. En 2012, la Déclaration de Washington, relative à l'intégration du développement de l'extraction artisanale et à petite échelle de diamants dans la mise en application du Processus de Kimberley, a souligné l'importance de prendre en considération les ramifications et conséquences environnementales de l'extraction minière artisanale. Dans cette optique, une enquête auprès des artisans mineurs en Côte d'Ivoire et une auto-évaluation de cette déclaration effectuée en 2014 en Côte d'Ivoire ont permis de comprendre que le cadre juridique, social, institutionnel et politique, constaté dans l'État Ivoirien, n'était pas toujours adapté au règlement des problèmes sociaux des artisans mineurs ni au règlement des questions environnementales soulevées par leurs activités minières. Ce travail de diagnostic de la déclaration devrait servir de modèle aux autres États de l'UFM. Les impacts des activités minières artisanales sur l'environnement existent donc mais il semble aussi que la remédiation des sites miniers artisanaux soit possible. En effet, le secteur de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants a besoin de procédures de remédiation environnementale simples et de protocoles adaptés au niveau d'éducation des artisans mineurs et de leurs réalités financières. A ce sujet, la Sierra Leone a été un terrain privilégié d'expérimentation de la remédiation des sites miniers abandonnés à travers des projets gouvernementaux et des projets pilotes comme "Life after diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative ". Ces projets ont contribué à protéger l'environnement et à améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des exploitants miniers. Cependant ces projets de remédiation quoique salutaires, ont eu aussi des limites qui méritent d'être prises en compte dans les futures initiatives des autres pays de l'UFM. / Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore possible in spite of the environmental impacts of artisanal mining. In fact there is a need for reclamation procedures and protocols adapted to the educational and financial realities of artisanal miners. In this regard, Sierra Leone has been a model in reclamation of abandoned mining sites through pilot projects such as "Land after Diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative". These projects have helped to protect the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of artisanal miners. However, these reclamation projects, although salutary, also have limitations which deserve to be taken into account in future initiatives of the other countries of the Mano River Union.

This thesis interrogates the relationship of archaeological models and indigenous understandings of origins in the East Kimberley region of Northern Australia and the Aru Islands of Eastern Indonesia. Archaeological models of prehistoric migration construct these places as part of the same landmass in the recent human period and at times of lower sea levels. Yet, the indigenous groups who currently inhabit these places assert and rely upon their localised understandings of autochthony and mythological creationism. The existence of these competing models has led me to examine the degree to which the practice of archaeology in these locations constructs human prehistory in a way that necessarily disempowers the indigenous cosmology there. Below I examine the construction and content of these different stories about the same place to show how it is that they are essentially competing, conflicting and contradictory claims to truth. I show how each of these asserted cosmological positions emerge from the various cultural systems that sponsor and perpetuate them and I pay special attention to the role of institutionally authorised experts within each of the cosmological positions described. I also seek to demonstrate the ways in which the distribution of expert knowledge plays a core role in a naturalised social order and the ongoing construction of cultural identity in their respective communities. I then interrogate the relationships that these differing forms of knowledge have with each other - paying close attention to the specifics of context in which they are evoked. I conclude that the examination of how these competing claims to truth are distributed in space reveals their influence in the ongoing construction of identity in their respective communities.

Thesis (MCur)- -University of Stellenbosch, 2011 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It generally is a problem for persons with disabilities to have barrier free access to buildings, which is their constitutional right. It is however, not only the physical facility that causes barriers for persons with disabilities but also the attitudes of the able-bodied persons. The aim of the study was to explore what opinions the nurses and persons with disabilities held in two healthcare settings in Kimberley with reference to the nursing care provided to persons with disabilities. To the researcher, it was important to gather the opinions of the nursing staff on how they saw persons with disabilities, but also to hear what they thought the problem areas in caring for persons with disabilities were. On the other hand, it was equally important to understand the persons with disabilities’ perceptions of the hospitals, nursing and what they saw as solutions to the problems. The objectives of the study were: • To determine what the opinions and knowledge of nurses working in two healthcare services in Kimberley are regarding the nursing management of persons with disabilities. • To determine what the opinions of persons with disabilities are in healthcare settings in Kimberley, with reference to the nursing care provided for persons with disabilities. Data was collected in two phases namely Phase 1 amongst the nursing staff in the private and state hospital in Kimberley and Phase 2 amongst the persons with disabilities. A list of staff members which was obtained from the Human Resource office in both the private and state hospitals were sent to the statistician Prof Kidd and who prepared a randomised list which was used for the participants in the study. The same process was followed when a list of all the people who are members of the Association for Persons with Disabilities (APD) and with the help of the statistician a randomised list was compiled from which the participants in the study were chosen. The design of this research is an explorative, descriptive non-experimental study with a quantitative approach, utilizing a structured questionnaire with closed and open ended questions. In this study it was found that the nursing staff was aware of the problems and barriers persons with disabilities encounter. The nurses, however, were aware of their own shortcomings. For example, the nurses identified the lack of training to equip them to assist the persons with disabilities during nursing care, while persons with disabilities also saw this as a problem. By addressing this shortcoming, nurses would be able to provide more holistic care. Recommendations were made based on the findings regarding the facility, perceptions, caregivers, procedures, doctors and the training of the nurses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om toegang te hê tot geboue wat hulle grondwetlike reg is, is vir die meeste mense met gestremdhede ‘n voortdurende stryd. Dit is egter dikwels nie net die fisiese ontoeganklikheid van die geboue wat dit vir die persone met gestremdhede onmoontlik maak om ‘n normale lewe te lei nie, maar die houding van verpleegpersoneel wat dikwels meer ontoeganklik is as die toegang tot die geboue. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal wat die opinies die verpleegpersoneel sowel as persone met gestremdhede het ivm gesondheidsorg in die privaat en staatshospitale in Kimberley Dit was vir die navorser belangrik om te bepaal hoe die verpleegpersoneel mense met gestremdhede sien, maar ook om hulle opinies te hoor ivm die probleme wat hulle ondervind sowel as moontlike oplossings daarvoor. Aan die ander kant wou die navorser ook weet wat die opinie van mense met gestremdhede is van die hospitale wat hulle besoek. Doelwitte van die studie was: • Om die kennis van verpleegpersoneel in die staat sowel as privaathospitale te bepaal ivm die versorging van persone met gestremdhede.. • .Om die opinies van persone met gestremdhede te bepaal tov die verpleegsorg in die staat sowel as privaathospitale in Kimbelrey. Data is in twee fases versamel. In Fase 1 was die verpleegpersoneel in beide die staat sowel as die privaathospitaal ingesluit en in Fase 2 was die deelname van die persone met gestremdhede verkry. Nadat ‘n personeellys van die Menlike hullpbronafdeling van beide hospitale verkry is, is dit aan die statistikus, Prof Kidd gestuur is vir steekproefneming. .Die persone met gestremdhede is genader nadat ‘n lys van die Assosiasie vir persone met gestremdheide (APD) verkry is. Die lys is deur die statistikus herrangskik,en die personeel en persone met gestremdhede is gevra om deel te neem aan die studie na aanleiding van die orde op die lys, nadat hulle ingligting ontvang het en toestemming geteken het vir deelname aan die studie. Die studie is eksploratief, beskrywend en nie-eksperimenteel van aard met ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering. Gestruktureerde vraelyse wat oop en geslote –einde vrae bevat het, is gebruik.. In die studie is bevind dat die verpleegpersoneel bewus was van die leemtes in die versorging van persone met gestremdhede. Een van die leemtes wat geïdentifiseer is, was dat verpleegsters nie formele opleiding ontvang in die versorging van persone met gestremdhede nie. Die persone met gestremdhede het ook hierdie leemte identifiseer. Deur hierdie leemte aan te spreek behoort verpleegpersoneel ‘n meer holistiese versorging aan persone met gestremdhede te lewer. Aanbevelings wat gemaak is, is gebasseer op die bevindinge in die studie en sluit in: fasiliteitt, persepsies, versorgers, prosedures, dokters en die opleiding van verpleegsters.

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

Aboriginal young people experience a high rate of family violence, alcohol and drug misuse, suicide, sexual abuse, and socioeconomic disadvantage (Gordon, Hallahan & Henry, 2002; Hunter, 1990, 1991c; Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council, 1999; Memmott, Stacy, Chambers & Keys, 2001; Swan & Raphael, 1995). Over the last decade a burgeoning array of policy, services and programs have been developed to combat the social and emotional problems in Aboriginal communities. Despite some successes, Aboriginal children and youth consistently demonstrate poorer outcomes than non-Aboriginal youngsters across most domains of living, including health, mental health, education and vocation (Zubrick et al., 2005). While the evidence-base related to problems in Aboriginal communities has expanded, there is a deficit in knowledge about practical and sustainable interventions to build strengths in remote young Aboriginal people and families, to promote youth and community wellbeing. Even less has been done on the ground to assist remote Aboriginal communities to take action in tackling the problems they face (Atkinson, Bridge & Gray, 1999; Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council & Westerman, 2002; National Aboriginal Health Strategy Working Party, 1989). / This qualitative participatory action research project conducted in the West Kimberley Western Australia from 2001 to 2004 was in collaboration with agencies based in Broome and the Bardi people of Ardyaloon Community, One Arm Point. The investigation aimed to (1) identify and explain the mental health and social and emotional problems affecting Aboriginal young people and families living in remote communities in the West Kimberley; and (2) identify and describe goals and methods for intervention to promote social and emotional wellbeing and build resilience in young people and communities. The third aim was to feed back and culturally validate the research findings. The overarching goal of this project was to work in partnership with Ardyaloon Community in prioritising community-based solutions to youth problems. An Aboriginal Project Advisory Group was formed to guide the research and several local project assistants were employed to assist with the field work. The project involved three studies. Overall, 32 Broome-based youth, parents and service providers, and 59 Elders, parents, youth and service providers from One Arm Point were involved in interviews and discussion groups. The findings were discussed and validated by 101 agency and community people. The results indicate a number of risk and resilience factors operating across the individual, family, community and socio-political sphere, including cultural and historical factors influencing youth wellbeing. From the findings, a model for community-based mental health promotion intervention was developed to address youth problems and build strengths prioritised by Ardyaloon Community.

Submitted by Hernani Medola (hernani.medola@mackenzie.br) on 2017-02-04T12:56:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Braulio Chagas Pighini.pdf: 2171785 bytes, checksum: 25b4c1b417ce17c3c0a051df04501310 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-02-04T16:20:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Braulio Chagas Pighini.pdf: 2171785 bytes, checksum: 25b4c1b417ce17c3c0a051df04501310 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-04T16:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Braulio Chagas Pighini.pdf: 2171785 bytes, checksum: 25b4c1b417ce17c3c0a051df04501310 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / This Master’s Dissertation has as objective to present a new approach about the fight against Slave Labor in products sold by Supply Chain in Brazil. Having as paradigm the Traceability in Supply Chain, the Dissertation, analyzing the Kimberley Protocol, states that with certain policies it is possible to eradicate from the market, goods which offend the human dignity and the own lives of those who produced it. Brazil, one of the most important countries on fight against the Slave Labor, despite of its policies, still does not have one rule about Supply Chains and legal and constitutional guarantees of labor. Analyzing the Brazilian Federal Laws (12.097/2009 and 11.903/2009), the Dissertation presents the possibility of tracing all Supply Chain, from raw material to sale, and its efficiency on public policies (São Paulo State Law nº 15.276/2014). However, even in countries (USA and United Kingdom) where there are laws to disclose the Supply Chains, those legislations are still far to represent a Global Governance on the fight against Slave Labor. The conflict of interest between those who defend a common labor rights standard from those who see in those standards, commercial restrictions, causes several damages on stipulation of legislation involving Supply Chains and Slave Labor. This dissidence leads us to the conclusion that only the Sovereignty holds the fundamental part on regulation of Supply Chain as a form to eradicate the Slave Labor in Brazil and in the world. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma nova abordagem sobre o combate ao trabalho em situações análogas à escravidão nos produtos vendidos no Brasil, tendo como paradigma a Rastreabilidade nas cadeias produtivas. Ao analisar os institutos do Processo de Kimberley, busca-se demonstrar que com iniciativa política e instrumentos de rastreabilidade é possível expurgar do mercado, produtos que ofendem a dignidade humana e a própria vida daqueles que os produzem. O Brasil, um dos mais atuantes protagonistas na luta contra o trabalho em situações análogas à escravidão, a despeito de suas políticas, ainda não possui uma abordagem específica envolvendo as cadeias produtivas e garantias constitucionais do Trabalho. Ao analisar as Leis Federais nº 12.097/2009 e 11.903/2009 demonstra-se a possibilidade de rastreamento de toda a cadeia produtiva do insumo à venda, bem como da sua utilidade na eficácia de políticas públicas (Lei Paulista nº 15.276/2014). Contudo, mesmo em países onde existem leis (Estados Unidos e Reino Unido) que visam expor as cadeias produtivas, tais iniciativas ainda estão longe de representar uma Governança Global na luta contra o Trabalho Escravo. O conflito de interesses entre aqueles que visam uma padronização mínima dos direitos trabalhistas daqueles que vêm nessas medidas restrições comerciais de acesso a mercados, causa sérios prejuízos a estipulação de normas diretivas nos temas envolvendo cadeias produtivas e o trabalho em situações análogas à escravidão. Tal dissonância leva a conclusão que compete a Soberania (não apenas a brasileira) o papel fundamental na regulamentação das cadeias produtivas como forma de erradicação do trabalho em situações análogas à escravidão no Brasil e no mundo.