There is no consensus on whether Church of Sweden should comment on political issues and participate in the political debate or not. The opponents argue that religion and politics should be kept apart, while others claim it is the duty of the church to raise its voice on political issues when it witnesses injustice and oppression. As an Evangelical Lutheran church, Martin Luther's two kingdoms doctrine is a part of the theological tradition in which Church of Sweden stands. The purpose of this essay is to analyze parts of the debate about Church of Sweden as a political actor during the 21st century, based on Luther's two kingdoms doctrine and later interpretations and comments on it. Debate articles from Swedish newspapers have been the primary source in the study of this debate, along with both historical and contemporary Lutheran documents on the two kingdoms doctrine. The outcome of this argumentation analysis shows that the arguments defending a politically active church are to be considered the strongest. A prophetic political theology can be partially supported in the 16th century interpretation of the two kingdoms doctrine. The Lutheran World Federation, in its document The Church in the Public Space, speaks even more in favour of this view of the relationship between church and politics. The Lutheran tradition of keeping an ongoing interpretation and exposition of the faith in each new era is also an important factor in assessing what can be considered a reasonable view of the Church of Sweden's role as a political actor. To legitimize its political commitment, it is crucial for the church that this always derives from and is motivated by its faith. The 16th century reformists as well as the Lutheran World Federation of today identifies the political task of the church to be to take action motivated by its faith, when the governing power pursues a policy incompatible with the word of God. Thus, it is crucial that the church can motivate its political commitment theologically. If the church does, it can justifiably act as an non-governmental organization in political debates.

Cette étude plonge dans l’histoire de la fête des Rogations, s’intéressant à son origine, son évolution et son rôle dans la création de l’identité communautaire au sein de la Gaule des Ve et VIe siècles. Adoptant une approche croisée entre histoire et anthropologie, elle met en lumière l’importance de ce rituel pour les communautés de cette époque et la narration qui l’entoure, telle qu’elle fut orchestrée par les évêques de la Gaule et par divers acteur.rice.s. En examinant le corpus de sources relatives aux premières Rogations dans la Gaule de cette époque, nous découvrons comment cette fête a servi de rituel apotropaïque et de pénitence collective pour faire face à diverses difficultés, telles que les épidémies et les sécheresses, d’abord dans la vallée du Rhône puis dans toute la Gaule. Ainsi, la mise en récit entourant cette fête et comment celle-ci a favorisé l’adhésion communautaire sont au coeur de ce mémoire. Des questions plus vastes, telles que le développement de pratiques collectives incluant jeûnes, prières et processions, ainsi que la façon dont le récit des Rogations s’est connecté à des origines bibliques et s’est ancré dans la sphère épiscopale, sont également mises en avant. Ces observations nous permettent de conclure que ce rituel festif, en tant que terrain d’expérimentation pour l’ensemble des classes sociales, a servi de vecteur pour créer des communautés plus solides et durables. En effet, il a forgé un sentiment d’appartenance à travers des pratiques et des expériences communes, favorisant la création d’un conventus et d’un consensus ecclésiologique. Néanmoins, cette vision est avant tout celle des évêques et, comme cette étude s’intéresse également aux expériences individuelles et communautaires, nous analysons la fête comme étant un espace de négociation et de conflits. En somme, cette recherche met en lumière comment ce rituel a dépassé son rôle initial pour devenir un élément essentiel du paysage cultuel en Gaule. Elle offre un aperçu novateur de la façon dont les Rogations ont façonné l’identité communautaire et ont servi de catalyseurs pour la cohésion sociale dans une période cruciale de l’histoire chrétienne en Gaule. / This study delves into the history of the Rogation feast, examining its origin, evolution and role in the creation of community identity in 5th and 6th century Gaul. Adopting a cross-approach between history and anthropology highlights the importance of this ritual for the communities of the period and the narrative surrounding it, as orchestrated by the bishops of Gaul and by various actors. By examining the corpus of sources relating to the first Rogations at this period, we discover how this feast served as an apotropaic ritual and collective penance to cope with various difficulties, such as epidemics and droughts, first in the Rhone valley and then throughout Gaul. Thus, the narrative surrounding this festival and how it fostered community adhesion are at the heart of this study. Broader questions, such as the development of collective practices including fasts, prayers and processions, and the way in which the Rogation narrative connected with biblical origins and became rooted in the episcopal sphere, are also put forward. These observations lead us to conclude that this festive ritual, as a testing ground for all social classes, served as a vehicle for creating stronger, more enduring communities. Indeed, it forged a sense of belonging through shared practices and experiences, resulting in the creation of a conventus and an ecclesiological consensus. Nevertheless, this vision is primarily that of the bishops, and as this study is also concerned with individual and community experiences, therefore we also analyze the feast as a space for negotiation and conflict. In short, this research sheds light on how this ritual went beyond its initial role to become an essential element of Gaul’s cultic landscape. It offers a fascinating insight into how Rogations shaped community identity and served as a catalyst for social cohesion in a crucial period of Christian history in Gaul.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AILTON DE SOUZA GONCALVES.pdf: 1175562 bytes, checksum: 6c27d964c4968a85719b0585ccef233a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / Matthew s community was a splinter group of Judaism. It was formed by Jewish Christians who suffered exclusion from the larger community of Judaism in training. After AD 70 with the destruction of the temple and the expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem, Judaism underwent a change in its structure. During this transformation, she sought a new identity for the Jewish community. In this process, the Judeo- Christian community was driven out of the Synagogue and also had to develop its identity. This research revolves around Mt 5.20. This verse is the key to understanding the life of the Matthean community and its transformative proposal. Subsequent communities always, throughout history, have sought inspiration in the Matthean community vision around justice. One is the maroon community. This could hope to find when approaching these words that motivated the liberation of a people who lived homeless, landless and without shelter in a foreign land. / A comunidade de Mateus foi um grupo dissidente do judaísmo. Ela foi formada por judeu-cristãos que sofreram exclusão por parte da comunidade maior do judaísmo em formação. Depois do ano 70 d.C., com a destruição do templo e expulsão dos judeus de Jerusalém, o judaísmo passou por uma mudança em sua estrutura. Durante essa transformação, ela buscou uma nova identidade para a comunidade judaica. Nesse processo, a comunidade judaico-cristã foi expulsa da Sinagoga e teve que elaborar também a sua identidade. Esta pesquisa gira em torno de Mt 5,20. Este versículo é a chave para se compreender a vida da comunidade mateana e sua proposta transformadora. Comunidades posteriores sempre, ao longo da história, buscaram inspirações comunitárias na visão mateana em torno da justiça. Uma delas é a comunidade quilombola. Ela pôde encontrar esperança ao aproximar-se dessa palavra (justiça) que motivara a libertação de um povo, que vivia sem pátria, sem-terra e sem amparo em uma terra estrangeira.

本論文之研究動機有三：一是希望藉著對諸葛亮傳說內容的探討，可發掘其中所蘊含的民間旺盛的文學創造力；二是希望藉由對諸葛亮傳說的探討，能更瞭解諸葛亮在民間豐富的形象與評價；三是希望藉著對諸葛亮傳說中所包藏的民俗意識，加以分析探討，以便能更瞭解民間的思想與文化。本論文之論述範圍，主要以80年代中國大陸所搜集整理出版的傳說集子為對象。由於傳說與歷史的關係密切，而三國人物的傳說又常與《三國演義》的成書有關，因而在本論文的研究方法上，首先採取比較研究法，把傳說與歷史小說做比對分析；又由於傳說本身常富涵一些民間文化與思想，因而我們又採取民俗學的角度切入，仔細而深刻的探討這些文化思想，並試著闡釋民俗與傳說的連繫方式。本論文除第一章〈緒論〉與第六章〈結論〉外，共分為四章：第二章為〈三顧茅廬前的諸葛亮傳說〉，主要探討有關諸葛亮的少年時期，我們分為求學、娶親與得寶三部份述說。這時期的傳說內容常為正史或小說所忽略，大部份為人民自己的想像創造，因而我們的探討便較傾向傳說內容所包含的民間文化與思想。第三章為〈三顧茅廬後的諸葛亮傳說〉，主要探討有關諸葛亮的青壯時期的傳說，包括三顧茅廬、借箭、借東風與空城計四個部份。此部份為史家或小說家所刻意渲染的，因而我們的探討重點在傳說與史實小說的比較分析。第四章為〈諸葛亮之死與死後的傳說〉，主要探討的範圍包括諸葛爭壽、遣計埋墳與諸葛亮墓的傳說。這部份的傳說內容主要突顯了諸葛亮過人的智慧，其神機妙算幾乎如同神仙一般。第五章為〈有關諸葛亮的地方風物傳說〉，主要探討的範圍包括地方傳說與物產傳說。

This paper offers a critical review of a major historical source on the indigenous languages spoken by the year 1600 in the former Bishopric of Charcas, the so-called ‘Copia de los curatos’, which, together with mapping of the information that this text provides, allows a more accurate and precise reconstruction of the territorial extension of the Puquina language during the early Colonial epoch. To be used as sources for the study of Andean historical linguistics, the published documents used for this analysis and reconstruction must be understood in their administrative context of the church and Colonial state. Knowledge of the jurisdictional changes in the Southern Andes during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their juxtaposition on top of pre-Hispanic indigenous jurisdictions, are crucial to understanding the scope and limitations of this valuable document. / La revisión crítica de una fuente histórica fundamental sobre las lenguas indígenas habladas hacia 1600 en el antiguo obispado de Charcas, la llamada Copia de los curatos, combinada con la representación cartográfica de la información que este texto proporciona, permiten una reconstrucción más adecuada y precisa de la dispersión territorial de la lengua puquina en la época colonial temprana. Los documentos publicados que se utilizan para complementar este análisis y reconstrucción requieren ser empleados no solo como fuentes de información para el estudio de la lingüística histórica andina, sino que deben ser entendidos en su proceso de composición dentro del contexto administrativo de la Iglesia y el Estado coloniales. El conocimiento de los cambios jurisdiccionales en el sur andino durante los siglos XVI y XVII, y su yuxtaposición sobre las jurisdicciones indígenas prehispánicas resultan cruciales para entender los alcances y limitaciones de este valioso documento.

The origins of kingship have typically been accepted as a natural or inevitable development by scholars. The purpose of this thesis is to question that assumption. This work will re-examine the origins of early Anglo-Saxon kingship through a coherent and systematic survey of the available and pertinent archaeological and historical sources, addressing them by type, by period and as their varying natures require. The thesis begins with the archaeological evidence. ‘Elite’ burials, such as Mound One, Sutton Hoo, will be ranked according to their probability of kingliness. This process will point to elite burial as being a regionally-specific, predominately-seventh-century, phenomenon of an ideologically-aware, sophisticated and established political institution. Consequently, elite burial cannot be seen as an indication of the origins of kingship, but can instead be interpreted as a development or experiment within kingship. Analysis of ‘elite’ settlements, such as Yeavering, and numismatic evidence, will lead to similar conclusions. Further, consideration of various other settlement types – former Roman military sites in Northern Britain, former Roman Towns, and enclosed settlements – will point to various potential origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship in the form of continuities with previous Roman, Romano-British or British power structures. The thesis will go on to consider the historical sources. Those of the fifth and sixth centuries, primarily Gildas’s De excidio et conquestu Britanniae, point to several factors of note. The cessation of formal imperial rule over Britain following c.410 effectively created a power vacuum. Various new sources of political power are observable attempting to fill this vacuum, one of which, ultimately, was kingship. Through analogy with contemporary British kingdoms, it is possible to suggest that this development of kingship in England may be placed in the early sixth, if not the fifth, centuries. This would make the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship significantly earlier than typically thought. This kingship was characterised by the conduct of warfare, its dependence on personal relationships, and particularly by its varying degrees of status and differing manifestations of power covered by the term king. Further details will be added to this image through the narrative and documentary sources of the seventh and early eighth centuries. These predominately shed light on the subsequent development of kingship, particularly its growing association with Christianity. Indeed, the period around c.600 can be highlighted as one of notable change within Anglo-Saxon kingship. However, it is possible to point to the practice of food rents, tolls and the control of resources serving as an economic foundation for kingship, while legal intervention and claimed descent from gods also provide a potential basis of power. Several characteristics of seventh- and early-eighth-century kingship will also be highlighted as being relevant to its origins – the conduct of warfare and the exercise of over-kingship – relating to the general propensity for amalgamation through conquest. Other trajectories are also highlighted, specifically continuity from previous Roman and British entities and the development of ‘pop-up’ kingdoms. The overall result is one in which long-term amalgamation and short-term disintegration and re-constitution were equally in evidence, set against the wider context of broad regional continuities. Overall, therefore, the thesis will not fully resolve the issue of the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship, but it does offer a means to re-frame discussion, explore the social and economic underpinnings of kingship and assess its primacy as an institution within early Anglo-Saxon England.

The following work is an analysis of Martin Luther's Two Kingdoms Theory. This influential and controversial theory was introduced in his 1523 treatise, Von weltlicher Obrigkeit--Secular Authority. Although this document was written almost 500 years ago and takes its cue from the writings of St. Augustine and the Bible, it continued to have a significant effect on German society in both the political and religious realm well into the present day. Based on an analysis of the text and on the culture and literature that led Luther to write Von weltlicher Obrigkeit, this thesis evaluates various interpretations and applications of the Two Kingdoms Theory. The specific effects of Luther's teaching during the Nazi era are examined politically and theologically. Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Religionsloses Christentum--Religionless Christianity and Martin Luther's Zwei-Reiche-Lehre--Two Kingdoms Theory will be compared to demonstrate that they illuminate the same truth from different vantage points: neither people nor their rules are viable substitutes for God. A brief introduction explains the means of analysis used in this thesis, which is based on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's call for a new religionless language as described in letters written during his imprisonment by the Nazi regime.

The dissertation examines the experience of the landless in the ancient Near East as expressed in the book of Lamentations. Land theology has focused on land loss but not on the people who lost it. Similarly, the interpretation of Lamentations has focused on human suffering or on God’s absence not on land loss neither on the landless. This study investigates the phenomenon of landlessness in the Near Eastern world (over the span of 6th and 7th centuries BCE) and how people reacted to such experiences. They lamented over the destruction of shrines, homes, towns and land. Land loss is a prominent feature in city laments. Lamentations relied on these kinds of lament to express the Judeans’ land loss experience. The Zion theology which had granted an unconditional blessing of protection and stability to Jerusalem and to its people, completely failed on the Babylonian invasion in 587 BCE. The ‘landless genesis’ of the nation from the period of the ancestors (Cain and Jacob) remains in the memory of Daughter of Zion and of the deported man as they lament over the loss of Jerusalem. / Theology / M. Th. (Old Testament)

孫賽珠. / "2003年6月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 274-299). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 6 yue". / Sun Saizhu. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 274-299). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 提要 --- p.頁i-ii / 目錄 --- p.頁iii-頁vi / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究動機與目的 --- p.頁1-頁5 / Chapter 第二節： --- 前人硏究成果的回顧與檢討 --- p.頁5-頁12 / Chapter 第三節： --- 硏究範圍及方法 --- p.頁12-頁13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 孫光憲生平著作簡介 / Chapter 第一節： --- 孫光憲之生年 --- p.頁14-頁16 / Chapter 第二節： --- 孫光憲之仕途 --- p.頁16-頁23 / Chapter 第三節： --- 孫光憲之著述 --- p.頁37-頁37 / Chapter 第四節： --- 孫光憲之思想才識、文學修養 --- p.頁24-頁39 / Chapter 第五節： --- 孫光憲之交遊 --- p.頁39-頁51 / Chapter 第六節： --- 孫光憲詞之分期 --- p.頁51 -頁58 / Chapter 第三章 --- 孫光憲詞詞牌與内容的關係 / Chapter 第一節： --- 詞牌與內容的關係 --- p.頁59-頁65 / Chapter 第二節： --- 孫光憲詞的聯章性 --- p.頁65-頁84 / Chapter 第四章 --- 孫光憲詞的閨怨情愛 / Chapter 第一節： --- 從文學源流看晚唐五代詞與六朝宮體、唐代艷詩之關係 --- p.頁85-頁105 / Chapter 第二節： --- 從詞人與歌妓的關係論孫光憲艷情詞的特色 --- p.頁105-頁138 / Chapter 第五章 --- 孫光憲詞的風土人情 / Chapter 第一節： --- 孫光憲風物詞所繼承的文學傳統 --- p.頁139-頁155 / Chapter 第二節: --- 孫光憲風物詞的特色 --- p.頁155-頁168 / Chapter 第六章 --- 孫光憲詞的懷古詠懷、邊塞送別 / Chapter 第一節： --- 即地懷古 --- p.頁169-頁180 / Chapter 第二節： --- 借物詠懷 --- p.頁180-頁186 / Chapter 第三節： --- 使事懷人 --- p.頁186-頁193 / Chapter 第四節： --- 邊塞送別 --- p.頁193-頁206 / Chapter 第七章 --- 孫光憲詞的藝術技巧 / Chapter 第一節： --- 語言風格 --- p.頁207-頁225 / Chapter 第二節： --- 意境營造 --- p.頁225-頁235 / Chapter 第三節： --- 格律句式 --- p.頁235-頁242 / Chapter 第四節： --- 結構鋪排 --- p.頁242-頁250 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結語´ؤ´ؤ孫光憲詞的評價地位 / Chapter 第一節： --- 前人對孫光憲詞之評價 --- p.頁251-頁258 / Chapter 第二節： --- 從詞話看孫光憲詞之價値 --- p.頁258-頁262 / Chapter 第三節： --- 孫光憲詞在詞史上的地位 --- p.頁262-頁273 / 參考書目 / Chapter 一、 --- 專著 --- p.頁274-頁288 / Chapter 二、 --- 論文 --- p.頁288-頁296 / Chapter 三、 --- 外文論著 --- p.頁297-頁298 / Chapter 四、 --- 網站 --- p.頁298-頁299 / 附錄 / 附錄一：〈《花間集》、《尊前集》詞人生卒及排列次序〉 --- p.頁300-頁301 / 附錄二：〈孫光憲生平傳記資料〉 --- p.頁302-頁304 / 附錄三：〈孫光憲生平事跡簡述〉 --- p.頁305-頁315 / 附錄四：〈孫光憲之官職表〉 --- p.頁316 / 附錄五：〈孫光憲之著述表) --- p.頁317-頁321 / 附錄六：〈齊己《白蓮集》和孫光憲詩〉 --- p.頁322-頁324 / 附錄七：〈《花間集》題材內容〉 --- p.頁325-頁345 / 附錄八：〈花間詞人的詞牌內容〉 --- p.頁346-頁349 / 附錄九：〈孫光憲詞的詞牌內容〉 --- p.頁350-頁352 / 附錄十：〈孫光憲詞的閨怨內容〉 --- p.頁353-頁356 / 附錄十一：〈《花間集》、《尊前集》中的反問句〉 --- p.頁357-頁358 / 附錄十二：〈孫光憲詞中的反問句〉 --- p.頁359-頁365 / 附錄十三：〈花間尊前詞人從男子角度寫閨怨〉 --- p.頁366-頁369 / 附錄十四：〈花間尊前詞人寫男子冶遊之作〉 --- p.頁370 / 附錄十五：〈《花間集》所描寫之地區〉 --- p.頁371-頁386 / 附錄十六：〈花間詞人所用的《詩經》典故〉 --- p.頁387-頁389 / 附錄十七：〈花間詞人所用的《楚辭》典故〉 --- p.頁390-頁391 / 附錄十八：〈花間詞人所用的漢賦典故〉 --- p.頁392-頁397 / 附錄十九：〈孫光憲詞融化前人詩句〉 --- p.頁398-頁401 / 附錄二十：〈花間尊前詞人的詞牌與句式〉 --- p.頁402-頁406 / 附錄二十一：〈孫光憲詞之押韻句式〉 --- p.頁407-頁411 / 附錄二十二：〈孫光憲詞會評) --- p.頁412-頁450

Despite of the historical significance of Six Dynasties (220--589)---a turbulent time between Han and Tang Dynasty---research on jades of the period remains a neglected overlooked topic. Short of systematic studies, our understanding of the functional change of jades from religious rituals to daily life and decoration is greatly lacking. The current thesis studies jades excavated from tombs and collected in museums, by identifying their dates, characteristics, and styles through comparison and stylistic analysis, and discusses the use of jades through three centuries of change. / The thesis begins with an introduction of important jade finds from 1949 to 2009, followed by three chapters (chapter 2--4) illustrating the jade culture of the Six Dynasties. Chapter 2 is a case study of a jade pendant set. This examination provides important implications on the stylistic origin and changes of jades in the Six Dynasties. Chapter 3 explores the cause of functional differences in jades produced and used by Chinese and non-Chinese people and their influences on Tang Dynasty jades. Chapter 4 discusses ingestion of jade as a religious quest for immortality under the impact of Daoism. The final chapter concludes the thesis with an investigation into the scarcity of jades from this period to define the significance of Six Dynasties jades in the broader history of Chinese jades. / 褚馨. / Adviser: Jenny F. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chu Xin.