DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Li Jin Doctor of Philosophy Department of Human Physiology March 2018 Title: Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Walking and Running across Speeds and Transitions between Locomotion States Walking and running are general locomotion activities for human beings. Basic gait patterns and whole body center of mass (COM) dynamic patterns are distinctly different between them. Lower extremity joint mechanics patterns could reflect musculoskeletal coordination characteristics. Change of locomotion tasks and speeds can affect lower extremity joint kinematic and kinetic characteristics, and progression of age may also affect these characteristics. Little is known about change of locomotion tasks and speeds effects on lower extremity joint level kinetic characteristics, and whether there is a connection between COM system and lower extremity system. To address this, twenty healthy subjects were recruited to participate in a series of treadmill tests, including walking (0.8 – 2.0 m/s, with 0.2 m/s intervals), running (1.8 – 3.8 m/s, with 0.4 m/s intervals) and gait mode transition from walking to running, and from running to walking (between 1.8 – 2.4 m/s, 0.1 m/s2). Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected in all locomotion tests and used to calculate and analyze outcome variables for lower extremity joints and the COM system across different conditions. Results indicate that change of locomotion speeds significantly affect joint level kinetic characteristics within both walking and running locomotion states. Different locomotion task demands (walking vs. running) require fundamental alteration of lower extremity joint level kinetic patterns, even at the same locomotion speed. Progression of age also affects lower extremity joint level kinematic and kinetic patterns in walking and running across speeds. Additionally, stance phase an energy generation and transfer phenomenon occurred between the distal and proximal joints of the lower extremity in both walk-to-run and run-to-walk transitions. Lastly, a connection exists between whole body COM oscillation patterns and lower extremity joint level kinetic characteristics in running. These findings serve to further clarify the mechanisms involved in change of locomotion tasks and speeds effects on lower extremity joint kinetic patterns, and further establish a connection between the COM system and the lower extremity system. These findings may be beneficial for future foot-ankle assistive device development, potential optimization of gait efficiency and performance enhancement. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished coauthored material.

During orchestral performance, conductors play a role in which they provide their interpretations of the musical composition, communicating these interpretational intentions via their body movement. Pedagogical sources propose movement emblems for stock actions by which a conductor may deliver compositional and interpretational features in conducting practise. This thesis reports a mixed-methods study which provides empirical observations on the kinematic features evident in conducting practise, and which aims to explore the connection between such movements with compositional features and conductors’ interpretative intentions. Six conductors’ interpretational intentions were collected in interviews, and their conducting movements were recorded using a Qualisys motion capture system, while they worked on excerpts of repertoire by Mozart, Dvořák, and Bartók with a small string ensemble. In the interviews, conductors reported their general thoughts and beliefs about conducting. They were also prompted to identify the compositional events which they sought to highlight in their conducting, and to describe the conducting strategies they intended to use to highlight these musical events. The resulting qualitative data were thematically analysed. The conductor-identified compositional features were also used to guide kinematic investigations, using an innovative analysis method original to this project, Deviation Point Analysis (DPA). Conductors’ movements are described using four dependent variables of baton tip (movement distance, speed, acceleration, and jerk). Results are reported for two-way repeated measures ANOVAs (repertoire x trial), and for t-tests revealing significant differences between cross-correlation coefficients for within-conductor trial pairs and between-conductor trial pairs. Further examination of the data using DPA serves to distinguish time-points with observable kinematic deviations from the conducting trials. These kinematic deviations were compared with conductors’ stated intentions. Prominent clusters of kinematic deviations were seen to be associated with key musical events which conductors intended to emphasize temporal, melodic, dynamic, and instrumental aspects. Minor clusters of kinematic deviations were seen to be connected with interpretational intentions in a less stable manner, some occurring remotely from the conductor-identified locations. DPA method and findings are fully reported. The implications, advantages and limitations of this novel analysis approach are also discussed.

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi comparar variáveis espaço-temporais e fisiológicas durante o nado crawl com o uso de palmares e nadadeiras. Participaram 11 voluntários do sexo masculino (25,8 ± 5,5 anos de idade, 75,2 ± 5,5 kg de massa corporal e 177 ± 6,5 cm de estatura), nadadores de nível nacional e regional que realizaram dois protocolos distintos de avaliação: nado de 50 m em máxima intensidade e 12 repetições de 50 m em intensidade submáxima (nado intervalado). Ambos os protocolos foram realizados três vezes: nado sem equipamentos (SE), com palmares (CP) e com nadadeiras (CN). Foram coletados dados de desempenho, comprimento médio de braçadas (CB), frequência média de braçadas (FB), velocidade média de nado (VN), duração das fases da braçada (A, B, C, D), índice de coordenação de nado (IdC), frequência média de pernadas (FP), profundidade média de pernada (PP), concentração de lactato [LA] e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE). Utilizaram-se filmadoras para obtenção de imagens (60 Hz) subaquáticas dos nados no plano sagital, posteriormente analisadas, e um pacer subaquático luminoso foi utilizado para controle da VN nas séries de nado intervalado nas condições CP e CN e lactímetro portátil foi utilizado para obter as medidas de [LA]. De modo geral, em máxima intensidade palmares alteram [LA] e nadadeiras afetam FB, VN, e [LA]. Em série de nado intervalado, palmares alteram PSE e nadadeiras afetam CB, duração das fases A e C, FP, [LA] e PSE. As áreas de palmares e nadadeiras, relativas às mãos e pés, parecem ser decisivas para os resultados encontrados. / The Main objective of this study was to compare spatio-temporal and physiological variables in the front crawl stroke with paddles and fins. Eleven male volunteers (25.8 ± 5.5 years old, 75.2 ± 5.5 kg of body mass and 177 ± 6.5 cm of height), regional and national level swimmers, performed two different protocols: 50 m all-out and 12 trials of 50 m in sub-maximal intensity (interval training). Both protocols were performed three times: non equipment swimming (NS), paddles swimming (PS) and fins swimming (FS). Performance, means stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), swimming velocity (SV), duration of the phases of the strokes (A, B, C, D), index of coordination (IdC), kick rate (KR) and deep (KD), lactate concentration [LA] and perceived exertion (PE) were obtained. Underwater images (60 Hz) in the sagital plane of the swimming were obtained with camcorders, after these images were analyzed, and an underwater pacer was used to control SV in the interval training for the PS and FS conditions and a portable lactimeter was used to obtain [LA]. In general way, in maximal intensity, paddles change [LA] and fins change SR, SV and [LA]. In interval training, paddles affect PE and fins change SL, duration of phases A and C, KR, [LA] and PE. Paddles and fins areas, relatives to hands and foots, seem to be very decisive in the found results.

abstract: Perceived heaviness of lifted objects has been shown to scale to a ratio of muscle activity and movement during elbow lifts. This scaling reflects the importance of the forces applied to an object and the resulting kinematics for this perception. The current study determined whether these perceived heaviness dynamics are similar in other lifting conditions. Anatomically sourced context-conditioned variability has implications for motor control. The current study investigated whether these implications also hold for heaviness perception. In two experiments participants lifted objects with knee extension lifts and with several arm lifts and reported perceived heaviness. The resulting psychophysiological functions revealed the hypothesized muscle activity and movement ratio in both leg and arms lifts. Further, principal component regressions showed that the forearm flexors and corresponding joint angular accelerations were most relevant for perceived heaviness during arm lifts. Perceived heaviness dynamics are similar in the arms and legs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

abstract: In sports, athletes reach new levels every day and are truly masters of their own bodies. Yet, when placed under pressure, the pin-point accuracy and elite level of performance can begin to wane.  Despite plentiful literature investigating the effects of pressure on performance, the underlying mechanisms behind decreased performance in sport are not yet clear.  The current research discusses possible theories for “choking under pressure”, the specific mechanisms through which pressure has its effects, and methods to prevent “choking.”  Fourteen current and former basketball players shot free throws with two primary predictor variables: the presence/absence of performance pressure and the restriction/non-restriction of movement during the pre-shot routine. Results were analyzed using 2x2 Within-Subjects Analysis of Variance. For shooting performance, there was an interaction (approaching significance) such that participants were more affected by pressure when allowed to execute their pre-shot routine. For kinematic variables, significant interactions between pressure and movement restriction were found for elbow-knee cross correlations and there were significant main effects of variability of the acceleration of both the elbow and knee angles. In all kinematic measures, participants exhibited more “novice-like” patterns of movement under pressure when movement was not restricted during the pre-shot routine. Primary results indicate promising evidence that motor control may be a mediating variable between pressure and performance and bring into question the value of a pre-shot routine in basketball. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Psychology 2017

Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Fabiana Garcia Christovão / Banca: Thiago Luiz de Salles Gomes / Banca: Antonio de Queiroz Neto / Banca: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz / Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou, por meio da cinematografia, as alterações biomecânicas induzidas após elevação em seis graus da pinça ou do talão no casco dos membros torácicos em equinos ao trote e se tais alterações eram influenciadas pelo material da ferradura. Para isso, foram utilizados seis equinos adultos PSA sadios, sem evidências clínicas de alterações locomotoras. Os animais foram separados em dois grupos: grupo 1, que utilizou ferraduras confeccionadas em ferro, e grupo 2, que utilizou ferraduras em alumínio. O experimento foi realizado em três semanas. Na semana basal os animais foram ferrados com ferradura plana. Nas semanas seguintes houve elevação em seis graus da pinça ou do talão. Os animais realizaram três sessões de exercícios em esteira rolante por semana, utilizando dois marcadores esféricos reflexivos nas faces dorsal e lateral do casco do membro torácico esquerdo. As variáveis cinemáticas avaliadas na terceira sessão de cada semana foram: duração da passada, tempo de apoio, tempo de suspensão, altura e comprimento da passada, além da avaliação do movimento descrito pelo casco. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do teste t-Student. As alterações decorrentes da elevação da pinça ou do talão foram muito diferentes, algumas vezes opostas, entre os animais para o mesmo tipo de elevação, inclusive dentro do mesmo grupo. Conclui-se que as alterações na angulação do casco induziram mudanças no andamento, mas, com base nos resultados deste trabalho, não é possível determinar uma indicação clínica geral para cada alteração imposta ou material utilizado / Abstract: This study investigated, using kinematics methods, biomechanical changes due to toe or heel elevation in equine forelimb at trot and if it can be influenced by shoe material. Six adult sound arabian horses were separated in two groups: iron and aluminum group. The study was performed in three weeks with three treadmill exercise sessions each. Reflexive markers were applied on dorsal and lateral surfaces of left forelimb hoof. In first week horses were shod with flat shoes. In the following weeks horses were shod with six degrees toe or heel elevation. Measured kinematic variables were stride duration, stance fase, swing fase, maximal displacement in vertical direction of the hoof, stride length and flight arc. Statistical analisys used t-Student test. Variations caused by toe or heel elevation were extremely different, even opposite, between animals to same elevation type, even in same group. Results showed that response due to investigated elevations were different for each animal. We concluded that different hoof angulations induced changes in movement but the results of this investigation do not provide basis for general clinical applications for each elevation or material used / Doutor

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi comparar variáveis espaço-temporais e fisiológicas durante o nado crawl com o uso de palmares e nadadeiras. Participaram 11 voluntários do sexo masculino (25,8 ± 5,5 anos de idade, 75,2 ± 5,5 kg de massa corporal e 177 ± 6,5 cm de estatura), nadadores de nível nacional e regional que realizaram dois protocolos distintos de avaliação: nado de 50 m em máxima intensidade e 12 repetições de 50 m em intensidade submáxima (nado intervalado). Ambos os protocolos foram realizados três vezes: nado sem equipamentos (SE), com palmares (CP) e com nadadeiras (CN). Foram coletados dados de desempenho, comprimento médio de braçadas (CB), frequência média de braçadas (FB), velocidade média de nado (VN), duração das fases da braçada (A, B, C, D), índice de coordenação de nado (IdC), frequência média de pernadas (FP), profundidade média de pernada (PP), concentração de lactato [LA] e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE). Utilizaram-se filmadoras para obtenção de imagens (60 Hz) subaquáticas dos nados no plano sagital, posteriormente analisadas, e um pacer subaquático luminoso foi utilizado para controle da VN nas séries de nado intervalado nas condições CP e CN e lactímetro portátil foi utilizado para obter as medidas de [LA]. De modo geral, em máxima intensidade palmares alteram [LA] e nadadeiras afetam FB, VN, e [LA]. Em série de nado intervalado, palmares alteram PSE e nadadeiras afetam CB, duração das fases A e C, FP, [LA] e PSE. As áreas de palmares e nadadeiras, relativas às mãos e pés, parecem ser decisivas para os resultados encontrados. / The Main objective of this study was to compare spatio-temporal and physiological variables in the front crawl stroke with paddles and fins. Eleven male volunteers (25.8 ± 5.5 years old, 75.2 ± 5.5 kg of body mass and 177 ± 6.5 cm of height), regional and national level swimmers, performed two different protocols: 50 m all-out and 12 trials of 50 m in sub-maximal intensity (interval training). Both protocols were performed three times: non equipment swimming (NS), paddles swimming (PS) and fins swimming (FS). Performance, means stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), swimming velocity (SV), duration of the phases of the strokes (A, B, C, D), index of coordination (IdC), kick rate (KR) and deep (KD), lactate concentration [LA] and perceived exertion (PE) were obtained. Underwater images (60 Hz) in the sagital plane of the swimming were obtained with camcorders, after these images were analyzed, and an underwater pacer was used to control SV in the interval training for the PS and FS conditions and a portable lactimeter was used to obtain [LA]. In general way, in maximal intensity, paddles change [LA] and fins change SR, SV and [LA]. In interval training, paddles affect PE and fins change SL, duration of phases A and C, KR, [LA] and PE. Paddles and fins areas, relatives to hands and foots, seem to be very decisive in the found results.

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi comparar variáveis espaço-temporais e fisiológicas durante o nado crawl com o uso de palmares e nadadeiras. Participaram 11 voluntários do sexo masculino (25,8 ± 5,5 anos de idade, 75,2 ± 5,5 kg de massa corporal e 177 ± 6,5 cm de estatura), nadadores de nível nacional e regional que realizaram dois protocolos distintos de avaliação: nado de 50 m em máxima intensidade e 12 repetições de 50 m em intensidade submáxima (nado intervalado). Ambos os protocolos foram realizados três vezes: nado sem equipamentos (SE), com palmares (CP) e com nadadeiras (CN). Foram coletados dados de desempenho, comprimento médio de braçadas (CB), frequência média de braçadas (FB), velocidade média de nado (VN), duração das fases da braçada (A, B, C, D), índice de coordenação de nado (IdC), frequência média de pernadas (FP), profundidade média de pernada (PP), concentração de lactato [LA] e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE). Utilizaram-se filmadoras para obtenção de imagens (60 Hz) subaquáticas dos nados no plano sagital, posteriormente analisadas, e um pacer subaquático luminoso foi utilizado para controle da VN nas séries de nado intervalado nas condições CP e CN e lactímetro portátil foi utilizado para obter as medidas de [LA]. De modo geral, em máxima intensidade palmares alteram [LA] e nadadeiras afetam FB, VN, e [LA]. Em série de nado intervalado, palmares alteram PSE e nadadeiras afetam CB, duração das fases A e C, FP, [LA] e PSE. As áreas de palmares e nadadeiras, relativas às mãos e pés, parecem ser decisivas para os resultados encontrados. / The Main objective of this study was to compare spatio-temporal and physiological variables in the front crawl stroke with paddles and fins. Eleven male volunteers (25.8 ± 5.5 years old, 75.2 ± 5.5 kg of body mass and 177 ± 6.5 cm of height), regional and national level swimmers, performed two different protocols: 50 m all-out and 12 trials of 50 m in sub-maximal intensity (interval training). Both protocols were performed three times: non equipment swimming (NS), paddles swimming (PS) and fins swimming (FS). Performance, means stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), swimming velocity (SV), duration of the phases of the strokes (A, B, C, D), index of coordination (IdC), kick rate (KR) and deep (KD), lactate concentration [LA] and perceived exertion (PE) were obtained. Underwater images (60 Hz) in the sagital plane of the swimming were obtained with camcorders, after these images were analyzed, and an underwater pacer was used to control SV in the interval training for the PS and FS conditions and a portable lactimeter was used to obtain [LA]. In general way, in maximal intensity, paddles change [LA] and fins change SR, SV and [LA]. In interval training, paddles affect PE and fins change SL, duration of phases A and C, KR, [LA] and PE. Paddles and fins areas, relatives to hands and foots, seem to be very decisive in the found results.

Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barro / Tese doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_LucianeFernandaRodriguesMartinho_D.pdf: 3317171 bytes, checksum: d8ce2a6b3254d65d49c5bd204aa6c559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise quantitativa dos padrões de preensão palmar de pianistas durante a realização de tarefas em função do tipo de preensão e da velocidade de execução. Vinte e cinco voluntários (11 pianistas e 14 não pianistas) realizaram 4 tipos de tarefas com a mão direta: Preensão grossa em velocidade rápida (T1); Preensão grossa em velocidade lenta (T2); Preensão em gancho em velocidade rápida (T3) e Preensão em gancho em velocidade lenta (T4). No dorso da mão foram colocados 16 marcadores nas extremidades proximais e distais dos ossos metacarpianos e falanges proximais do 2° ao 5° dedos. Para a captura das imagens foram utilizadas quatro câmeras de vídeo digital, conectadas a quatro microcomputadores. A medição das coordenadas e a reconstrução tridimensional dos marcadores foram realizadas através do sistema ¿Dvideow ¿ Digital Vídeo for Biomechanics¿, desenvolvido no Laboratório de Instrumentação para Biomecânica da Faculdade de Educação Física da UNICAMP. Os ângulos de flexão e extensão das articulações metacarpofalangeanas foram calculados a partir da medida das coordenadas dos marcadores. Foram utilizados diagramas de fase para caracterização do padrão e da regularidade das repetições. A Análise por Componentes Principais foi utilizada para quantificar o padrão e a regularidade dos ciclos de movimento e a correlação entre as curvas dos ângulos das articulações dedos foi utilizada para avaliar sinergia dos dedos durante a tarefa. A partir dos resultados, foram observados que as diferenças mais evidentes entre os grupos controle e pianista foram identificadas na regularidade da curva para tarefa T2, através da Análise por Componentes Principais e para todas as tarefas na análise da correlação entre os ângulos das articulações metacarpofalangeanas. Na comparação entre as tarefas foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as realizadas com a preensão grossa e gancho, em todas as análises. Através da metodologia empregada e das análises foi possível caracterizar os padrões de preensão palmar de pianistas e evidenciar diferenças entre pianistas e não pianistas / Abstract: This work describes an experimental study that aimed to quantitatively analyze the palmer gripping patterns of pianists during the execution of function tasks relating to gripping and speed of execution. Twenty-five subjects (11 pianists and 14 non-pianists) carried out 4 tasks with their right hand: Gross gripping at fast speed (T1); Gross gripping at low speed (T2); Hook gripping at fast speed (T3); Hook gripping at low speed (T4). Sixteen markers were put on the dorsal surface of the hand, on the proximal and distal extremities of the metacarpian bones and proximal phalanges of the 2nd and 5th fingers. Four digital video cameras connected to two microcomputers were used to capture the images. The measurement of the coordinates and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the markers were carried out through the ¿Dvideow ¿Digital Video for Biomechanics¿ system, developed at the Instrumentation Laboratory for Biomechanics at the Physical Training College at UNICAMP. The flexion and extension angles of the metacarpophalangeal articulations were calculated from the measurement of the marker coordinates. The phase diagram movement cycles were used to analyze the alteration in the palmer gripping patterns in pianists. The Principal Components Analysis was used to quantify the movement patterns and the regularity of the the phase diagram movement cycles which were built from the position and angular speed curves; the correlation between the angle curves of finger joints was used to evaluate the finger synergy during the task. With these results as a starting point, it was possible to observe that the most evident differences between the control and pianist groups were identified in the regularity of the curve for the second task (T2) through the Principal Components Analysis, and for all the tasks, in the analysis of the correlation between the angles of the metacarpophalangeal joints. In the comparison between the tasks, a difference was observed among those carried out in gross and hook gripping in all the analysis.Through the methodology employed and the form of analysis, it was possible to estimate the alterations in the palmer gripping patterns of pianists and compare pianists with non-pianists / Doutorado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Doutor em Educação Física

O crescente aumento da expectativa de vida tem culminado na constante preocupação com qualidade de vida na população idosa. A corrida de rua é um dos esportes que mais adquiriu adeptos dessa faixa etária. Alguns estudos têm reportado um aumento no número de lesões associado a este aumento do número de praticantes. As alterações teciduais decorrentes do envelhecimento biológico podem alterar a mecânica da corrida nos idosos e deixá-los mais susceptíveis a lesões. Contudo, ainda é desconhecido se tais efeitos realmente provocam esses resultados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a cinemática da corrida em adultos e idosos. Foram analisados 17 adultos (31±6 anos) e 17 idosos (69±2 anos) recrutados voluntariamente para o estudo. Os sujeitos correram em uma esteira ergométrica nas velocidades de 8 e 11 km/h (idosos) e 11 e 14 km/h (idosos). Os sujeitos foram filmados por quatro câmeras de vídeo com freqüência de 120 Hz durante a corrida em esteira. Foram realizadas a digitalização e reconstrução das coordenadas dos pontos digitalizados no espaço real a partir das imagens das quatro câmeras e da calibração pelo método DLT. Os idosos apresentaram menor excursão de movimentos de flexão do joelho e de rotação medial da tíbia. Aparentemente os idosos apresentaram maior assincronia entre os movimentos do retropé e do joelho em relação aos adultos. Esses resultados sugerem que os idosos adotam padrões de movimentos diferentes dos adultos durante a fase de apoio da corrida. A prescrição de exercícios e as estratégias de prevenção de lesões em idosos corredores devem considerar essas diferenças / The growing increase of the life expectancy has been culminating in the constant preoccupation in quality of life in the elderly people. Running is one of the sports that has gained more participants in this age group. Some studies have shown an increase of the number of injuries associated with the increasing number of runners. The tissues changes resulting from the aging can alter the mechanics of the elderly running and leave them more susceptible to injuries. Nevertheless it is still unknown if such effects really cause changes in the mechanics of running in the elderly population. The objective of the present study is to compare the kinematics of the adults and elderly runner. Seventeen adults and 17 elderly runners participated in this study. The subjects ran in a treadmill at two different speeds: 8 and 11 km/h for elderly and 11-14 for adults. The subjects were filmed by four camcorders at 120 Hz. The digitizing and reconstruction of the coordinates of the digitized points were made at APAS System and calibrated with the DLT method. The elderly runners have showed a lower knee flexion excursion and lower tibial internal rotation excursion. It seems that elderly runners presented more asynchrony between rearfoot and knee joint movement than young adults. These results suggest that elderly runners adopted different movement patterns when compared with adults during the stance phase of running. The prescriptions of physical activities and strategies for injury prevention in elderly runners must consider the findings of the present study