Die wese van Christelike sending is nie die oorwegende faktor in die waarneming van die histories-diakrone nie. Christelike sending, maar ook die ontstaande transkontinentale inheemse sending-onafhanklike Kerke – die begin van die Christelike geloof en om uit dié geloof te lewe –, behels die uitbreiding en begrensdheid in die Sendingteologie van die 20ste eeu. Die globale fenomeen van Christelike sending is omvangryk, vertoon diversiteit en werk met lang tydsverlope in sending-historiese navorsing. Die verhouding en uitdaging tussen Christelike sending en die Kerk in die 20ste eeu berus op twee vlakke, naamlik die institusionele integrasie van Kerke, Sendingkerke en Sendinggenootskappe in die Christenraad van Suid-Afrika – as ‘n voorbeeld – en die integrasie van die Internasionale Sendingraad in die Ekumeniese Raad van Kerke. Christelike sending word uitgedaag om op verskillende kontekste, konfessionele, nasionale en kontinentale perspektiewe te reageer, maar word ook gekonfronteer met verskillende sendingteologiese modelle of insigte. Enersyds substitueer die bewussyn en opkoms van kultuurprotestantisme die ouer paradigmas van kerkvestiging en Christelike godsdiens met missionêre handelinge van die kulturele en die sosiale. Andersyds gee die teleurstelling in die eerste ontwikkelingsdekade tot die besef aanleiding dat die geskiedenis nie evolusionêr, maar konfliktief verloop. Die ontwikkelingsmodel is met ‘n bevrydingsmodel vervang, terwyl nieteologiese faktore of kontekstuele sake ‘n bepalende invloed op ekumeniese prosesse en teologie uitoefen. Wanneer die Christelike sendingbeweging tot die ontstaan van die aanvanklike Ekumeniese beweging bydra, fokus die strewe van die moderne Ekumeniese beweging – met haar drie groot formasies, naamlik die Wêreldsendingkonferensies, die “Beweging vir Geloof en Kerkkonstitusie” en die “Beweging vir die Praktiese Christendom” – op die eenheid van die Kerk, in terme van organisatoriese eenheid en die teologiese begronding van eenheid. Hierdie ekklesiologies-ekumeniese strewe na eenheid bly steeds ‘n onherkenbaar gesig, ondanks die ouer program van “versoende verskeidenheid” en die nuwe konvergensie studie: The Church: Towards a common Vision. Die breë doelstelling van hierdie studie is om komplekse, uiteenlopende en teologieshermeneutiese insigte, handelinge en kontekstuele perspektiewe in die sending en die ekumene uit te lig. Die volgende temas kry o.a. aandag: historiese aktualiteit, sendingteologiese program en model, Sendingwetenskap, Konvivenz, die Evangelikale beweging, Evangelisasie, bekering, barmhartigheid, geloof, heil, vryheid, lewe, getuienis, (sosiale / on) geregtigheid en verantwoordelikheid, etiek, menswaardigheid, nie-teologiese faktore soos byvoorbeeld taal, Swart Teologie, kulturele en religieuse pluralisme, dialoog, entologie, identiteit, opvoeding, skepping, ontwikkelingshulp, sang, vreemdheid, armoede, interkulturele samehange, Christenraad van Suid-Afrika, Internasionale Sendingraad, Wêreld Sendingkonferensie, Afrika Onafhanklike Kerke, die Berlynse Sendinggenootskap, die Suid- Afrikaanse Raad van Kerke, Ekumeniese beweging, die Ekumeniese Raad van Kerke, Kommissie vir Wêreldsending en Evangelisasie, die ERK voltallige vergadering en die PCRprogram. Hierdie studie probeer om ‘n bydrae tot die kennisontsluiting in verstaande Christelike sending, Sendinggeskiedenis en Interkulturele Teologie, asook die Suid-Afrikaanse Kerkgeskiedenis te lewer. / English: The nature of Christian mission is not the predominant constituent when observing the historical diachronic approach. Not only Christian mission but also the genesis of the transcontinental missionary enterprise in die fortification of indigenous Mission independent Churches – the acceptance of Christian faith and living by faith –, imply both expansion and limitation in the Theology of Mission in the 20th century. The extensive global phenomenon of Christian mission is diverse and encompasses long periods of time in the historical research of mission. The relationship between and challenge for Christian mission and the Church in the 20th century have two different levels of requirements, namely the institutional integration of, for example Churches, Church Missions and Missionary Society’s into the Christian Council of South Africa and the integration of the International Missionary Council with the World Council of Churches. The challenge for Christian Mission is to react to the result of different contextual, confessional, national and continental perspectives, besides various models and insights in the Theology of Mission. On the one hand, consciousness and the rising of cultural Protestantism substitutes the older paradigms regarding the establishment of Churches and Christian religion with missionary actions, in a socio-cultural framework, while on the other hand sensing the disappointment in the first decade of development, the realization ignites the idea that the course of history was not an evolutionary progression, but elapsed in a conflictual manner. The liberation model was called on to substitute the model of development. Non-theological factors or contextual issues had an determining influence on ecumenical processes and theology. While the Christian missionary movement contributed to the initial Ecumenical movement, the focus was on the pursuit of the modern Ecumenical movement with her three main formations, namely the World Mission Conference, Faith and Order and Life and Work of which the focus point is the unity of the Church in terms of the organizational unity and the theological justification for unity. This ecclesiastic, ecumenical pursuit towards unity, still remains unrecognizable, notwithstanding the older program, Reconciled Diversity and the new convergence study, The Church: Towards a common Vision. The broad objective in this study is to highlight the complexity, the diverse and theological hermeneutical insight, as well as the action and contextual perspectives in mission and ecumenism. It was necessary to study the following themes, among others historical actuality, program and model on the Theology of Mission, Missiology, Konvivenz, the Evangelical movement, Evangelism, conversion, mercy, faith, salvation, liberty / freedom, life, witness, (social / in) justice and responsibility, ethics, human dignity, non-theological factors for example language, Black Theology, cultural and religious pluralism, dialogue, ethnology, identity, education, creation, development aid, choral music, foreignness, poverty, intercultural coherences, the Christian Council of South Africa, International Mission Council, World Missionary Conference, African Independent Churches, the Berlin Missionary Society, the South African Council of Churches, Ecumenical Movement, the World Council of Churches, Commission in World Mission and Evangelism, the Assembly of the World Council of Churches and the PCR-programme. This research seeks to contribute towards knowledge production, within the framework in the understanding of Christian Mission, Mission History and Intercultural Theology, in addition to South African Church History. / Dissertation (MTh)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Science of Religion and Missiology / MTh / Unrestricted

Ausgehend von der Veränderung der Zahlenverhältnisse zwischen den Gläubigen unterschiedlicher Religionen stellt sich die Frage nach Folgen für die Einrichtung von Sakralräumen, z.B. von Kirchen, Synagogen, Moscheen, Tempel, Gurdwaras oder Cemevis. Nach welchen Kriterien wird der öffentliche Raum zwischen Kulturen und Religionen geteilt: Kampf der Kulturen, Dominanzkultur, Markt der Religionen, Diaspora, Gastfreundschaft oder Konvivenz? In fünf Phasen wird die Entwicklung der religiösen Pluralisierung in Berlin und Brandenburg dargestellt: 1671-1788: Wiederaufbau nach dem 30-jährigen Krieg und Aufnahme von Glaubensflüchtlingen; 1788-1918: Auswirkungen der ökonomischen, politischen und militärischen Expansion; 1918-1945: Religiöse Pluralisierung in der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus; 1945-1989: Provisorische Häuser der Religionen im geteilten Berlin und Brandenburg. Für die gegenwärtige fünfte Phase seit 1990, die durch die Folgen der Wiedervereinigung, Globalisierung und Flüchtlingszuwanderung geprägt ist, wird untersucht, welche Kriterien und Erfahrungen es mit Umnutzungen von Kirchen durch andere Konfessionen, Kulturen und Religionen gibt. Eine weitere Frage gilt den Bedingungen für Moscheeneubauten im Vergleich zu der Sakralraumöffnung anderer Religionen und wie geteilte Sakralräume als Räume der Stille/Andachts- und Gebetsräume in öffentlichen Gebäuden, Hochschulen und Gärten gestaltet werden. Abschließend werden Perspektiven für die religiöse Pluralisierung im öffentlichen Raum entwickelt: für die Sakralbauarchitektur, die stadt- und regionalgeografischen Planungen, die Rolle von Religion im öffentlichen Raum von Politik, Militär, Bildung und Medien. Sieben Transformationsimpulse ermutigen zur interreligiösen Konvivenz: zum einander helfen, voneinander lernen, miteinander feiern, miteinander beraten und entscheiden, miteinander theologisch reflektieren, sich miteinander gesellschaftlich engagieren und miteinander spirituelle Räume eröffnen. / Based on the change in the numbers of believers of different religions, the question arises as to the consequences for the organisation of sacred spaces, e.g. churches, synagogues, mosques, temples, gurdwaras or cemevis. According to which criteria is public space divided between cultures and religions? Clash of civilisations, culture of dominance, market of religions, diaspora, hospitality or conviviality? The development of religious pluralisation in Berlin and Brandenburg is presented in five phases: 1671-1788: Reconstruction after the Thirty Years' War and reception of religious refugees; 1788-1918: Effects of economic, political and military expansion; 1918-1945: Religious pluralisation in the Weimar Republic and under National Socialism; 1945-1989: Provisional houses of religions in divided Berlin and Brandenburg. For the current fifth phase since 1990, which is characterised by the consequences of reunification, globalisation and refugee immigration, the criteria and experiences with the conversion of churches by other denominations, cultures and religions will be examined. A further question concerns the conditions for new mosque buildings in comparison to the opening of sacred spaces by other religions and how shared sacred spaces are designed as spaces of silence/worship and prayer in public buildings, universities and gardens. Finally, perspectives for religious pluralisation in public space are developed: for sacred architecture, urban and regional geographic planning, the role of religion in the public space of politics, the military, education and the media. Seven transformational impulses encourage interreligious conviviality: to help each other, learn from each other, celebrate together, consult and decide together, reflect together theologically, engage together socially and open up spiritual spaces together.

German text / Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist, das gesellschaftlich aktuelle Thema der Inklusion in einen missionstheologischen Kontext einzuordnen und Folgerungen für die kirchliche Praxis zu ziehen. In einem ersten Schritt wird der interdisziplinäre Forschungstand zum Thema Exklusion und Inklusion in Deutschland diskutiert sowie dargestellt wie komplex und schwierig überwindbar Exklusion ist. In der biblisch-theologischen Einordnung wird aufgezeigt, dass die inhaltliche Ausrichtung der aktuellen „Inklusionsdebatte“ in biblischen Texten und Motiven wiederzufinden ist und Jesus im Neuen Testament ein Beispiel für Inklusion gegeben hat. Inklusion wird dabei als Konzept zur Transformation gesellschaftlicher Bezüge und Strukturen verstanden, mit dem Ziel Exklusion zu verhindern und gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. Zur theologischen Reflexion und Einordnung dieses Themenkomplexes werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse missionstheologisch ausgewertet und Überschneidungen mit weiteren biblischtheologischen und missionstheologischen Konzepten dargestellt. Auf diesem Fundament werden abschließend Ansätze entwickelt, wie Inklusion heute in Kirche und Mission praktisch verortet werden kann. / This dissertation aims at relating the societal issue of inclusion into the context of a theology of mission. It asks which conclusions can be drawn for church life. Firstly, the interdisciplinary state of research on exclusion and inclusion is discussed within a German context. It is shown how complex exclusion is and how difficult to overcome. Biblical contrasting shows that the current topical focus of inclusion is found in biblical texts and motifs and that Jesus has set an example for inclusion. Here, ‘inclusion’ is understood as transforming structures and societal relations to prevent exclusion and enable partaking in social life. Theological reflection and justification are achieved by analysing the results from a theology of mission’s perspective and identifying shared grounds to other theological concepts and ones from a theology of mission. On the basis of this foundation, approaches are developed how to live inclusion in church and misson today. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

German text / Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist, das gesellschaftlich aktuelle Thema der Inklusion in einen missionstheologischen Kontext einzuordnen und Folgerungen für die kirchliche Praxis zu ziehen. In einem ersten Schritt wird der interdisziplinäre Forschungstand zum Thema Exklusion und Inklusion in Deutschland diskutiert sowie dargestellt wie komplex und schwierig überwindbar Exklusion ist. In der biblisch-theologischen Einordnung wird aufgezeigt, dass die inhaltliche Ausrichtung der aktuellen „Inklusionsdebatte“ in biblischen Texten und Motiven wiederzufinden ist und Jesus im Neuen Testament ein Beispiel für Inklusion gegeben hat. Inklusion wird dabei als Konzept zur Transformation gesellschaftlicher Bezüge und Strukturen verstanden, mit dem Ziel Exklusion zu verhindern und gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. Zur theologischen Reflexion und Einordnung dieses Themenkomplexes werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse missionstheologisch ausgewertet und Überschneidungen mit weiteren biblischtheologischen und missionstheologischen Konzepten dargestellt. Auf diesem Fundament werden abschließend Ansätze entwickelt, wie Inklusion heute in Kirche und Mission praktisch verortet werden kann. / This dissertation aims at relating the societal issue of inclusion into the context of a theology of mission. It asks which conclusions can be drawn for church life. Firstly, the interdisciplinary state of research on exclusion and inclusion is discussed within a German context. It is shown how complex exclusion is and how difficult to overcome. Biblical contrasting shows that the current topical focus of inclusion is found in biblical texts and motifs and that Jesus has set an example for inclusion. Here, ‘inclusion’ is understood as transforming structures and societal relations to prevent exclusion and enable partaking in social life. Theological reflection and justification are achieved by analysing the results from a theology of mission’s perspective and identifying shared grounds to other theological concepts and ones from a theology of mission. On the basis of this foundation, approaches are developed how to live inclusion in church and misson today. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

As the century and millennium draw to a close, radical changes affect all areas of human life. Such changes challenge the church to respond to new developments in the secular world. One such development (a long time in the making) is that the everyday life of every human being on the planet is being affected more and more profoundly by a kind of generic capitalism that prefers to remain faceless and anonymous but which prosecutes it interests with a brutality and ruthlessness that take no account of human beings who are themselves neither powerful nor influential - but who may reside on land replete with the kind of natural resources which constitute the essential raw materials necessary for capitalist expansion. It is not only human life that suffers in this rapidly changing world: forms of planetary life suffer. In the context of what we have said about global market dynamics, we are compelled to ask ourselves searching questions about the relationship between God and humans, humans and other human beings, and hnmans and other forms of planetary life. This will partly be an historical investigation into what Korean churches and South Africau churches might share with each other on the basis of experiences of suffering caused by past structures and systems. By understanding the past, historians hope to be able to understand the present and to make predictions and preparations for the future of suffering people. Solidarity is one of the most effective weapons in the struggle against the oppression of the poor. Suffering creates an absolute necessity for solidarity. By examining what the Korean church and the South Africa church did and said in their struggle against military dictatorship and racial discrimination, we shall find the basis for solidarity as a political, social and spiritual weapon. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

As the century and millennium draw to a close, radical changes affect all areas of human life. Such changes challenge the church to respond to new developments in the secular world. One such development (a long time in the making) is that the everyday life of every human being on the planet is being affected more and more profoundly by a kind of generic capitalism that prefers to remain faceless and anonymous but which prosecutes it interests with a brutality and ruthlessness that take no account of human beings who are themselves neither powerful nor influential - but who may reside on land replete with the kind of natural resources which constitute the essential raw materials necessary for capitalist expansion. It is not only human life that suffers in this rapidly changing world: forms of planetary life suffer. In the context of what we have said about global market dynamics, we are compelled to ask ourselves searching questions about the relationship between God and humans, humans and other human beings, and hnmans and other forms of planetary life. This will partly be an historical investigation into what Korean churches and South Africau churches might share with each other on the basis of experiences of suffering caused by past structures and systems. By understanding the past, historians hope to be able to understand the present and to make predictions and preparations for the future of suffering people. Solidarity is one of the most effective weapons in the struggle against the oppression of the poor. Suffering creates an absolute necessity for solidarity. By examining what the Korean church and the South Africa church did and said in their struggle against military dictatorship and racial discrimination, we shall find the basis for solidarity as a political, social and spiritual weapon. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Text in German, summaries in English and German / Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit befasst sich mit den Erfahrungen, die Senioren im Alter von 60plus in einem evangelischen Kindergarten im niedersächsischen Apen in der Zusammenarbeit mit Kindern machen, wenn sie ihre Ressourcen an Wissen und Zeit ehrenamtlich einbringen. Das Engagement der Senioren in der Generationenarbeit erfolgt in Form von Workshops und weiteren verschiedenen Projekten und versteht sich als gemeinwesendiakonisches Projekt in Kooperation zwischen Kirche und Kindergarten. Die Studie untersucht die subjektiven Erfahrungen der ehrenamtlich tätigen Senioren mit Kindern, die aus den intergenerationellen Begegnungen hervorgehen und deutet diese auf ihre missionstheologische Relevanz. Unter Rückgriff auf praktisch-theologische Erkenntnisse aus der Lebenswelt der Senioren gehen wichtige Ergebnisse in die in der kontextuellen Theologie und Missiologie verorteten Arbeit ein. Diese münden wiederum in praktische Empfehlungen zur generationenübergreifenden Arbeit für Kirche und Kommune. / The current study aims at investigating the experiences of elderly at the age of 60plus, when contributing with their knowledge and time during their work with children. As a research setting, an evangelic kindergarden has been selected in Apen, the northern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. The engagement of seniors in this so-called generation work is understood as a diaconal practical project which is defined as social welfare work. It is implemented in form of different projects and performed in cooperation with the church and the kindergarden. The research explores firstly, the subjective experiences of the volunteering seniors during their intergenerational encounters. Secondly, the inter generational encounters are furthermore analyzed regarding its missiological-theological relevance. Practical theological insights, gained by analyzing the seniors’ lifeworld, result as relevant for the research in the domain of contextual theology and missiology. Finally, the results lead to practical recommendations for intergenerational work for both the church and community. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)