當代文獻對知識創生的討論，多集中在知識的有效移轉與管理，較少由組織集體能力的養成觀點，進行探討。然而，隨著全球化與網際網路的興起，跨組織疆界的研發創新，已不能僅單純由知識有效移轉的角度觀察，而必須由分散式組織的管理，由社群實務的觀點，進行討論。尤其，跨領域科學家的專業社群，不但深富高度的知識涵量，更經常能因應環境的動態變化，產生突破性創新成就，而具有重要研究價值。本研究以台灣著名科學社群─「無線奈米生醫團隊」為調查田野，並由這個科學社群特殊的知識能力養成(organizational knowledgeability）著手，分析社群成員的工作脈絡，以掌握社群組織如何持續有效創生知識。 研究發現，科研知識養成的基本功、察覺使用者創新需求的敏銳度、巧妙橋接內外部資源的中介能力、以及持續參與專業社群運作的社群力，構成集體能力養成的重要內涵。從實踐社群（CoP）的觀點來看，這四種能力的養成過程，正是一個科學新手逐步蛻變為創新高手的能力累積；更是他由合法的社群周邊參與，逐步進階到核心社群決策的進程。 創新不是天分，而是養分。當一個科研人才，一個科研團隊，能不斷取得來自專業學術社群的知識養分，他就能源源不絕，產生創新知識。而這也正是所謂頂級發表的內涵。一篇好的專業學術發表，他體現的價值不但是專業學術社群的肯定而已，更是個人或團隊能力累積的極致成就。本研究最後則探討本案例對社群實務的知識創生與研發創新文獻上的啟示，並點出對科學團隊與研發機構的實務意涵。 / Nowadays, product or service innovation often requires highly specialized experts to work closely, such as the design of computer server or performing a cardiovascular surgery. Studies of knowledge creation put more focus on knowledge management and knowledge transfer. However, we know relatively little about how distributed organizations, such as experts communities create knowledge. This study focuses on a top-performing scientific community—the Wireless Health Advanced Monitoring Bio-Diagnosis System (WHAM-BioS) in Taiwan. This team consists of leading scientists from nano-technology, bio-technology, information technology and network communications from different scientific disciplines. This study aims to examine their knowing practices of scientific invention. This research will contribute to theories on knowledge creation through the lens of practice. By analyzing the organizational knowledgeability, this paper suggests organizations reconsider the knowing of cross raining ( or learning by doing)，sensitivity of users’ painpoints, brokering resources and participating in tier one academic communities as the collective capabilities of scientific community. These four elements as five organizing capabilities will contribute to the knowledge creation and community of practices literatures.

The aim of this study was to conduct a thorough theoretical study on the relevant aspects involved in knowledge management and organizational learning, and thence assess the level of organisational learning within the ferrometallurgical industry. From the outcomes of the assessment, recommendations to improve the state of affairs were to be made. Knowledge can be defined as actionable information. The creation, acquisition, sharing and leveraging of knowledge in today's industries are critical. Knowledge is now termed the fourth productive resource, and some authors claim, with some justification, that the widespread knowledge within a company is the only source of sustainable competitive advantage. With this in mind, it is obvious that companies need to nurture knowledge creation and effective utilisation thereof in order to meet organisational goals. Knowledge can be codified if it is explicit, but needs to be transferred using personalisation if it is tacit. Implicitness of tacit knowledge further confounds the issue. Knowledge management practices underpin the process of organisational learning. The level of organisational learning within the ferrometallurgical industry in South Africa was assessed, using a survey questionnaire obtained from the Harvard Business School. The results show that the industry lags behind the medians in the ten constructs measured, and much work will be required to significantly improve the situation. Key areas of concern are in the areas of psychological safety, time for reflection, education and training, and collection of information. As a consequence, a practical strategy for improving the state of knowledge management and organisational learning in the ferrometallurgical industry was developed. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

The aim of this study was to conduct a thorough theoretical study on the relevant aspects involved in knowledge management and organizational learning, and thence assess the level of organisational learning within the ferrometallurgical industry. From the outcomes of the assessment, recommendations to improve the state of affairs were to be made. Knowledge can be defined as actionable information. The creation, acquisition, sharing and leveraging of knowledge in today's industries are critical. Knowledge is now termed the fourth productive resource, and some authors claim, with some justification, that the widespread knowledge within a company is the only source of sustainable competitive advantage. With this in mind, it is obvious that companies need to nurture knowledge creation and effective utilisation thereof in order to meet organisational goals. Knowledge can be codified if it is explicit, but needs to be transferred using personalisation if it is tacit. Implicitness of tacit knowledge further confounds the issue. Knowledge management practices underpin the process of organisational learning. The level of organisational learning within the ferrometallurgical industry in South Africa was assessed, using a survey questionnaire obtained from the Harvard Business School. The results show that the industry lags behind the medians in the ten constructs measured, and much work will be required to significantly improve the situation. Key areas of concern are in the areas of psychological safety, time for reflection, education and training, and collection of information. As a consequence, a practical strategy for improving the state of knowledge management and organisational learning in the ferrometallurgical industry was developed. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Le processus de création de la connaissance (CC) est crucial pour une entreprise, en vertu d'identifier, transformer et créer des actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont mobilisés en profit d'innovations. Les entreprises sont en quête de surmonter les limitations qui interfèrent ce processus, et une des formes consiste dans la localisation en clusters industriels (CIs). Le manque de littérature a entraîné l'intérêt à focaliser dans cette recherche le processus de CC dans les entreprises localisées en CIs. Cette recherche a pour objectif comprendre la forme de structuration du processus de création interne aux entreprises participantes de clusters industriels du secteur de biotechnologie en France et au Brésil. Le secteur de biotechnologie a sa base dans les connaissances de nature de frontière technologique. En vertu du dynamisme du processus de CC, on a choisi des entreprises de clusters ainsi caractérisées pour l'observation de ce phénomène, notamment le cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, France) et le cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brésil). Cette recherche est caractérisée comme une étude de cas multiples, focalisé de façon déductive de caractère exploratoire. Après la structuration de l'instrument de recherche et de la quête de données, les mêmes ont été réduits, découpés et synthétisés, pour postérieur utilisation des techniques d'adéquation au modèle et synthèse des cas croisés à partir des modèles logiques de niveau organisationnel, qui ont emmené à une typologie de cas général, en forme d'un framework. Les évidences empiriques ont démontrés que quoique les processus internes de CCs soient similaires dans son structure, en tant que processus, les différentiels pour l'obtention de nouvelles connaissances et innovations ce sont les actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont disponibles dans chacune des entreprises et dans les actifs qui sont captés dans son extérieur. En vertu de la sélection d'un secteur de connaissance de frontière pour l'observation des phénomènes, la relation des entreprises avec le cluster est un facteur d'accélération des processus internes car le cluster favorise les divers accès à une ambiance sociale avec ses intégrants, ce qui proportionne l'acquisition et l'absorption d'informations et de connaissances. Les connaissances spécifiques des professionnels largement qualifiés, dans chacune des entreprises, constitue le core knowledge qui permet la création de nouvelles connaissances et découvertes d'innovations, normalement commercialisées au niveau extra-cluster. Les entreprises qui ont obtenu des encouragements et investissements divers, notamment issus des sphères publiques du gouvernement, ont eu des développements importants dans ses processus de CCs surtout en vertu de la réduction des coûts que tels investissements ont proportionnés. Le cluster aide avec plusieurs actifs qui sont utilisés pour réduire les coûts, accélérer les processus internes et développer et perfectionner les connaissances existantes dans l'entreprise. L'implication théorique de cette recherche réside dans l'identification de processus, les stratégies et les habiletés à être considérées a priori et a posteriori dans un processus de CC. Comme implications managériales, on a constaté que les entreprises qui sont insérées en CIs cherchent des facteurs d'accélération des processus internes dû aux actifs disponibilisés par les CIs lesquels possibilitent aux entreprises de gagner plus de vitesse dans la création de nouvelles connaissances et dans la découverte d'innovations. Comme suggestions aux futures recherches, on recommande l'application de cette recherche à d'autres secteurs économiques. / O processo de criação de conhecimento (CC) é crucial para uma empresa, em virtude de identificar, transformar e criar ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que são mobilizados em prol de inovações. As empresas buscam superar limitações que interferem nesse processo, e uma das formas reside na localização em clusters industriais (CIs). A escassez da literatura desencadeou o interesse em focalizar nesta pesquisa o processo de CC em empresas localizadas em CIs. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a forma de estruturação do processo de criação de conhecimento interno às empresas participantes de clusters industriais do setor de biotecnologia na França e no Brasil. O setor de biotecnologia tem sua base em conhecimentos de natureza de fronteira tecnológica. Em virtude de o processo de CC ser dinâmico, escolheu-se empresas de clusters que assim fossem caracterizados para observação deste fenômeno, notadamente o cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, França) e o cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de casos múltiplos, de enfoque dedutivo e de caráter exploratório. Após a estruturação do instrumento de pesquisa e da coleta dos dados, os mesmos foram reduzidos, recortados e sintetizados, para posterior utilização das técnicas de adequação ao padrão e síntese de casos cruzados a partir dos modelos lógicos de nível organizacional, que conduziram a uma tipologia de caso geral, em forma de um framework. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que muito embora os processos internos de CCs sejam similares em sua estrutura, enquanto processo, os diferenciais para a obtenção de novos conhecimentos e inovações são os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que estão disponíveis no interior de cada uma das empresas e nos ativos que são captados em seu exterior. Em virtude de um setor de conhecimento de fronteira ter sido selecionado para observação dos fenômenos, a relação das empresas com o cluster é um fator de aceleração dos processos internos, pois o cluster favorece acessos diversos a um ambiente social com os seus integrantes, o que proporciona a aquisição e absorção de informações e conhecimentos. Os conhecimentos específicos dos profissionais altamente qualificados, em cada uma das empresas, constitui o core knowledge que permite a criação de novos conhecimentos e descobertas de inovações, normalmente comercializadas no nível extracluster. As empresas que obtiveram incentivos e investimentos diversos, notadamente oriundos das esferas públicas de governo, tiveram incrementos significativos em seus processos de CCs principalmente em virtude da redução de custos que tais incrementos proporcionaram. O cluster auxilia com diversos ativos que são utilizados para reduzir custos, acelerar processos internos e incrementar e aperfeiçoar os conhecimentos existentes na empresa. A implicação teórica da presente pesquisa reside na identificação de processos, estratégias e habilitadores a serem considerados a priori e a posteriori em um processo de CC. Como implicações gerenciais, constatou-se que as empresas que estão inseridas em CIs buscam fatores de aceleração dos processos internos devido aos ativos disponibilizados pelos CIs que possibilitam as empresas ganhar maior velocidade na criação de novos conhecimentos e na descoberta de inovações. Como sugestões a futuras pesquisas, recomenda-se a replicação desta pesquisa em outros setores econômicos. / The process of knowledge creation (CC) is crucial to an enterprise whereas it identifies, transforms and creates tangible and intangible assets that are mobilized on behalf of innovations. Enterprises look to overcome limitations that interfere in this process and one of the ways resides in the localization of industrial clusters (CIs). The lack of literary work unleashed the interest on focusing this research in the CC process in localized CIs companies. The present research intends to understand how the knowledge creation process of internal level is structured in participant enterprisers of biotechnological-industrial clusters in France and Brazil. The biotechnological sector is based on the nature of technological frontier. Because the CC process is dynamic we have chosen cluster enterprises that featured this phenomenon, especially the Bioméditerranée cluster (Marseilles, France) and the Belo Horizonte cluster (Brazil). This work is a study of multiple cases with an inferential and exploratory approach. Thereafter the structuring of the theme and data collection, they were reduced, cut out and synthesized to a subsequent use of standard techniques, adaptation and synthesis of crossed cases from logical models of organization levels, which drove us in a typology of a general case, in a framework shape. The empirical evidences have showed that, however the internal CCs procedures are similar to its structure while a process, the differential to obtain new acquirements and changes are the tangible and intangible assets that are available in each enterprise and the assets which can be attracted by its external connections. Considering the frontier knowledge that was chosen to observe the phenomenon, the enterprise relations with cluster is a factor of internal processes acceleration, because cluster promotes various accesses to a social environment, providing knowledge assimilation to its members. The professional’s highly qualified knowledge in each company establishes what we call core knowledge, which allows the access to new innovations and discoveries, usually commercialized in the extra-cluster level. The enterprises which obtained diverse incentive and investment, notably from the government and its spheres, have had significant increments in its CCs processes mainly because these increments have provided reduction of costs. Clusters aid multiply assets that are used to reduce costs, to accelerate internal process and improve existent information in the company. The theoretical implication of the present research settles in identifying processes, strategies and qualifiers being considered beforehand and afterwards in a CC process. As management implications, it was noted that enterprises which are inserted in CIs seek internal processes’ factors of acceleration because of the assets accessed by CIs, which allow companies to acquire innovations in a faster way. Also, as a suggestion to future researches, it is recommended the replication of this work to other economical sectors. / El proceso de creación de conicimiento (CC) es decisivo para una empresa, pues es responsable en identificar, transformar y producir activos tangibles y no tangibles que son movilizados en búsqueda de inovaciones. Las empresas intentan superar limitaciones que interfieren en ese proceso y una de esas formas es la localización en clusters industriales (CIs). La escasez de literatura ha despertado el interés en centrar en esta pesquisa el proceso de CC en empresas localizadas en CIs. Esta pesquisa posee como objectivo comprender el modo de estructuración del proceso de creación del conocimiento interno a las empresas participantes de clusters industriales del setor de biotecnología en Francia y en Brasil. El sector de biotecnología tiene su base en conocimientos de naturaleza de fontera tecnológica. Llevando en consideración que el proceso de CC es dinámico, se a eligido empresas de clusters que tuviesen esa caracterización para la observación de este fenómeno, especialmente el cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, Francia) y el cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como un estudio de casos múltiplos, de modo dedutivo y de carácter exploratorio. Después de la estructuración del instrumento de pesquisa y de la recompilación de datos, ellos fueron reducidos, recortados y sufrieron síntesis, para usar las técnicas de adequación a patrones y síntesis de casos cruzados a partir de los modelos lógicos de nivel organizacional, que conducieron a una tipología de caso general, con estilo framework. Aunque los procesos internos de CCs sean semejantes en su estructura, las envidencias empíricas han señalado que, como proceso, los diferenciales para la obtención de nuevos conocimientos e inovaciones son los activos tangibles y no tangibles que están disponibles en el interior de cada una de las empresas y en los activos que son captados en su exterior. Ya que un setor de conocimiento de frontera fue selecionado para la observación de los fenómenos, la relación de las empresas con el cluster es un factor de aceleración de los procesos internos, pues el cluster beneficia accesos diversos a un ambiente social con sus integrantes, el cual proporciona la aquisición y absorción de informaciones y conocimientos. Los conocimientos específicos de los profesionales altamente calificados, en cada una de las empresas, constituye el core knowledge que permite la creación de nuevos conocimientos y descubiertas de inovaciones, normalmente comercializadas en nivel extracluster. Las empresas que obtivieron incentivos e inversión significativos en sus procesos de CCs principalmente devido a la reducción de costos, apresurar procesos internos e incrementar y perfecionar los conocimientos existentes en la empresa. La implicación teórica de la presente pesquisa está en la identificación de procesos, estrategias y habilitadores que necesitan ser considerados a priori y a posteriori en un proceso de CC. Como implicaciones generales, se ha comprobado que las empresas que están inseridas en CIs buscan factores de aceleración de los procesos internos en virtud de los activos disponibilizados por los CIs que permiten las empresas ganar mayor velocidad en la creación de nuevos conocimentos y en la descubierta de inovaciones. Como sugerencias para futuras pesquisas, se aconseja la replicación de esta pesquisa en otros sectores económicos.

Le processus de création de la connaissance (CC) est crucial pour une entreprise, en vertu d'identifier, transformer et créer des actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont mobilisés en profit d'innovations. Les entreprises sont en quête de surmonter les limitations qui interfèrent ce processus, et une des formes consiste dans la localisation en clusters industriels (CIs). Le manque de littérature a entraîné l'intérêt à focaliser dans cette recherche le processus de CC dans les entreprises localisées en CIs. Cette recherche a pour objectif comprendre la forme de structuration du processus de création interne aux entreprises participantes de clusters industriels du secteur de biotechnologie en France et au Brésil. Le secteur de biotechnologie a sa base dans les connaissances de nature de frontière technologique. En vertu du dynamisme du processus de CC, on a choisi des entreprises de clusters ainsi caractérisées pour l'observation de ce phénomène, notamment le cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, France) et le cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brésil). Cette recherche est caractérisée comme une étude de cas multiples, focalisé de façon déductive de caractère exploratoire. Après la structuration de l'instrument de recherche et de la quête de données, les mêmes ont été réduits, découpés et synthétisés, pour postérieur utilisation des techniques d'adéquation au modèle et synthèse des cas croisés à partir des modèles logiques de niveau organisationnel, qui ont emmené à une typologie de cas général, en forme d'un framework. Les évidences empiriques ont démontrés que quoique les processus internes de CCs soient similaires dans son structure, en tant que processus, les différentiels pour l'obtention de nouvelles connaissances et innovations ce sont les actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont disponibles dans chacune des entreprises et dans les actifs qui sont captés dans son extérieur. En vertu de la sélection d'un secteur de connaissance de frontière pour l'observation des phénomènes, la relation des entreprises avec le cluster est un facteur d'accélération des processus internes car le cluster favorise les divers accès à une ambiance sociale avec ses intégrants, ce qui proportionne l'acquisition et l'absorption d'informations et de connaissances. Les connaissances spécifiques des professionnels largement qualifiés, dans chacune des entreprises, constitue le core knowledge qui permet la création de nouvelles connaissances et découvertes d'innovations, normalement commercialisées au niveau extra-cluster. Les entreprises qui ont obtenu des encouragements et investissements divers, notamment issus des sphères publiques du gouvernement, ont eu des développements importants dans ses processus de CCs surtout en vertu de la réduction des coûts que tels investissements ont proportionnés. Le cluster aide avec plusieurs actifs qui sont utilisés pour réduire les coûts, accélérer les processus internes et développer et perfectionner les connaissances existantes dans l'entreprise. L'implication théorique de cette recherche réside dans l'identification de processus, les stratégies et les habiletés à être considérées a priori et a posteriori dans un processus de CC. Comme implications managériales, on a constaté que les entreprises qui sont insérées en CIs cherchent des facteurs d'accélération des processus internes dû aux actifs disponibilisés par les CIs lesquels possibilitent aux entreprises de gagner plus de vitesse dans la création de nouvelles connaissances et dans la découverte d'innovations. Comme suggestions aux futures recherches, on recommande l'application de cette recherche à d'autres secteurs économiques. / O processo de criação de conhecimento (CC) é crucial para uma empresa, em virtude de identificar, transformar e criar ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que são mobilizados em prol de inovações. As empresas buscam superar limitações que interferem nesse processo, e uma das formas reside na localização em clusters industriais (CIs). A escassez da literatura desencadeou o interesse em focalizar nesta pesquisa o processo de CC em empresas localizadas em CIs. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a forma de estruturação do processo de criação de conhecimento interno às empresas participantes de clusters industriais do setor de biotecnologia na França e no Brasil. O setor de biotecnologia tem sua base em conhecimentos de natureza de fronteira tecnológica. Em virtude de o processo de CC ser dinâmico, escolheu-se empresas de clusters que assim fossem caracterizados para observação deste fenômeno, notadamente o cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, França) e o cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de casos múltiplos, de enfoque dedutivo e de caráter exploratório. Após a estruturação do instrumento de pesquisa e da coleta dos dados, os mesmos foram reduzidos, recortados e sintetizados, para posterior utilização das técnicas de adequação ao padrão e síntese de casos cruzados a partir dos modelos lógicos de nível organizacional, que conduziram a uma tipologia de caso geral, em forma de um framework. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que muito embora os processos internos de CCs sejam similares em sua estrutura, enquanto processo, os diferenciais para a obtenção de novos conhecimentos e inovações são os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que estão disponíveis no interior de cada uma das empresas e nos ativos que são captados em seu exterior. Em virtude de um setor de conhecimento de fronteira ter sido selecionado para observação dos fenômenos, a relação das empresas com o cluster é um fator de aceleração dos processos internos, pois o cluster favorece acessos diversos a um ambiente social com os seus integrantes, o que proporciona a aquisição e absorção de informações e conhecimentos. Os conhecimentos específicos dos profissionais altamente qualificados, em cada uma das empresas, constitui o core knowledge que permite a criação de novos conhecimentos e descobertas de inovações, normalmente comercializadas no nível extracluster. As empresas que obtiveram incentivos e investimentos diversos, notadamente oriundos das esferas públicas de governo, tiveram incrementos significativos em seus processos de CCs principalmente em virtude da redução de custos que tais incrementos proporcionaram. O cluster auxilia com diversos ativos que são utilizados para reduzir custos, acelerar processos internos e incrementar e aperfeiçoar os conhecimentos existentes na empresa. A implicação teórica da presente pesquisa reside na identificação de processos, estratégias e habilitadores a serem considerados a priori e a posteriori em um processo de CC. Como implicações gerenciais, constatou-se que as empresas que estão inseridas em CIs buscam fatores de aceleração dos processos internos devido aos ativos disponibilizados pelos CIs que possibilitam as empresas ganhar maior velocidade na criação de novos conhecimentos e na descoberta de inovações. Como sugestões a futuras pesquisas, recomenda-se a replicação desta pesquisa em outros setores econômicos. / The process of knowledge creation (CC) is crucial to an enterprise whereas it identifies, transforms and creates tangible and intangible assets that are mobilized on behalf of innovations. Enterprises look to overcome limitations that interfere in this process and one of the ways resides in the localization of industrial clusters (CIs). The lack of literary work unleashed the interest on focusing this research in the CC process in localized CIs companies. The present research intends to understand how the knowledge creation process of internal level is structured in participant enterprisers of biotechnological-industrial clusters in France and Brazil. The biotechnological sector is based on the nature of technological frontier. Because the CC process is dynamic we have chosen cluster enterprises that featured this phenomenon, especially the Bioméditerranée cluster (Marseilles, France) and the Belo Horizonte cluster (Brazil). This work is a study of multiple cases with an inferential and exploratory approach. Thereafter the structuring of the theme and data collection, they were reduced, cut out and synthesized to a subsequent use of standard techniques, adaptation and synthesis of crossed cases from logical models of organization levels, which drove us in a typology of a general case, in a framework shape. The empirical evidences have showed that, however the internal CCs procedures are similar to its structure while a process, the differential to obtain new acquirements and changes are the tangible and intangible assets that are available in each enterprise and the assets which can be attracted by its external connections. Considering the frontier knowledge that was chosen to observe the phenomenon, the enterprise relations with cluster is a factor of internal processes acceleration, because cluster promotes various accesses to a social environment, providing knowledge assimilation to its members. The professional’s highly qualified knowledge in each company establishes what we call core knowledge, which allows the access to new innovations and discoveries, usually commercialized in the extra-cluster level. The enterprises which obtained diverse incentive and investment, notably from the government and its spheres, have had significant increments in its CCs processes mainly because these increments have provided reduction of costs. Clusters aid multiply assets that are used to reduce costs, to accelerate internal process and improve existent information in the company. The theoretical implication of the present research settles in identifying processes, strategies and qualifiers being considered beforehand and afterwards in a CC process. As management implications, it was noted that enterprises which are inserted in CIs seek internal processes’ factors of acceleration because of the assets accessed by CIs, which allow companies to acquire innovations in a faster way. Also, as a suggestion to future researches, it is recommended the replication of this work to other economical sectors. / El proceso de creación de conicimiento (CC) es decisivo para una empresa, pues es responsable en identificar, transformar y producir activos tangibles y no tangibles que son movilizados en búsqueda de inovaciones. Las empresas intentan superar limitaciones que interfieren en ese proceso y una de esas formas es la localización en clusters industriales (CIs). La escasez de literatura ha despertado el interés en centrar en esta pesquisa el proceso de CC en empresas localizadas en CIs. Esta pesquisa posee como objectivo comprender el modo de estructuración del proceso de creación del conocimiento interno a las empresas participantes de clusters industriales del setor de biotecnología en Francia y en Brasil. El sector de biotecnología tiene su base en conocimientos de naturaleza de fontera tecnológica. Llevando en consideración que el proceso de CC es dinámico, se a eligido empresas de clusters que tuviesen esa caracterización para la observación de este fenómeno, especialmente el cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, Francia) y el cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como un estudio de casos múltiplos, de modo dedutivo y de carácter exploratorio. Después de la estructuración del instrumento de pesquisa y de la recompilación de datos, ellos fueron reducidos, recortados y sufrieron síntesis, para usar las técnicas de adequación a patrones y síntesis de casos cruzados a partir de los modelos lógicos de nivel organizacional, que conducieron a una tipología de caso general, con estilo framework. Aunque los procesos internos de CCs sean semejantes en su estructura, las envidencias empíricas han señalado que, como proceso, los diferenciales para la obtención de nuevos conocimientos e inovaciones son los activos tangibles y no tangibles que están disponibles en el interior de cada una de las empresas y en los activos que son captados en su exterior. Ya que un setor de conocimiento de frontera fue selecionado para la observación de los fenómenos, la relación de las empresas con el cluster es un factor de aceleración de los procesos internos, pues el cluster beneficia accesos diversos a un ambiente social con sus integrantes, el cual proporciona la aquisición y absorción de informaciones y conocimientos. Los conocimientos específicos de los profesionales altamente calificados, en cada una de las empresas, constituye el core knowledge que permite la creación de nuevos conocimientos y descubiertas de inovaciones, normalmente comercializadas en nivel extracluster. Las empresas que obtivieron incentivos e inversión significativos en sus procesos de CCs principalmente devido a la reducción de costos, apresurar procesos internos e incrementar y perfecionar los conocimientos existentes en la empresa. La implicación teórica de la presente pesquisa está en la identificación de procesos, estrategias y habilitadores que necesitan ser considerados a priori y a posteriori en un proceso de CC. Como implicaciones generales, se ha comprobado que las empresas que están inseridas en CIs buscan factores de aceleración de los procesos internos en virtud de los activos disponibilizados por los CIs que permiten las empresas ganar mayor velocidad en la creación de nuevos conocimentos y en la descubierta de inovaciones. Como sugerencias para futuras pesquisas, se aconseja la replicación de esta pesquisa en otros sectores económicos.

D´après sa déjà longue carrière professionnelle, l´auteur s´interrogea sur le sens du management de la connaissance dans les entreprises de services informatiques où on avait traditionnellement tendance à appréhender les connaissances plutôt comme des objets au lieu de les penser en termes de processus. Au travers de trois expériences successives de recherche-intervention – à la tête d´une software house, orientant un éditeur de logiciel ou dirigeant un centre de services partagés – l´auteur a démontré qu´en privilégiant le knowing sur le knowledge, ainsi que son articulation avec les processus stratégiques et organisationnels, il est possible de donner un contenu au KBV (Knowledge-Based View) dans le secteur des sociétés de services informatiques.En effet, la première de ces expériences montrait qu´en articulant la stratégie et les processus organisationnels d´Eurociber de façon adéquate le partage de la connaissance contribuait pour un vrai contenu du KBV tandis que lors de la deuxième expérience - chez I2S - ce contenu se concrétisait par la coproduction en étroite interaction avec les clients. Finalement, au CA Serviços on a reconnu l´importance de la création de connaissance comme un outil pour le changement stratégique étant donné le besoin fondamental de générer des connaissances sur les interfaces requises par le développement d´une nouvelle vision partagée. / Based on his already long professional career the author asked himself what knowledge management would mean for the knowledge-intensive business services firms where there was a traditional tendency to view knowledge as an object instead of a process of knowing.Through three successive experiments of intervention-research – managing a software house, leading a supplier of packaged software or running a shared services centre – the author has proved that privileging the knowing over the knowledge and ensuring a correct articulation with the strategic and organizational processes it is possible that the KBV (Knowledge-Based View) will make sense in the knowledge-intensive business services sector.In fact, during the first experiment it was shown that articulating appropriately the strategy and the operational processes of Eurociber the KBV made sense through knowledge sharing while during the second experiment at I2S that was achieved through the coproduction in close interaction with the customers. Finally, at CA Serviços it was recognized the importance of knowledge creation as a tool for strategic management assuming the fundamental need to generate knowledge about the interfaces required by the development of a new shared vision.

Dans la nouvelle économie caractérisée par des propriétés telles que la mondialisation, l'intangibilité et l'interconnectivité, les organisations éducatives sont nécessaires pour surmonter les nouveaux défis, en particulier la nature changeante du dynamisme accru et de la complexité des exigences des organisations éducatives. L'une des philosophies stratégiques actuelles aidant les organisations éducatives à développer des capacités stratégiques traitant de l'incertitude est la gestion des connaissances (GC). Grâce à l'acquisition systématique, la création, le partage et l'utilisation des connaissances, les organisations développent, renouvellent et exploitent leurs ressources fondées sur le savoir, leur permettant ainsi d'être proactifs et adaptables aux changements extérieurs et d'atteindre le succès concurrentiel. Apparaissant comme un moyen puissant de maintien, de la compétitivité de l'organisation, GC a été largement étudiée et ce à partir de différentes perspectives. Toutefois, seul un nombre limité de recherches ont visé les ressources des organisations éducatives pour examiner empiriquement les relations entre l'infrastructure GC et les différentes stratégies pour investir les actifs humains. Pendant ce temps, la recherche sur les approches GC à partir d'une approche dynamique a été la plupart du temps de nature conceptuelle. Il est proposé ici que l'omission d'appliquer le processus GC peut entraver la contribution intégrée, potentiellement utile aux stratégies organisationnelles afin d'améliorer l'éducation des principaux éléments qui constituent les approches GC. En outre, un examen de la littérature montre que les preuves les plus empiriques ont été obtenues dans le cadre des pays développés. La possibilité que ces modèles pourraient être adoptés dans les organisations éducatives pour répondre aux spécificités des pays en développement a reçu très peu d'attention à ce jour. En se basant sur la théorie de l'apprentissage social prolongé par les approches basées sur la capacité des connaissances dynamiques, cette recherche développe un modèle théorique d'intégration de la capacité GC. L'examen empirique des relations hypothétiques entre les variables est réalisé au moyen de questionnaires de sondage en Arabie Saoudite. Pour l'étude pilote, 30 projets de questionnaires ont été distribués directement aux cadres supérieurs participants au forum « société Global Knowledge 2013 » qui a eu lieu au centre du Roi Abdulaziz pour la Culture Mondiale du groupe ARAMCO Arabie Saoudite, le 9-10 Décembre 2103. [...] / In the New Economy characterized by properties such as globalization, intangibility and inter-connectivity, educational organizations are required to overcome the new challenges, especially the changing nature of the enhanced dynamism and complexity of the requirements from the educational organizations. One of the current strategic philosophies assisting educational organizations to develop strategic capabilities dealing with uncertainty is knowledge management (KM). Through the systematic acquisition, creation, sharing, and use of knowledge, organizations develop, renew and exploit their knowledge-based resources, thereby allowing them to be proactive and adaptable to external changes and attain competitive success. Emerging as a powerful means for sustaining organizational competitiveness, KM has been widely investigated from different perspectives. However, only a limited number of researches have adopted the resource based view of the educational organizations to empirically examine the relationships between KM infrastructure and the different strategies for investing human assets. Meanwhile, research on KM approaches from a dynamic capability approach has been mostly conceptual in nature. It is proposed here that a failure to apply KM approaches may hinder the potentially valuable integrated contribution to organizational strategies for enhancing education of the major components that constitute KM approaches. In addition, a review of the literature shows that most empirical evidence has been obtained in the context of developed countries. The possibility that such models might be adopted in educational organizations to fit the specificities of the developing countries has received very little attention to date. Relying on social learning theory extended by the knowledge and dynamic capability based approaches, this research develops an integrative theoretical mode) of KM capability. Empirical examination of the hypothesized relationships among variables is conducted by means of questionnaire surveys in Saudi Arabia. For the pilot study, 30 draft questionnaires were directly distributed to senior managers participating in the Global Knowledge Society Forum 2013 took place in King Abdul Aziz Center for World Culture, ARAMCO Saudi Arabia, during the period of9-10 December 2103. The responses returned with complete data were assessed, using factor analysis and reliability testing, to refine and finalize the questionnaire administered in the main survey.

経営博士（DBA） / 243 p. / Hitotsubashi University

Today, many organizations are facing an increased necessity to employ cross-functional teams. Its growing popularity is rooted in its positive impacts on innovation. Additionally, these teams are an excellent way of managing complex organizational tasks without the need for a significant modification of the existing organizational structure. Despite the benefits of the cross-functional team, the diversity in the profession and the specialized knowledge possessed by the team members lead to different thought worlds and perceptions, causing communication barriers. This is problematic because communication is needed to share, transfer, and create knowledge, which are the prerequisites of both individual and organizational learning. There is various literature on knowledge management and learning; however, our understanding of how knowledge interchanges in cross-functional teams remain limited. Therefore, this thesis conducts semi-structured interviews at five successful companies to examine the policies and procedures established by management to facilitate the interchange of knowledge in the organization. Also, it investigates the activities used by coordinators to maximize learning and create a sense of belonging in the cross-functional team. The findings of this study revealed several activities that could increase both the knowledge interchange and the team’s learning. First, it is preferred to have decent knowledge accessibility, where the bar to contact anyone is low. Second, it seems that knowledge receptivity has to be increased, which can be done by giving knowledge a meaning, using pictures, analogies, metaphors, Etc. Third, a frame of reference could be needed, where people can get into each other’s shoes through, for example, job rotations and learn each other’s jobspecific terminologies. Fourth, competition is preferred to be eliminated, which can be achieved by establishing a common team goal, removing internal bonuses, and eliminating ranking systems. Finally, it seemed essential to have cohesion in the group, which can be accomplished by having, for instance, afterworks, group travel activities, and collective organizational culture

Les organisations de santé sont caractérisées par la complexité de leurs activités et un haut niveau de fragmentation des soins qui amènent inévitablement des enjeux de coordination de services. Le principal mécanisme de coordination à leur disposition, la standardisation des connaissances et de l’expertise, est un mécanisme à la fois essentiel, mais limité. Ainsi, le défi demeure pour une organisation de santé de favoriser une utilisation des connaissances à un plan organisationnel. Le présent projet évalue comment une structure organisationnelle visant la mobilisation et l’utilisation des connaissances dans les prises de décision contribue à améliorer la coordination des services d’une organisation de santé. La recherche s’appuie sur un cas précis : le Bureau de soutien à la transition (BST) du Centre universitaire de santé de McGill (CUSM). L’analyse utilise un cadre conceptuel de création des connaissances organisationnelles inspiré des travaux de Nonaka et al. Les données ont été récoltées à partir d’observations, d’analyses documentaires et d’entrevues. Cette évaluation fondée sur la théorie explique comment les processus de conversion des connaissances tacites et explicites permettent la création de nouvelles connaissances organisationnelles et contribue à l’amélioration de la coordination des services. L’évaluation démontre l’influence des facteurs contextuels sur les processus de création/utilisation de connaissances. La recherche montre qu’il est nécessaire de conceptualiser différemment l’utilisation des données empiriques dans les prises de décision en mettant en évidence leur rôle spécifique dans le processus social de création des connaissances. Nous proposons une nouvelle typologie d’utilisation des connaissances dans les prises de décision. Nous démontrons également comment une structure organisationnelle comme le BST peut contribuer à la coordination des soins et services dans une organisation de santé. Les résultats enrichissent aussi le corpus de connaissances scientifiques sur la gouvernance et la transformation des organisations. / Health organizations are characterized by the complexity of their activities and a high level of care fragmentation that inevitably result in service coordination stakes. Their main coordination mechanism, knowledge and expertise standardization is an essential, but limited, mechanism. Thus, the challenge still stands for a health organization to promote knowledge utilization at an organizational level. This project evaluates how an organizational structure aiming at mobilization and knowledge utilization in decision making helps to improve the coordination services in a health organization. This research relies on a specific case: the Transition Support Office (TSO) of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC). The analysis uses a conceptual framework of organizational knowledge creation inspired by the work of Nonaka et al. Data have been collected by observations, documentary and interview analyses. This theory driven evaluation explains how the conversion process of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge allows the dissemination and creation of new organizational knowledge and contributes to the improvement of service coordination. The evaluation demonstrates the influence of contextual factors on the processes of knowledge creation/utilization. The research shows that it is necessary to otherwise conceptualize the use of empirical data in decision making by highlighting their specific role in the social process of knowledge creation. We propose a new knowledge use typology in decision making. We also show how an organizational structure like the TSO can contribute to the care and service coordination in a health organization. Results also enrich the scientific knowledge on governance and organization transformation.